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Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Why do astronauts breathe 100% oxygen?

Why do astronauts breathe 100% oxygen?


Why do astronauts breathe 100% oxygen?

Posted: 02 Sep 2020 03:45 AM PDT

In the Apollo 11 documentary it is mentioned at some point that astronauts wore space suits which had 100% oxygen pumped in them, but the space shuttle was pressurized with a mixture of 60% oxygen and 40% nitrogen. Since our atmosphere is also a mixture of these two gases, why are astronauts required to have 100-percent oxygen?

submitted by /u/nickoskal024
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If the moon also rotates on its axis,why is it said that we can never view its other side?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 11:38 PM PDT

How exactly does the CMB cover the universe?

Posted: 02 Sep 2020 01:45 AM PDT

I've read that the CMB reads the background radiation from the Big Bang without any of the planets of galaxies being in the way. Is that true? How does the CMB give us this complete layout of the universe(of what we can see atleast) without all the galaxies and other things getting in the way and giving false information? If a planet is in the way wouldn't it askew the reading for everything behind it as well?

submitted by /u/cwb4ever
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What do I see when I look at the night sky. Just Planets? Stars? Both?

Posted: 02 Sep 2020 02:22 AM PDT

I just don't know what those thousands observable twinkling stars are. I always wondered. Are those all Stars with their own planets orbiting them? Or just planets like Earth?

submitted by /u/SMDT_
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If we can only see objects if the reflected light enters out eyes (or a camera), then how did we capture the image of the black hole if light itself cannot escape it?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 09:09 PM PDT

How does the plate movement work?

Posted: 02 Sep 2020 05:30 AM PDT

In a few million years will north Americas west coast and Asia's East coast join together due to the plate movement or will it stay as it is now?

submitted by /u/20-Eoghan-03
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How did tropical storms/hurricanes in the Panthalassa Ocean (the massive ocean surrounding the super continent Pangea) compare to storms today?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 11:55 AM PDT

Most large hurricanes that hit North America form from hot, dry air rising over the Sahara desert that mixes with cool, wet air above the Atlantic Ocean. The rising destructive power of these storms has been nearly universally a result of climate change/global warming.

In comparison, during the formation and dismantling of Pangea, huge amounts of volcanic activity pushed environments to extremes, with CO2, CH4, NO2, and cyanides contributing to a massive greenhouse gas effect (thought to be a major reason for the mass extinction that took place and led to the rise of the dinosaurs) (Source: https://phys.org/news/2013-11-biggest-mass-extinction-pangea.html ).

So how did both the size of the Panthalassa Ocean and extreme climates impact the size of such tropical storms? Were they bigger or smaller? Why?

submitted by /u/GoobytheNooby
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 02 Sep 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why are so many computer gpus filled with completely different cooling fans? Don't we know the optimal shape and number of fins by now?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 03:02 PM PDT

Is synesthesia documented in non-human primates or other mammals?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 07:38 AM PDT

Maltodextrin has a higher glycemic index than glucose. How is it possible that Maltodextrin is absorbed and converted to glucose faster than consuming straight glucose?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 07:50 AM PDT

Why is the rabies virus contagious between humans and animals, but very rarely contagious between humans and humans?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 04:35 PM PDT

How can you predict if 2 plant species will hybridize if cross pollinated?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 07:50 AM PDT

How can you predict if 2 plant species will hybridize if cross pollinated? I ofteb see chromosome number Xn being quoted (however I am not sure which chromosome number should that be), however I would like to know what is a good predictor variable.

Thank you

submitted by /u/pilorif
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How do tech companies such as Twitter determine an account is fake and associated with a specific radical group or foreign state?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 11:49 AM PDT

How does the eye differentiate between light coming from a close object, and light coming form a distant object?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 07:25 AM PDT

Curious since I'm short-sighted.

