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Saturday, August 29, 2020

Why does the Covid Nasal Test have to be so invasive? How is it necessary to dig that deep?

Why does the Covid Nasal Test have to be so invasive? How is it necessary to dig that deep?


Why does the Covid Nasal Test have to be so invasive? How is it necessary to dig that deep?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 12:17 AM PDT

Ouch! Why?! I don't get it, if the germs are in the air, living on objects for days, just everywhere and insanely contagious why dig so deep to test us? If I was infected and picked my nose and wiped it on you, wouldn't you be pretty certain to contract it? Wouldnt the boogers in the front of my nose have covid bacteria too? So why torture us and make this whole experience that much worse???

submitted by /u/laineh90
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Why aren't tape worms digested if they live in the digestive track?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 04:54 PM PDT

Meant to say tract instead of track as has been noted in the comments

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Why do Pangea breakup animations/images show the Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan peninsula and Florida peninsula? Didn't they form due to the astroid 66 million years ago?

Posted: 29 Aug 2020 07:02 AM PDT

Maybe I just haven't found an accurate animation or image, but all the ones I have seen already have the beginnings of the Gulf of Mexico shortly after Pangea started breaking up which was about 200 million years ago.

submitted by /u/grandchester
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How do the temperature receptors in our skin work?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 08:18 PM PDT

How do robins find the worms?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 11:57 AM PDT

My yard frequently has robins hunting in it, and they always have the same basic method.

They scurry around, then stop for a while, looking at the ground occasionally tilting their head from side to side.

Then they either scurry to a new place, or rapidly pounce and pull a worm out of the ground.

How do they do it? Sight? Sound? Some sort of arcane worm summoning ritual to bring Shai-hulud to the surface?

submitted by /u/manachar
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Is the research going into a vaccine against Covid19 likely to help us against other diseases?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 08:36 AM PDT

I've read that there is being developed vaccines against Covid19 using technology which is new for vaccine used in humans, and that made me wonder if all the research going into finding a vaccine against Covid19 is likely going to lead to significant improvements in the search for vaccines for other diseases - or if two diseases have to be extremely similar for that to be possible, so the influence of the Covid19 vaccine on other vaccine research will be negligible.

submitted by /u/Vinternat
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Can natural elements be created the same way that man-made element are?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 02:43 PM PDT

Its my understanding that man-made elements (such as Californium and Einsteinium) are created using a particle accelerator, nuclear reactor, or the explosion of an atomic bomb.

Can naturally occurring elements also be created in the same way? For example, iron or gold?

I've heard that all the natural elements beyond lithium were all created in supernovas and such. But could they also be created in a particle accelerator, for example?

submitted by /u/tesuji42
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Is there a hard limit to Radio Carbon dating/Carbon dating? How old dose an object need to be, to where you say "it's X old or more?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 01:21 PM PDT

What causes diurnal temperature variation on the south pole during its polar winter?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 10:10 AM PDT

I see that there is a 8C (15F) temperature difference between the daily highs and lows on the south pole during the winter months. Considering that the sun would be far below the horizon, what causes this?

submitted by /u/dodsu
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Why did they have to put the Large Hadron Collider right next to Geneva?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 11:12 PM PDT

Bad things aren't supposed to happen, but we have been wrong before! Why take the risk? What if something does go wrong, why risk the lives of civilians rather than doing it under some mountain?

submitted by /u/JmoneyBS
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How do scientists determine whether an animal is a different species or just a different individual in the same species?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 09:54 PM PDT

Apologies for the possibly confusing title. I'm wondering how many differences do there have to be for two animals to be considered a separate species?

submitted by /u/Jageurnut
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Can fish of different species school/shoal together?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 10:00 PM PDT

Friday, August 28, 2020

Africa declared that it is free of polio. Does that mean we have now eradicated polio globally?

Africa declared that it is free of polio. Does that mean we have now eradicated polio globally?


Africa declared that it is free of polio. Does that mean we have now eradicated polio globally?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 02:37 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're are cosmologists at the online Cosmology from Home 2020 conference, ask us anything!

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 04:00 AM PDT

We are a bunch of cosmologists all currently attending a large online cosmology conference Cosmology from Home: 2020. We have a wide variety of expertise within cosmology, from very theoretical and speculative early universe models down to the detailed observational analysis of data from large telescopes (and most of the evolution in between). We're keen to answer questions about what the state of cosmology is in 2020, e.g.:

  • what are the questions we're currently trying to answer
  • where do we see the field moving in the near future
  • what recent developments got us to where we are in 2020
  • how do you run a large research conference during COVID19

You can still ask all your burning questions about general cosmology, but seeing as we're all at a conference where people are presenting their present-day research we thought we'd try to frame the AMA towards that present-day state of cosmology.

