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Friday, September 11, 2020

How would the Chernobyl disaster have appeared to observers at a range of galactic and intergalactic distances?

How would the Chernobyl disaster have appeared to observers at a range of galactic and intergalactic distances?


How would the Chernobyl disaster have appeared to observers at a range of galactic and intergalactic distances?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 11:05 PM PDT

I'm assuming it would not have been detectable at intergalactic, or even medial galactic distances. But if we had had a radio telescope pointed at a similar event on a planet orbiting Alpha Centauri, could we conceivably have caught it? What we we have observed?

submitted by /u/the_turn
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Did the 1918 pandemic have asymptomatic carriers as the covid 19 pandemic does?

Posted: 11 Sep 2020 07:29 AM PDT

What do newly-hatched spiderlings or young scorpions eat while they live on their mother's back?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 11:05 PM PDT

I know that not all arachnids do this, but for the species that do, as in this image, what do their young eat? They don't make milk, obviously; is there some equivalent arthropod secretion that the young feed upon? Do they eat a share of the prey their mothers capture? Do they scatter and hunt for themselves, only returning to the mother for protection?

submitted by /u/straycanoe
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If a superconductor has 0 resistance, will a current not cause the superconductor to heat up?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 01:01 PM PDT

I'm thinking about how if you have a very high current going through a small wire, the wire heats up and starts to glow orange, but if a superconductor has no resistance, then none of the energy is lost, so no heat would be produced, right? Or am I missing something?

submitted by /u/Catsaclysm
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How does the human body pick the right antibody to fight a virus?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 10:19 PM PDT

I was reading about how the immune system and vaccines work to fight viruses that enter the body. When the body isn't vaccinated to a particular virus, you get sick because the T cells are searching for the correct antibody to lock on to the virus's proteins. A vaccine triggers the immune system to start producing those antibodies without exposing the body to the real sickness.

My question is- when the body picks the antibody to generate from the "menu" of a trillion (?) unique antibodies, how does it know which antibody to pick? What if the body does not have an existing mapping of the antibody that combats the virus?

submitted by /u/impurekitkat
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How are we able to have microscopes that use UV light without damaging the specimen?

Posted: 11 Sep 2020 07:33 AM PDT

Why does the immobilization of enzymes reduce the inhibitory effects that heavy metals have on them (such as catalase)?

Posted: 11 Sep 2020 07:05 AM PDT

How is palladium and other platinum group metals mined?

Posted: 11 Sep 2020 06:58 AM PDT

Hi all,

It crossed my attention on how rare the PGMs are and I was curious how they are mined. From what I understand, they are usually a by product of nickel-cooper mines but looking online references are scarce. How does that process work and how is the PGMs separated from the other metals? Also what concentration in the ore does the PGMs need to have for it to be economically viable? I can't imagine there are huge veins of the stuff that are easy to extract.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/GlassGodz
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Five million years ago, the Nullarbor plains in Western Australia was a forest, but was a desert before that, just as it is now. What event(s) caused this relatively spontaneous formation of a new ecosystem and relatively quick return back to a desert?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 06:46 AM PDT

Wondering what could possibly cause a stable desert climate to 'transiently' gain enough water to grow trees for a couple ages just to lose it. Also, was there any other region that became a desert concomitantly during this time?

submitted by /u/Mytiesinmymaitai
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Why do our eyes handle HDR situations fine (ex. looking own a hall at a bright window) but a camera needs a special mode?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 08:43 AM PDT

how can one find linear refractive index, and nonlinear refractive index of amorphous or crystalline materials separately using various refractive index models?

Posted: 11 Sep 2020 12:53 AM PDT

n can be written as, n= n0 + n2(I), where n0 is the linear refractive index and n2 is the nonlinear refractive index, I is the intensity of light. There are different models for finding refractive index: Cauchy's formula, Sellmeier Formula, Lorentz formula, Herzberger Formula, Herve Vandamme Formula, Drude Model, Bruggeman Model, Bragg and Pippard model, Bottcher Formula....so how can one find linear refractive index, and nonlinear refractive index separately using these models?

submitted by /u/AvengerC3PO
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How many synthetic elements can be made? What’s the process that enables us to make them in the first place?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 10:59 PM PDT

How do Ferris wheels like the Singapore Flyer keep the capsule upright throughout the entire ride?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 09:01 PM PDT

Why does there need to be a control group when testing a vaccine in phase 3?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 08:57 PM PDT

I'm not trying to be contentious or argumentative here, but I asked this same question in a similar thread and didn't get a very satisfactory answer.