I get that the lens in the eye has to contract or opposite to focus the light, but that understanding goes away from me when two objects with two different distances from the eye have different clarity even when they take up the same amount of field of view.. Say a car at a distance will appear blurry when a pencil at close range appear sharp, even though they take up the same amount of area in my sight.

submitted by /u/Hello_Its_Microsoft
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How much does genetics play a role in pet allergies?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 07:48 AM PDT

Does anyone knows more about pet allergies and what genes cause them? I just find it incredibly odd that when I was a kid I had moderate to severe asthma and then I outgrew it around age 7. I had friends who had plenty of dogs and cats around and I didn't have any issues with their pets. My immediate family however, mom, dad, and older sister are all allergic to dogs and cats and none of them had asthma. Any thoughts or is this just a really obscure question?

submitted by /u/alexthagreat98
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Does birdsong contain information beyond "I'm here"?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 09:08 PM PDT

It seems crazy to me to extend that amount of energy and have such consistently slight variation (thinking about robins in particular but also blue jays) to have it not encode information more rich than "hi it's me" over and over

submitted by /u/salfkvoje
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Is it true that psychology no longer uses the distinction between hallucinations and delusions, and why? Is it true that psychology no longer uses the distinction between organized and disorganized schizophrenia, and why?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 10:38 PM PDT

2 questions:

  1. I am told that psychology has done away with the distinction between a delusion (cognitive) and a hallucination (perceptual). Why? It seems like a perfectly functional and consequential distinction, even a self-evident one.
  2. I am also told that psychology has done away with the distinction between organized and disorganized schizophrenia. Why? The difference in presentation and consequence seems pretty clear.
submitted by /u/slip-7
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Why the long period of antibiotics?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 07:46 PM PDT

Why do we have a long period of antibiotics as opposed to having one big dose and getting it over with?

submitted by /u/the_dying_punk
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Tuesday, September 1, 2020

If prions are extremely hard to destroy, and they convert other proteins into prions, could every protein on Earth become a prion, similar to the Grey Goo scenario? How likely is this?

If prions are extremely hard to destroy, and they convert other proteins into prions, could every protein on Earth become a prion, similar to the Grey Goo scenario? How likely is this?


If prions are extremely hard to destroy, and they convert other proteins into prions, could every protein on Earth become a prion, similar to the Grey Goo scenario? How likely is this?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 09:54 AM PDT

Is there a reason why solar flares resemble magnetic lines of force?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 11:14 PM PDT

I've seen pictures of solar flares and they almost always remind me of the iron filings rearranging themselves in the magnetic force lines shape. Is there a reason to this?

submitted by /u/sharatatouille
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Do ants communicate imminent danger warnings to each other?

Posted: 01 Sep 2020 09:13 AM PDT

If someone were to continually stomp on a trail of ants in the same location, why is it that the ants keep taking that line towards danger? It seems like they scatter at the last moment, but more continue to follow the scent trail.

submitted by /u/JWOLFBEARD
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Why do prion diseases have such a long incubation period?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 06:04 PM PDT

So I was googling diseases n all when I came across mad cow disease, which led me to scrapie, which led me to kuru, and so on and so forth. With all of these I've noticed an extremely long incubation period, and it seems to be one of the characteristics for those diseases. Why is that?

submitted by /u/thatonekokichikinnie
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If a huge power outage happens and all the lights in the area go out, will we be able to see the stars?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 10:40 AM PDT

So I know that stars aren't usually visible in populated areas due to light pollution, but if all the lights suddenly disappear, will all the stars suddenly appear all at once? Or will the stars start fading into the sky one by one?

submitted by /u/BillVod
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What happens to Cobalt-60 under neutron bombardment?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 04:00 PM PDT

Ok, so, wr all know that if you "salt" a nuclear weapon with cobalt-59, the neutron flux at detonation will convert it into cobalt-60.

But what would happen if you started with cobalt-60?

submitted by /u/ArenVaal
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I've heard before that viruses as a whole (like Corona) very rarely kill on their own, but rather are dangerous due to their accentuating the effect of co-morbid conditions. Is that true?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 03:35 PM PDT

If so, please share any linkable data sources here, as I'd love to spread some solid data around. Thanks!

submitted by /u/RedditGottitGood
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How did marine wildlife originally get into very high elevation bodies of water such as Lake Titicaca, Lake Tahoe, etc?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 06:11 AM PDT

During pregnancy, when is the umbilical cord developed?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 01:57 PM PDT

Hello, first of all, sorry for asking such a "stupid" question, but it's been bugging me for the past week.

