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Tuesday, August 11, 2020

Why do white arctic animals have black noses?

Why do white arctic animals have black noses?


Why do white arctic animals have black noses?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:08 PM PDT

If animals in the Arctic have evolved to have all white fur/hair to blend in, why do they still have dark colored noses? For example, polar bears or arctic foxes.

submitted by /u/candrade2261
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What exactly triggers a salty taste? Will a solution containing only Na+ or Cl- ions taste salty?

Posted: 11 Aug 2020 04:54 AM PDT

Has anyone thought of doing this during an earthquake with a drone?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 10:55 PM PDT

I always wondered how the earth moves when earthquakes occurred. Most videos on the internet show this with shaky camera footage moving WITH the earthquake. I want to see how the ground moves from a very stable and stationary standpoint. What if scientists programmed a drone to fly upward and immediately start filming after it detects an earthquake? This would show exactly how the ground moves side to side whilst the drone stays completely stationary giving us a very interesting POV. Does anyone know if this has been done? Can it be done?

submitted by /u/yourexgirlfrend
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Are there any dwarf galaxies between the Via Lactea and Andromeda?

Posted: 11 Aug 2020 01:50 AM PDT

I know there are many dwarf galaxies out there, but wanted to know if there any directly between our galaxy and Andromeda. If yes, is it fair to assume that they will be consumed by either Andromeda or our own galaxy as they hurl towards each other?

submitted by /u/cambeiu
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Is monatomic powder real?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 12:37 PM PDT

I'm trying to figure out how monatomic powder is made, or if it's even real, but every time I try to look it up it's just a bunch of new wave energy healing stuff. Apparently people sell "monatomic powder," usually gold, some ranging from 14$ to 10,000$ and all of the sellers claim to be alchemists and that it's meant to be ingested for "spiritual healing." Is that even legal to sell metal as food? Lol. Can someone explain what monatomic powder actually is and if it's even possible to make? You'd think it would be easy to google but it's not, the only results that show up are conspiracy related

submitted by /u/peenerears
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Do we know how animals with ridiculously long necks and relatively compact bodies like Tanystropheus and the Plesiosaurians avoid the snorkel problem? Were their bodies just 80% lung?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 10:45 AM PDT

Is there anything in the skeletal morphology that might give us a hint? I know sauropods may have possessed a respiration system similar to birds and not had as much of a problem as a similarly-proportioned tidal respiration animal, and giraffes have some funky stuff going on but not related to bone morphology. Do we know how would have these non-bird aquatic reptiles would have managed their respiration?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/screwyoushadowban
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Is there any result related to typical overlaps in orbits of Lie group irreps?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 09:15 AM PDT

Hey! So a project I'm working on lead me to the following kinda technical and niche question, I wanted to get any information on where to find an answer if it exists.

Suppose G is a compact connected Lie group, and that it acts on some finite dimensional Hilbert space H as a unitary representation. Now let g be sampled from the Haar measure on G.

Is there any result stating how large one can expect the random variable

|< v, gv >|^2

to be? (Where v is an arbitrary unit vector in H.)

When G is the unitary group and H is just the defining representation, this is typically 1/ (dim H)^2 (as in, the distribution is rather concentrated around that mean). I was wondering if a similar result exists, but for different groups and irreps.

It's also completely fine if one must impose more regularity conditions on G.

Thanks in advance!!

submitted by /u/fuckwatergivemewine
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Why do we need hybridomas?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 08:28 AM PDT

A hybridoma is basically a fusion of a B-cell which produces antibodies and a cancer cell. It's useful for creating monoclonal antibodies (basically, tons of identical antibodies from clones of an original cell). However, it's a labor intensive and expensive process.

Given that antibodies are just proteins, why can't we just splice the required genes into a vector (like E. coli), like we do with other lab processes?

submitted by /u/Oysterpuff
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Why can both measles, mumps, and rubella take one vaccine, but not other groups of diseases?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 09:02 AM PDT

To what extent does one's level of sickness (symptoms, etc...) depend on "pathogen dose" (when exposed to virus, bacteria, etc...?)

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 10:21 AM PDT

In the sense that alcohol intoxication (and possible hangover!) is tied to the amount of alcohol consumed, is there a corresponding concept when dealing with pathogens and infection? Does greater exposure lead to more sickness? Is there ever a "safe level" of exposure, even for very dangerous pathogens (e.g. HIV, Ebola, etc...)?

submitted by /u/tssphysicsguy
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We all know whiskers exist with the function of helping the animal sense their surroundings, but how exactly does it work? And just what does it sense?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 10:19 AM PDT

Can two samples of the same size, with the same mean and standard deviation, contain different values?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 12:29 PM PDT

No right? I feel like the answer is no but something is nagging me about it, and it may be such an obvious question which is why I can't find anything online. I thought I would ask here.

submitted by /u/Julius_Siezures
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How do we know how ancient civilizations music looked like ?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 05:43 AM PDT

Hello !