We'll start answering questions from ~7pm GMT (3pm ET/12pm PT) as well as livestreaming our discussion of our answers via YouTube (link coming soon!).

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Assuming it is constructed in a way detectable to our currently level of technology, if an extraterrestrial vessel/probe were present in the Solar System, how would we detect it? How long would detection/confirmation take?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 01:48 AM PDT

How can we know the properties of an artificial element that doesnt even last a secons?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 05:07 AM PDT

For example, if we create the next element, what properties would it have? And how can we know?

submitted by /u/litiroshy
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Can Black Holes Evaporate Into Neutron Stars?

Posted: 28 Aug 2020 05:05 AM PDT

I'm very much a lay-person in science, so all my attempts to Google this answer have directed me to sources very much beyond my ability.

My understanding is that a black hole is a very dense thing, and that a neutron star is a less dense thing both caused by collapsing stars that no longer have enough outward force holding up their massive mass. (Forgive me if I don't use any correct terminology). Well, if a black hole can slow evaporate by losing particles through Hawking Radiation does that mean it can one day lose its denseness and become something like a neutron star. Or once something has collapsed to a density of a black hole is it stuck in that density forever? If I got the smallest possible black hole and using magic split it in half so it contained half the mass, would it continue to be a black hole or would it eventually have enough outward force to "uncollapse" and stop being so dense?

Thank you

submitted by /u/DStaniforth
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Why do we receive ultraviolet radiation instead of gamma rays from the Sun?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 10:23 PM PDT

Neutron bomb, what happened to it and how did it work?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 11:12 PM PDT

President Carter killed the the neutron bomb development project. How was it supposed to work?

submitted by /u/ReallyButNo
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If water is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen & 1 atom of oxygen, then why can't we manufacture water?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 11:06 PM PDT

They say 1 unit of water element = 2 atoms of hydrogen+1 atoms of oxygen. If this is true, then why can't we artificially add 2 atoms of hydrogen & 1 atom of oxygen and make the water at our own? Why can't we do it?

submitted by /u/BharataShreshta
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How can a halocline exist for a long time? How is the concentration gradient not enough to level the salt concentrations?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 02:41 PM PDT

Why are facial recognition algorithms "racist"?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 12:18 PM PDT

I have heard that facial recognition algorithms have more false positives for black and Asian faces than white faces because of the way they are programmed. However, surely there SHOULD be more false positives for Asian and black faces? I'm not trying to be racist here, but they are much less varied than white faces, especially in photos where the resolution may not be great. In a photo any blemishes, flushes, spots, freckles, or other unique facial features show up much more clearly on paler skin. As well as that there tends to be more variance in eye and hair colour in white people.

So shouldn't a higher false positive rate be expected in these groups?

submitted by /u/noithinkyourewrong
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Thursday, August 27, 2020

What is the theoretical maximum depth of the ocean?

What is the theoretical maximum depth of the ocean?


What is the theoretical maximum depth of the ocean?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 01:30 AM PDT

We've only mapped like less than 1% of the ocean floor, so the chances of a deeper area than Challenger's Deep seems likely. What is that potential depth?

submitted by /u/Mugaina
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If all our cells replace themselves once in seven years, why don't our tattoos disappear in that time feat?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 06:10 AM PDT

Why do Antihistamines contain HCL?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 06:49 AM PDT

Many antihistamines contain "HCL" as part of their generic name. For example, zyrtec is "Cetirizine HCL", and Azelastine (a nazal spray) is "Azelastine HCL." Does "HCL" stand for hydrochloric acid, or does it refer to something else in this context? What role does HCL play in these medicines? Is it an antihistamine itself, or does it somehow enhance the other antihistamines contained in the medicine? It's probably fairly obvious, but I don't know very much about chemistry, so a dumbed-down answer would be extremely appreciated.

submitted by /u/Thecasualgamer15
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If two animals of different species developed antibodies for the same virus how different would they be?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 10:18 AM PDT

Would you be able to tell that they are from different animals or would they be there same because they are both trained on the same protein spike?

For instance, if there were another outbreak of swine flu, could we infect a bunch of pigs then make an antibody serum from blood extracted from them?

submitted by /u/AlbinoBeefalo
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What is physically different inside monitors that support 60hz vs 144hz?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 06:18 AM PDT

Do molecular shapes really matter?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 07:04 AM PDT

We all have learnt about how water molecule is "bent" , SF ₆ is octahedral , etc but does it affect the macroscopic substance we see? if it does , how does it affect it.

submitted by /u/tan_454
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Why is the double Oxygen-Oxygen bond energy more than double the energy of the single O-O bond?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 05:41 AM PDT

The single oxygen bond energy is 146 kJ/mol and the double bond one is 495 kJ/mol. My understanding was that the second bond that are formed are Pi bonds, which are supposed to be weaker than the primary Sigma bonds, so the energy of the double bond is supposed to be lower than twice the value of the single bond energy. The only mention I found of this was in R.T. Sanderson's "Chemical Bonds and bond energy" (1976), who explains it by the "lone pair bond weakening effect". So what exactly is going on here?