I've seen dozens of videos online about the fetus forming and growing up, from being just one small cell, yet I've never really noticed when does the umbilical cord appear?

Is it already connected with the mother from the very beginning (at the stage of just one cell) but the umbilical cord is just so small we can't even see it, or does it just suddenly starts growing out from the baby's belly button and finds its way to the mother?

submitted by /u/Havir_
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How do stem cells know how to arranges itself in space, defining tissues boundaries and shapes?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 07:41 AM PDT

Hi! I was always intrigued by how stem cells work together to build a complete organ, and parts of the human body.

Like, for example, to build an arm, how do stem cells "know" that they have to go X cm lenght to start to build the wrist. And moreover, how do that X cm lenght converts to Y number of cells. I know it's not that simple, it's not a formula that works that way, that chemicals rule the building and spacial orientation of each cell in the process. But it's so curious how these chemicals give this spacial "conscience" and define the boundaries. Like, how body knows it's time to end the arm, when it should create a curve for the hand, etc.

Thank you for any information that can give a light to this question =)

submitted by /u/mariana_cross
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How do fibroids grow and what causes them to grow bigger?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 02:00 PM PDT

How come blood type O- can be given to anyone if the bloodstream contains antibodies of all the other groups?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 09:00 AM PDT

How come O- can be given to anyone in a transfusion, given that the bloodstream of someone who is O- contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies? Are these not also extracted when blood is taken for donation?

submitted by /u/tunablepizza
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It's well known that humanity came from Africa before spreading around the world, but do we have any idea of where in Africa we originated?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 10:27 AM PDT

Most anthropoligical maps just have arrows coming from the vague center of the continent but is that accurate?

submitted by /u/Shawn_666
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What happens in our lungs when molecules other than oxygen enters?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 07:47 PM PDT

If the air around us is mainly nitrogen and CO2, how do our blood cells only pick up oxygen? Do our alveoli filter out everything except O2?

submitted by /u/dennys00
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How are we able to conclude the accuracy of a particular coronavirus test? For example, if a certain test was found out to be 60% accurate, what allows us to figure out that information?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 07:40 PM PDT

When an electron isn't attached to a positive nucleus, what shape does its wave take? And other Sunday electron questions.

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 04:27 PM PDT

  • Is the electron cloud a 3D spherically shaped standing wave?
  • Is the electron and the electron cloud the same thing or different things?
  • Does the negative electric charge come from the electron point particle or from the electron probability wave?
  • When an electron isn't attached to a positive nucleus, when an electron is just floating free in space, what shape does its wave take?
submitted by /u/nowducks_667a1860
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Monday, August 31, 2020

Was the 1918 H1N1 virus the "source" for the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, and the seasonal flu that comes around each year?

Was the 1918 H1N1 virus the "source" for the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, and the seasonal flu that comes around each year?


Was the 1918 H1N1 virus the "source" for the 1957 H2N2, 1968 H3N2, and the seasonal flu that comes around each year?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 08:55 AM PDT

I was listening to a podcast and they suggested that since the H1N1 virus came to be, due to genetic drift and shift, the virus itself has swapped genes becoming H2N2, then H3N2, which also still circulate though out the population. Is this true? I was doing a little of my own research but I am not sure what exact keywords I would use to find an accurate answer.

submitted by /u/Farmher315
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What do bugs do in the winter in places that get below freezing temperatures?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 02:10 PM PDT

Does the airflow behave differently after Mach 1? If so, how?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 07:41 PM PDT

Hello there.

Well, the question basically sums it up. I went to a technical school and kind of know how the air molecules behave or "flow" under certain circumstances, but I have no idea nor I was able to find any information about if it behaves in a particular manner after it surpasses the speed of sound

submitted by /u/Yo_mamma_said
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Can covid19 be transmitted to monkeys? Like orang-outan or chimps?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 07:30 AM PDT

Why are cancers of the heart so rare? Google tells me it’s to do with cell division but I’m interested to know if that is the case and if so, how cancers of the heart are formed. Thank you.

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 04:52 PM PDT

What happens to the water that goes inland after a tsunami?