I am currently listening "wiking-sounding" music like Wardruna, and I was wondering, we discovered instruments used by ancient civilizations, but how do we know how they used them, and how they sang ?

(Thanks for your future responses and sorry for bad english)

submitted by /u/amanitequeen
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How do bones fuse in the human body?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:31 AM PDT

I read that babies have 300 bones and some bones fuse and make the 206

submitted by /u/KazakhKid
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Why does Pompe's disease disproportonately affect cardiac and skeletal muscles as compared to the liver?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:14 AM PDT

How does the body know when it's had enough of vitamins?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:04 AM PDT

I heard that the body doesn't consume all the vitamins that is in it but regulates them,how does the body know when it's full and when it's out of something?

submitted by /u/KazakhKid
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Dogs are man’s best friend, but when and how exactly did we domesticate them? What was the process and just how much/excessive/specific breeding did it take to turn the ferocious wolf into the cuddly furry best friends some of us own?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 10:30 AM PDT

Monday, August 10, 2020

I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?

I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?


I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 12:40 AM PDT

Is there any instances of animals domesticating other animals?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:31 PM PDT

edit

Yeah guys I get it, humans are animals too. I meant other animals.

submitted by /u/Bforsocks
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Have we figured out how to “translate” whale language yet?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 11:38 PM PDT

With their massive brains and ability to make hundreds and/or thousands of different sounds and pitches and squeaks and squeals etc that travels hundreds of miles - and apparently they have extremely good memory too...

Wouldn't it be conceivable that whale language could be almost as sophisticated- or possibly even more sophisticated- than human language?

With "words" for different types of sea creatures, boats, night and day, sex, food and maybe even names for family and friends?

I feel like they gotta have this on some level and I'd be super curious to know how much we know.

Itd also be super cool if we could translate their language and play it back to them on underwater speakers and "talk" with the whales!

If I ever become a billionaire (give it time boys, give it time 😤😎🤣), I'm gonna pay the nerds until they figure out a way to carry out full on convos with the orcas lfg

submitted by /u/TheSmokeDiddler
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How do infants and toddlers who barely speak get diagnosed with eye problems, when we have no way of knowing if they're able to see things just the way they are ?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:16 AM PDT

Recently saw a video where a baby got correction glasses and was able to see it's parents properly for the first time. How do parent get to know their kids have issues with seeing and even if they do, how are doctors able to correctly prescribe them glasses

submitted by /u/magop7
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Much like carnivorous plants, are there plants that consume other plants or exhibit similar behavior?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:30 AM PDT

Do humans have any unique organisms?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 02:42 PM PDT

I understand we are made up of trillions of other cells that out number our own. But are any of them only ever found in humans?

submitted by /u/KILA-x-L3GEND
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Has a tectonic plate ever broken in two or shattered completely? If not what would be the implications?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 01:49 AM PDT

How is the efficacy of vaccines verified during phase III trials?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 08:34 PM PDT

In relation to the current COVID-19 vaccine in phase III trial. How do the researches know the people who received the treatment were exposed to the virus? If a person receives the treatment but is never exposed, how do the researchers count this out? Or do they? If they never were exposed wouldn't it create a false efficacy for the treatment?

submitted by /u/sosher_kalt
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What is it about Arctic summers that make them so ideal for breeding such large swarms of mosquitos?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 01:59 PM PDT

There are scientific freezers on the market that can reach temperatures of -86° Celsius. If I put a water bottle in it, how long would it take to freeze?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:06 PM PDT

Do male marsupials have nipples?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 08:12 PM PDT

I know this is a dumb question, but there doesn't seem to be any kind of answer for some reason. I'm pretty sure most male placental mammals have nipples (please tell me if I'm wrong) but I can find no answer as to marsupials and whether males have them too despite having no pouch. I've seen this question asked before but for some reason every time the only answers seem to be "marsupials don't have nipples they have (thing that's close enough to nipples)" and then not answering the question so I have no idea what the actual answer is. Sorry if this is dumb and obvious, and for the repost but my first attempt shows as removed for some reason even though I didn't remove it.

submitted by /u/Miserable_Dimension
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mRNA vaccines make proteins produced by the body's own cellular mechanisms, how are they not recognized as "self?"?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 01:47 PM PDT

mRNA vaccines are an exciting new hope for combating rapidly changing viruses like the corona viruses, and for rapidly providing a response to emerging diseases like Zika and Ebola.

mRNA is the code used by our own cells to produce our own proteins and they are also, at least in part, how viruses corrupt our own cells into producing virus progeny. While viruses are simple, the complete virus genome is coding for multiple proteins and multiple other genetic instructions, resulting in a complete virus package.