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Is bait scientifically classified as a tool?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 03:22 AM PDT

If a predator uses bait to catch it's prey, has that predator used what scientists would classify as a tool?

submitted by /u/urmothersholylord
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How do manned reentry vehicles reduce their speed for safe landing?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 04:45 AM PDT

Reentry vehicles (of spacecraft) enter the earth atmosphere at hypersonic speed. With the space shuttle, I understand that it has aerodynamic control surfaces that can be used to maneuver and reduce its speed to a safe landing speed. But what about the reentry vehicles of other spacecraft? Do they just free fall to earth? Are the parachutes enough to reduce fall velocity?

submitted by /u/Jusfiq
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How does heating in electrical wiring work? I know that in most conductors if temperature rises then the resistance risies and higher the resistance more heat is produced. Shouldn't it create a feedback loop?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 03:42 AM PDT

Why are there so many viewable asteroid strikes on the moon, but the earth doesn’t have nearly as many?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 08:27 PM PDT

Recently looking at a hi def picture of the moon, you clearly see it gets struck by asteroids or has been quite frequently. Why doesn't earth witness that many impacts?

submitted by /u/SirWaddlezAlot
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Why do mitochondria and plastids have their own DNA and ribosomes?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 10:51 PM PDT

My science teacher was just explaining that "Mitochondria and Plastids have their own DNA and ribosomes." But when I heard this, a question raised in my brain, WHY? So if anyone knows the answer to this question then please tell me. I am eagerly waiting for an answer.

submitted by /u/Atharv407-2
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Can exposure to cold sores (HSV-1) cause outbreaks in symptoms in someone who is already infected with HSV-1?

Posted: 27 Aug 2020 01:36 AM PDT

For example; in my family we are all infected as 3 of 4 members get cold sores. If one member has a cold sore could it trigger another family member to get one? I tried googling this and it only gives me environmental triggers and the fact that cold sores spread the virus, not if it can trigger symptoms in already infected persons.

submitted by /u/Kareka00
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So vaccines basically help our body know how to fight the body the second time around, right? Why doesn’t this occur with other common sicknesses? Like the cold, flu, stomach bug.

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 11:55 PM PDT

Do cold and flu viruses primarily change through random mutations, or do they pick up some genetic material from interactions with other viruses?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 05:52 PM PDT

It has been almost 10 years since I took AP biology, but I am pretty sure I remember that some viruses had the ability to take sections of DNA from either host cells or other bacteria. Do cold and flu viruses incorporate existing genetic material in this way, or are their year-to-year mutations dominated by random chance?

If it adds useful context, the reason I ask has to do with curiosity about vaccines. I know that there are hundreds of viruses that cure the common cold, and I know that most of them evolve quickly just like the flu does. But my thought is: if they are primarily exchanging genes, could we eventually make a vaccine for all the proteins in the whole body of cold viruses? That way, even if a virus evolves from one season to the next, people can still have immunity to it because it is using an existing sequence of genetic material to create existing proteins.

submitted by /u/DiceMaster
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If there was a remote control car on the moon and I had a 240,000 mile pole from earth to the car and pushed the pole at the same time someone pushed forward on the remote control, which would make the car move first?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 01:14 PM PDT

Basically someone asked this in my high school physics class and I've been thinking about it for years now, because on first thought having the pole move the car would make it faster than the radio wave which goes against my understanding of. Well everything

submitted by /u/sturgeonsurgeon9
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How do we know what’s in a gas giant?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 10:09 AM PDT

What kinds of methods do we use to look at a planet on the other side of our system and be like "yep, that's full of gas, probably has nitrogen rivers and no core or land mass what so ever." A bit exaggerated I know but the question is in there somewhere.

submitted by /u/dj3777
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How did the oceans become salty?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 11:08 AM PDT

Like where did all that salt come from when they were formed? Very possibly been already asked before. If it has, please do leave a link to that thread.

submitted by /u/UnplannedDissasembly
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Why can’t critical cases of COVID 19 be treated using vaccines that have passed stage 1 and 2 of trials?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 01:27 PM PDT

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Could an identical twin who recovered from an infection donate some of their T-cells to the other twin as a form of vaccine?

Could an identical twin who recovered from an infection donate some of their T-cells to the other twin as a form of vaccine?