Posted: 31 Aug 2020 03:19 AM PDT

I saw a short clip of the Japan tsunami and it said it went up to 3 miles in land. The clips show huge quantities of water flooding the towns with buildings almost entirely submerged in water. My question is Where does all that water go? How do towns go back to normal?

submitted by /u/JohnyyBanana
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How do scientists find functions in real life?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 08:11 PM PDT

In calculus I learned several applications that are used in real life, such as line integrals, doubles, triples, derivatives, vector fields, integral theorems, etc, etc.

I recently wondered how much mass a log had that I use to support things. Ok, I use an integral, ahh but I need to know its density function !! And its limits of integration!

I learned several interesting things, but I don't know how I could apply them, because for almost always a function is needed.

For example I want to calculate how much mass a train track has, for this I need to know, for example, with a double integral, how is the density function and then how are the limits of integration in expressions of x, y, z. (what is this? A cylinder? With a domain with holes ?! and then two planes ?! and for a anvil? They are very rare shapes)

or I want to calculate the volume of a chair, how the **** do I do it? It is composed of cylinders, but then it has strange shapes that I do not know of any function like that

Or worse, if I want to calculate how is the work that the river does to a flower that I threw, I would need to find the vector field "river".

Is that how they do it? do they find functions? do approximations like Taylor polynomials? integral theorems? (even there it is necessary to know how the functions are)

Sorry if I write too much, I would be happy to hear from your answers or comments

submitted by /u/AlePaff
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Can a pandemic happen to animal other than human?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 01:20 PM PDT

When a chemical reaction is “slower” than another, what actually takes more time to happen?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 01:38 PM PDT

In other words, is it just the moving of atoms to different places taking longer or is it something else? I know reactions require the molecules involved to hit each other with the correct orientation and amount of energy, so is that just less likely in slower reactions and it takes longer for that event to happen?

submitted by /u/AUpballa
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Is there anything that can ONLY be seen in peripheral vision, no matter what?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 02:51 PM PDT

So I know that we can see better in the dark (albeit in black and white) in the corners of our vision, but the things we see in these cases - the things that we can't see when viewing head-on in darkness - are always visible when lit up.

To my knowledge, at least.

Could or are there any objects that can only be seen in peripheral vision? If not in reality, then what would it take for a phenomenon like this to occur in a sci-fi setting?

submitted by /u/notwhatimeanbutok
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Role of sun in eye evolution?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 08:45 AM PDT

Solar radiation that reaches the earth is predominantly UV, visible, and IR radiation. As visible accounts for the largest part of the radiation, it makes sense that we evolved to perceive visible wavelengths through eyes. Why don't we see IR radiation? Is it because at some point of evolution we (whatever thing we were back then) were able to see it but evolution phased it out because it's not really beneficial for our survival? There are still some animals who can sense IR radiation.
If sun radiation is predominantly X-ray we would have evolved X-ray vision?
Most of the UV radiation is absorbed by the ozone. If this is not the case if all the UV radiation reaches earth, would we have evolved into beings who don't have negative health effects because of UV or life on earth would not have been possible?

submitted by /u/bananapen
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What are the molecular characteristics of air pollution-tolerant plants/trees? Do they have higher expression of antioxidants or terpenes?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 01:32 PM PDT

Has there been an observation of the difference in problem-solving skills in a person who has been not been given guidance but still solves a problem, and a person who has been given guidance? If so, how were the observations?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 03:35 AM PDT

Does global warming effect the frequency that we will see rare cloud formations?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 02:59 PM PDT

As the Earth's climate changes, will we see rare formations become more frequent, and inversely will our currently common cloud formations become rarer?

I have seen a lot of cool clouds is recent posts across several subreddits. I understand that this is probably just a internet trend but it got me thinking.

submitted by /u/DukePhelan912
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What exactly is “similar enough” that allows different species (e.g. lions and tigers, horses and donkeys) to reproduce and make offspring?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 11:19 AM PDT

Sunday, August 30, 2020

Why do there seem to be so many meteors rich in iron and not gold or copper or some other metal?

Why do there seem to be so many meteors rich in iron and not gold or copper or some other metal?