I work in statistics, and am genuinely curious here if someone who has does both a medical and a statistics background can comment?

Without making you kind people click that link, I am wondering why there needs to be a control group when studying whether a vaccine works or not, and if so why it needs to be 50% and not something like 10%.

From my own experience in statistics neither of these things really seem to make a lot of sense to me.

I fully understand why a control group is necessary when testing a treatment, but there you have a population that is sick, and you are testing ways to treat their sickness. Here you have a population of people that aren't sick, and are testing to see if a drug will prevent them from getting sick.

It would almost seem more statistically relevant to me to not even have a control group and then look to see who in that population ended up getting sick.

Last point which was brought up in the previous thread is that I can grasp the idea of getting some good data when comparing whether or not someone gets sick or experiences mild symptoms when injected with the vaccine, or a placebo, but isn't that completely irrelevant by phase 3? Maybe this is where I'm going off the reservation, but if that is the only reason for the control group then wouldn't 10% be sufficient, or couldn't you compare the % of people who do experience mild symptoms with other types of drugs to see if it is within an acceptable variance?

I'm part of a COVID trial (Pfizer) and was chatting with one of the people involved, and she reckoned it was more a product of archaic FDA regulations and practices that might not be statistically necessary, but similarly to the other person I was chatting with in the above thread went on to say that she was not particularly familiar with statistics... so here I am. :)

Thank you.

submitted by /u/stiffupperleg
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Did the impact that created the moon have a substantial effect on Earth's orbit?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 02:21 PM PDT

I've read that the existence of the moon itself stabilizes Earth's orbit and makes the planet more hospitable to life, but I was wondering more about the impact itself. Do we know if there was a meaningful change to Earth's orbit after the collision?

submitted by /u/Words_are_Windy
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Can musicians simultaneously draw two different images with each hand (e.g. a circle with their left, a square with their right) better than non-musicians?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 06:48 AM PDT

In a lecture we watched a video about a split-brain patient, and it showed that they were perfectly able to simultaneously draw a circle with one hand, and a square with the other, without looking at them. When the show's host try to do the same, they were unable to do it.

The question is then whether musicians, especially people who played instruments like the harp or the piano, would perform better at this task, since they have had extensive training in performing different movements with their hands simultaneously.

submitted by /u/FiveFootSun
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How does the "I am not a robot" checkbox know I'm not a robot?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 03:24 PM PDT

What exactly happens when you put Salt on Slugs?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 07:06 PM PDT

Im sorry for the stupid question but how exactly does salt kill the slugs? They shrivel up after and dissolve and how does that work exactly? Are slugs composed mainly of water? Are their skins very permeable since exposure to salt causes them to shrivel up otherwise if their skin weren't that thin, the water from their insides wouldn't get sucked out.

Sorry for the stupid question, my girlfriend and I have been debating about this for 3 days now.

submitted by /u/grassfedlemon
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You know that bit in Finding Nemo where Nemo swims out to touch the boat, leaving the reef and swimming over that big drop? If a person were to swim from the reef over such a drop would they be able to feel a difference, for example is it harder to swim over?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 05:27 AM PDT

Before bees existed, how did plants pollinate?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 10:25 PM PDT

Thursday, September 10, 2020

If fat is hydrophobic and milk is 87% water, how is there fat in milk, as in how it doesn't glob up and float to the top of the cup/ container?

If fat is hydrophobic and milk is 87% water, how is there fat in milk, as in how it doesn't glob up and float to the top of the cup/ container?


If fat is hydrophobic and milk is 87% water, how is there fat in milk, as in how it doesn't glob up and float to the top of the cup/ container?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 11:56 AM PDT

Why are rain clouds dark?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 05:42 AM PDT

Before it rains, dark clouds roll in. Why are they dark?

submitted by /u/fedude
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What is the difference between Fluarix and Flulaval vaccines?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 06:05 AM PDT

Looking quickly at them, both are made by GSK and seem to be the same quad formula. What are the differences and/or anyone know why they are branded differently? Thanks!

submitted by /u/ds1749320
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How does a landlocked state develop CAT 3 winds and why is there no name for this type of storm?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 07:16 AM PDT

Utah just had winds over 100 mph the last few days and it's never happened here previously.

submitted by /u/pxelove
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Why does the Moon's gravity cause tides on earth but the Sun's gravity doesn't?