Could an identical twin who recovered from an infection donate some of their T-cells to the other twin as a form of vaccine?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 04:07 PM PDT

Could this work with any two people? I assume it would work best with identical twins since their lymphocytes would be genetically identical.

submitted by /u/frisbeedog1
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If silver is cheaper than gold and also conducts electricity better why do major companies prefer to use gold conductors in computing units?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 03:35 AM PDT

After eating spicy food, why does drinking milk sometimes ease the spice more than drinking water?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 05:36 AM PDT

Does obesity have any significant effect on ovulation?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 03:33 AM PDT

What are the rates of false positives and false negatives with the different varieties of COVID testing?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 09:58 PM PDT

Hearing about the NFL and their 70+ false positives last weekend got me thinking about this and the data is surprisingly hard to find online. Many people discuss the relative effectiveness of these tests, but there's very little in the way of hard data.

Considering that, percentage wise, a relatively tiny section of the population has COVID (just 0.22% in my county of LA, a hotspot), the prosecutor's fallacy shows that even with equivalent false negative and false positive rates, there'd be many more false positives than false negatives.

Furthermore, how do we know that these "asymptomatic cases" are not just false positive tests?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Why aren't we using high resolution, streaming cameras coupled with neural networks to identify drops in the stars' light levels to locate potential Near Earth Objects?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 01:22 AM PDT

Or, if we already are doing that to locate threatening asteroids, doe anyone have a good source to read?

submitted by /u/firefeng
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How does the immune system knows what cells are "native" from one's that are "foreign"?

Posted: 26 Aug 2020 05:32 AM PDT

I understand that immune responses are triggered by bacteria and other foreign organisms, but how can the immune system know that a certain liver cell foreign or not? I also understand that in case of blood there's the whole ABO Rh system, but how does it work for things like liver, heart and kidneys ?

submitted by /u/jpsacheti
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Does the evidence so far indicate that SARS-CoV-2 causes brain infections at a greater rate or with greater severity than common viruses like seasonal influenza or HSV-1?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 06:18 PM PDT

Throughout the pandemic there have been a few clinical reports of neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infections. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2764549

It has recently been shown that SARS-CoV-2 can infect human brain tissue. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0390-x

Does the evidence so far indicate that SARS-CoV-2 causes brain infections at a greater rate or with greater severity than seasonal influenza or HSV-1?

submitted by /u/roboscrivener
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How do zero g planes create weightlessness and hyper gravity?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 03:08 PM PDT

So I understand that zero G planes go in parabolas with specific trajectories that can simulate zero g and gravities of celestial bodies like mars but I do not understand how going up the parabola causes hyper gravity and coming down causes micro g or zero g. I am essentially asking for an explanation on how coming down the parabola causes weightlessness and going up causes hyper g.

submitted by /u/sasanmounani
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Is Zipf's law and Benford's law just essentially the same thing? Basically the 80/20 rule? What makes them different?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 08:09 PM PDT

Idk how to flair this bc it feels like it applies to... Everything?

Learned about Benford's law today, which just sounds like zipfs law to me but different a bit. Like yes there's only 10 digits but if you converted into base 16 or base whatever it would follow Benford's law too in that base, right? And in that case it's just Zipf's law all over again. Right?

Is there any research about converting numbers in nature to different number bases and seeing if they still follow Benford's law?

Anything weird in any number bases? Any prime weirdness?

But really I love this stuff, it makes me feel high or something when I'm 100% sober cause it feel just so mind-blowing to me.

If you have any more info or references this stuff is seriously so exciting to me please give me more to read!

submitted by /u/Julyaugustusc
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Could cancer of an identical twin be contagious to the other twin?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 10:32 PM PDT

If one identical twin had cancer could their twin contract it from them?

submitted by /u/selfservice0
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Why don't the T-Cells of a blood donor attack the recipient?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 05:48 PM PDT

I saw in an earlier post that T-Cells can attack an incompatible recipient causing "Graft Versus Host Disease." Do they remove the cells before transfusion?

submitted by /u/masterb666
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Why do whales explode?

Posted: 25 Aug 2020 01:05 AM PDT

I read that 2000-year-old seeds were germinated in Israel. I'll link the article. I'm wondering why don't seeds decay as all other things do?

Posted: 24 Aug 2020 10:00 PM PDT

What would happen ecologically/environmentally if we were to somehow eradicate all mosquitoes?

Posted: 24 Aug 2020 04:06 PM PDT

Why does adding a small amount of water to a powdered substance allow it to fully wet or dissolve, but adding a large quantity of water at once causes lumps to form?

Posted: 24 Aug 2020 07:35 PM PDT

Some examples:

  • Adding water to flour to form a dough or cake mix.
  • Adding water to a drink powder such a hot chocolate or coffee.
submitted by /u/thatawesomeguydotcom
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