Why do there seem to be so many meteors rich in iron and not gold or copper or some other metal?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 06:01 PM PDT

Meteors seem to sometimes be iron globs. What's do special about iron?

submitted by /u/Treefrogprince
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Since we as humans perceive different light spectrums, are there celestial bodies in the universe that are out of our light spectrum and can't percieve?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 05:06 PM PDT

As the question states, so we can perceive only a distinct spectrum of light, is there a possibility that there are celestial bodies out in the universe that we humans can't see?

And if so how do we know if they're there or not?

submitted by /u/shogunhitotiri
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How does antigen binding of the ectodomain of CARs cause changes in the (CD3) ζ signalling tail to permit signal transduction?

Posted: 30 Aug 2020 04:58 AM PDT

I was under the impression conformational changes in the antigen binding site make their way down and cause conformational changes in the endodomain to permit activation. However, I fail to see how a modular construction of the receptor in the case of CAR would lead to the same event? Is the intermediate linking part of the receptor unimportant and as long as a ligand binding domain is linked to a signaling domain activation is possible?

TLDR: How does the endodomain know that the antigen binding domain is linked to an antigen?

submitted by /u/GauntherODimm
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Is the retinal image at the back of our eyes in perception an actual image? When I see a tree is there literally a little image of a tree in the back of my eyeball?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 08:31 AM PDT

As the moon was a lot closer to the Earth in prehistoric times, do we know how much more of an impact it had on the tides, if any?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 05:31 PM PDT

What is the difference between Hydrogen and Protium?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 09:48 AM PDT

Protium is an isotope of hydrogen but the atomic structure seems to be the same as hydrogen everywhere I look ( 1 proton, 1 electron, no neutrons ). Am I just being stupid or is there no difference at all?

submitted by /u/Kreo_The_One
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Does higher energy electrons produce higher frequencies of light?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 12:33 PM PDT

How did NASA and/or spaceX control the landing of robots like Opportunity and Curiosity on Mars when the signal need over 3 minutes to arrive?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 05:39 AM PDT

I assume they controlled something since lots of people were on the computer when they landed. Was it all just automatic?

It's like gaming with 180 000 ms of ping. F

Same goes for general space exploration. Do scientists here on earth have to wait 2*distance/(light speed) to see their effect on the craft when they send a command? Maybe it's programmed like:

if (passed saturn) {

turn around and take picture of big planet

}

submitted by /u/Hello_Its_Microsoft
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What is the difference in care - like diagnostic capability and treatment plan - if any with doctors from top medical schools and the rest?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 05:59 AM PDT

Do they all use the same diagnostic and treatment guides?

submitted by /u/heykarlll
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How Does the Cherenkov Effect Work?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 10:53 PM PDT

I heard an explanation saying that it occurs when a charged particle moves faster than the speed of light but wouldn't that be impossible?

submitted by /u/V01DTR1PP3R
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How do we fall asleep? What does our brain do that makes us “asleep,” I was thinking about it and it’s really quite strange. I mean, at what point does your brain decide to go to sleep(as In transition from consciousness to unconsciousness) and how does it do this?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 08:43 PM PDT

Why is CO2 concentration the most common metric used when talking about climate change even though methane and other gases have a stronger greenhouse effect?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 11:41 AM PDT

Do endocrine disrupters have a permanent effect or do you recover hormonal balance after excretion and reducing exposure?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 07:02 PM PDT

BPA and phtalates are very common among the products we use everyday.

If you were to be more aware of them and reduce exposure, would your body adjust hormonal balance to a point before being exposed to these chemicals or do they damage the organs which produce hormones physically?

submitted by /u/roadmaptonowhere
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How do non-nuclear organelles replicate during mitosis?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 12:39 PM PDT

When learning about cell replication, we learn how the DNA itself is replicated in interphase and how the DNA is devided beteeen 2 new cells in mitosis, but what about the rest of the cell's organelles besides the nucleus? Are they replicated and divided within the process or mitosis? Are they created after cytokinesis through coding from the DNA? How long after cytokinesis does the cell actually begin carrying out its normal cell processes?

submitted by /u/catzandplantz
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