Posted: 10 Sep 2020 05:36 AM PDT

Could the Earth and Moon be considered a binary planetary system?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 04:49 PM PDT

I've done a little bit of research, and I've learned that if a systems barycenter is outside a planet, its sattelite gets promoted to planetary status. Pluto is smaller than the Moon, and it's theres a dwarf planet. There has been talk that Ceres can be a planet. So if the moon can't be a planet, it coud atleast be a dwarf planet, right?

submitted by /u/Haydenny600
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Are asymptomatic carriers completely immune to that disease? And can they show symptoms if certain conditions are met in the long run?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 11:40 AM PDT

If CO2 can be artificially sequestered, why is global warming still such an important issue?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 09:23 PM PDT

Do western states participate in controlled/prescribed burns?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 06:44 AM PDT

Howdy folks,

I live in North Florida but always see news about huge wildfires in California, Arizona, Colorado, etc. every couple years. My impression is that wildfires are super uncommon in my home state, and controlled burns are common in large tracts of land like wildlife management areas. I understand the importance of controlled burns on Florida ecology, and that controlled burns clear out any vegetation debris that has built up over a couple years, so if there was a wildfire it wouldn't spread as violently. I'm wondering, does California (or other western states where wildfires are frequent) conduct controlled burns, and if they do, why can fires there spread to huge areas?

submitted by /u/luckysprout
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Will we eventually run out of radioactive materials/Isotopes?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 01:37 PM PDT

Since all the radioactive substances will eventually become stable, even if it takes billions and billions of years, would the universe theoretically run out at some point in time?

submitted by /u/TheTsar88
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How does blood genetics work?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 09:46 PM PDT

If a piecewise function is continuous and smooth, is there an analytical function that equals the piecewise function everywhere?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 06:45 AM PDT

Example: Here is a simple piecewise function that is continuous and smooth where the pieces meet. Overlaid in dotted blue is a logistic function that approximates the piecewise function. Is there an analytical function that exactly equals the piecewise function everywhere? Closed analytical functions are preferable to the limits of infinite series.

https://www.desmos.com/calculator/twsxcuwxnl

submitted by /u/ulallume
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The gravity on ISS is much stronger then mars gravity correct?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 09:50 PM PDT

I keep reading posts on Reddit, armchair scientists saying how we've only tested living in 0g with 1000 word essays filled with jargon on why they're right. But, they seem to have forgotten the effect earth has on the ISS? I'm trying to find as much information as I can on workarounds to living on mars due to gravity, it's hard to find a lot for me seeing as I don't know where to look. Am I correct about the ISS having relatively a lot more gravity compared to mars? That the effects on organs would be maybe much worse on mars? You have astronauts damaging their vision after a year only 250 miles away from Earth. I do not see how mars is at all feasible.

submitted by /u/extremeskater619
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Would Wildfires like we see in California exist without humans starting them?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 02:54 PM PDT

The wildfires in California get worse every year due to climate change, that I understand.

Every news story about the fires I see explains that they were started by a careless human doing something they shouldn't have during the dry season.

Without humans doing careless things with fires, would there still be this many, widespread fires?

submitted by /u/muhaccount
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Wednesday, September 9, 2020

What are we smelling when we open a fresh can of tennis balls?

What are we smelling when we open a fresh can of tennis balls?


What are we smelling when we open a fresh can of tennis balls?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 12:08 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I am an engineering professor who is currently studying how far a virus can travel and how 6 feet of social distancing may not always be enough to prevent host-to-host transmission. AMA!

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! I'm S. "Bala" Balachandar, a professor in the mechanical and aerospace engineering department at the University of Florida College of Engineering. Right now, I'm leading a study of aerosols and multiphase flow to determine how far droplets can travel and infect others. During the COVID-19 global pandemic, many safety guidelines currently set in place have been determined by outdated science that says we will be safe if we are six feet apart from a sick person.

I'm here to answer any questions you may have on the science behind virus travel, airborne transmission/host-to-host transmission, how inhalation and exhalation transmit a virus and the way particle sizes affect transmission.

At the University of Florida, my teaching interests are:

  • Computational fluid science
  • Large scale simulation of complex flows
  • Transition and turbulence
  • Multiphase flows
  • Environmental flows

More about me:

I joined the Wertheim College of Engineering at UF after teaching in the Department of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign from 1990 to 2005 and after I earned my Ph.D from Brown University in 1988. I am a fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Society of Engineers as well as co-editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Multiphase Flow and associate editor of the Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics Journal. I am also the Principal Investigator at the Center for Compressible Multiphase Turbulence.

I'll be on at 2 PM ET (18 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/UFExplore

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can energy be generated from very low temperatures instead of very high temperatures?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 12:39 AM PDT

How does radiometrically dating rocks work if all radioactive isotopes came from super novae millions of years ago? Wouldn't all rocks have the same date?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 04:49 AM PDT

How are the vaccine for animals different than for human?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 04:23 PM PDT

For example, my coworkers had to take like 7 shots of rabies vaccine when she got bitten by a bat, but my cat gets a yearly dose. What factor changes from species?

submitted by /u/kiraxkage
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Is there a solution to the twin paradox not related to acceleration?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 10:11 PM PDT

Most of the answers I have read from previous posts point to acceleration being the reason for the twins aging at different rates; however, it appears that acceleration is a common explanation because it is simple to understand but is a misconception. I am unable to wrap my mind around how the two frames are different if acceleration is not the driver for the difference.

submitted by /u/Hakotaco
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why does a keg at 5 psi hiss when vented when atmospheric pressure is 14 psi?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 06:59 PM PDT

I would think that the keg would only release pressure if it had a higher pressure then the outside environment, but I can vent a keg at 5 psi and hear it release CO2.

submitted by /u/randalls_gut
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Are there parts of outer space that would be loud or have constant noise?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 07:58 PM PDT

How genetically different are the cultivars of Brassica oleracea? Can two plants of different varieties generate offspring?

Posted: 09 Sep 2020 05:04 AM PDT

Caves - Everywhere or in Select Places?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 11:51 AM PDT

Its bugging me but I can't find a good answer to this; how widespread are caves and cave systems? Are they limited to certain rock types, geographic regions and physical conditions? Or are they everywhere? And if the latter then how far big of an area would I have to search or unearth to find one? And if the former then how often do these conditions occur?

I'm including caves that have and don't have an opening to the suface in this question by the way. I know this is a hard question to answer because so many places remain undocumented as to their cave status but I'm looking for best guesses and (reasonable) potentials.

submitted by /u/Olyfia
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How do doctors looking at CT Scans to find aneurysms account for things that are constantly changing, like artery size due to heartbeat? What about MRIs?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 10:19 AM PDT

How does the heat affect snow in places with wildfires?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 08:46 AM PDT

Alright, I was just reading a news post about the Colorado wildfires, and the apparent "early" snow they're receiving. In the news article it said that the snow would hit ground(I'm assuming it would accumulate), but that once it melted the fires would start back up.

So my question is: How does the snow that's so fragile make it to the ground to accumulate when the fires are burning at 1400+ degrees all around? Does the fire not affect the weather patterns around it?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/kamahele_
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How come retrovirus does not become dysfunctional after certain amount of mutations?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 11:07 AM PDT

Retroviruses have high mutation rate due to the fact that reverse transcriptase doesn't have proofreading. The DNA get slight mutated after every time a virus infect a cell. If this happen long enough, eventually the DNA will get so mutated that it can no longer produce functional viral proteins. At this point, the virus will be no longer virulence, because its proteins are difference and may be not functional. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/IX0YE
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How does DNA recombination ensure the resulting chromatid is compatible?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 11:33 AM PDT

During meiosis there's recombination between the two sister chromatids. This shuffles the genes to create a distinct chromatid. Let's say there are 4 genes each with 2 versions - a, A, b, B, c, C, d, D.

Recombination starts with a-b-c-d and A-B-C-D. The resulting chromatid is a-B-c-D. What happens if gene a is only compatible with gene d (not D)? That is, given a set of genes, only some combinations are compatible. What happens to the resulting gamete?

submitted by /u/SFTechFIRE
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What causes some proteins to denature at lower temperatures than other proteins?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 02:33 PM PDT

I was listening to a Radiolab podcast today that was talking about fungi. In the podcast they talk about how fungi prefer temperatures around 86 °F and above that their proteins start to denature. What differences or factors make it so our human proteins can survive much higher temperatures than this?

submitted by /u/shiv6969
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Question concerning Gene molecular cloning?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 07:04 AM PDT

Hi guys!

(So this is redirected from r/askBiology but I saw this community is way bigger, so maybe i'll get my answer faster here.

So my question is the following: So in DNA cloning we insert recombinant DNA (plasmid+gene of interest) in a bacteria, and once this bacteria replicates a lot to form a colony, the plasmid will also replicate with each bacterial division, giving us lots of recombinant DNA.

However my question is the following: In my slides it mentions that plasmids replicate independently from the bacteria's genomic DNA. So how can I be positive that for each bacteria division, I'll have my plasmid also having it's DNA divided? Is the cellular conditions for replication for the bacteria ALSO favorable for the plasmid? Or the plasmid just knows to divide itself when the bacteria divides itself.

submitted by /u/GodConcepts
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Tuesday, September 8, 2020

When someone has cancer they typically lose a lot of weight. Is this due to an inability to eat due to nausea or is there something about fighting cancer that is metabolically expensive?

When someone has cancer they typically lose a lot of weight. Is this due to an inability to eat due to nausea or is there something about fighting cancer that is metabolically expensive?


When someone has cancer they typically lose a lot of weight. Is this due to an inability to eat due to nausea or is there something about fighting cancer that is metabolically expensive?

Posted: 07 Sep 2020 08:01 AM PDT

How are the Covid19 vaccines progressing at the moment?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 07:19 AM PDT

Have any/many failed and been dropped already? If so, was that due to side effects of lack of efficacy? How many are looking promising still? And what are the best estimates as to global public roll out?

submitted by /u/Curiosityitis
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Why do Catalan numbers show up in this square root expression?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 03:14 AM PDT

A = R - sqrt(R2 - 1)

Where R = 5 * 10n (with a relatively big n)

e.g. when n=16, we find:

A=1.00000000000000000000000000000000010000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000500000000000000000000000000000000140000000000000000000000000000000042000000000000000000000000000000013200000000000000000000000000000004290000000000000000000000000000001430000000000000000000000000000000486200000000000000000000000000000167960000000000000000000000000000058786000e-17

submitted by /u/BanX
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Does product placement actually work? Is seeing something for a few seconds in a show or movie enough to entice people to buy it even though they might not know anything else about it?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 03:38 AM PDT

Would a quantum processor in theory be so much better at a brute-force attack on your password?

Posted: 08 Sep 2020 04:12 AM PDT

(Biochemistry) Why does a sucrose solution turn red during a Benedict's Test?

Posted: 07 Sep 2020 09:42 PM PDT

Okay, so I am looking for an explanation for why am getting a particular result between Benedict's Test and Sucrose.

According to many websites, sucrose is not a reducing sugar. However, I've done Benedict's Test multiple times in the past and the results are that a sucrose solution turns brick red.

So the Theory goes: Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar as its sucrose "aldehyde" group is participating in glycosidic linkage and the fructose "ketone" group is also participating in the linkage.

So why am I getting Red?

EDIT: Furthermore, the sucrose solution has not been heated in dilute acid as far as I know.

submitted by /u/Hikaritoyamino
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How do volcanoes with active magma chambers stay intact over time? Does the magma weaken or strengthen the structure of the volcano?

Posted: 07 Sep 2020 08:01 PM PDT

How close can an object orbit something?

Posted: 07 Sep 2020 10:19 AM PDT

Assuming the planet is a perfect sphere with no atmosphere. It would have to be orbiting faster and faster as you got closer to the surface right? So for say an earth sized object at what point would an object have to be travelling faster than light to maintain its orbit? An inch? A milimeter?

submitted by /u/ILurkTilIDont
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bomb: why is it that leukemia was the most common type of cancer in the first years, but then after even decades other forms of solid cancer like breast cancer or colon cancer where more common?

Posted: 06 Sep 2020 09:03 PM PDT

I have been researching about the lasting effects of radiation and I am intrigued to know why is it that leukemia was the most common form of cancer just 2-5 years after the event, but then breast cancer appears soooo long afterwards. Aren't cells nuclei damaged since the moment of the event? What determines the latancy period in different types of cancer? Or is that dependent on the amount radiation?

submitted by /u/Germartel93
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