It makes sense to me how completed viruses can be identified as an invader and be attacked by our immune system. (It doesn't really make any sense to me at all, but it makes more intuitive sense to me than my ultimate question.)

So, how can a greatly shortened version of the virus genome, the code for only single protein, be flagged as an "invader," warranting an immune response, and not ignored as a friendly protein that is good and "self?"

Is it a flood to the system of an otherwise unused protein?

How can we sure we won't trigger an immune response to a friendly protein by accident?

submitted by /u/printupr
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How does a radio know what sound frequencies to play?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 12:28 PM PDT

If radio towers broadcast at one specific frequency of radio waves, how does the receiver know what sound frequencies to play?

submitted by /u/NerdBag
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How much time, if any, did we get back to fight climate change after so many countries were on lockdown?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 11:02 AM PDT

We obviously saw massive pollution drops when people were under lockdown but how much of that actually gave us a bigger window to address climate change? How much time would people need to stay at home to notice an impactful difference?

submitted by /u/Jim_Dickskin
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Is UV effective to kill coronavirus?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 10:42 AM PDT

Are commercial UV appliances effective to kill/disable the coronavirus in refrigerated settings? If so, how long?

Also what is the science that this virus is infectious after being aerosolized into hvac systems?

submitted by /u/Tellmewhatingon990
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What is the purpose of producing millions of copies of a DNA sequence via PCR? What are those copies used for? Why do we need to see amplification a specific sequence?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 03:23 PM PDT

I'm sorry I just never really fully grasped the point of this.

submitted by /u/AuronOrunitia
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What makes cancer immunology treatment so ineffective?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:45 AM PDT

I read that editing immune cells and reinjecting them into the body only works in about 1 in 5 patients. So what exactly makes it so ineffective?

submitted by /u/Mikolmisol
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Is the damage potential of an explosion linear with equivalent tonnage of TNT?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:53 AM PDT

I've been reading about how the Beirut disaster was caused by an explosion with the equivalent of 3KT of TNT, which is about 1/5th of the estimated size of the Hiroshima blast. I have heard that it's the shockwave from the blast that does all the real damage. Is the magnitude difference in the power of these shockwaves, and their destructive ability, proportional to difference in TNT tonnage?

submitted by /u/GFrings
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Why does salt melt snow and ice on the roads, but it also makes ice colder to make ice cream?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 05:55 AM PDT

Sunday, August 9, 2020

Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?

Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?


Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 03:14 PM PDT

When the pandemic started, most of the attention was on "asymptomatic" infectees, but I've seen more people saying many of them may have instead been pre-symptomatic. What is the number of asymptomatic people that never get symptoms, and is there any differences between pre- and a- symptomatic people?

submitted by /u/CaptainPit
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How can they simplify the three body problem enough to be used by modern computers?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 02:26 PM PDT

Warning, I only got through first year calculus and it was many years ago. I watched that short video explaining what makes the 3 body problem so hard. Can they reduce it to something more like a two body problem by acting as if the center of mass between star A and B is one body and the center of mass between star B and C is a second body to help get it closer to solvable (for example)? I'm just wondering if there is way to explain how it gets simplified enough for modern computers to attempt to solve it. A way which a non grad student+ in physics/math might be able to understand.

Edit: here is the post with the video: https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/i6410v/this_mesmerizing_highquality_explainer_of_the/

submitted by /u/SmokinReaper
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Earthquakes when there are no nearby fault lines?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:12 AM PDT

We just recently had 5.1 magnitude earthquake in Sparta NC, the nearest fault line is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Any explanation to why this could happen?

submitted by /u/1122Sl110
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Is being unconscious from anesthetics the same as sleeping in terms of brain activity?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 05:27 PM PDT

Why do Earthquakes radiate from a single point?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:28 AM PDT

It seems like plate slippage would result in a wide band of maximum intensity rather a single epicenter as the map usually indicates. Any geologists have an explanation?

submitted by /u/High_Point_Genetics
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Are tumor suppressor genes just uniquely susceptible to methylation via suppression?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 12:52 AM PDT

Like, hypermethylation (and excess folate supplementation) is associated with higher cancer risk, even though methylation tends to turn off genes rahter than turn them on (and TET enzymes the reverse,. and lowered TET also associated with higher cancer). So this seems to imply that tumor suppressor genes are just uniquely susceptible to methylation

eg https://www.crsociety.org/topic/17436-reversal-of-epigenetic-age-with-diet-and-lifestyle-in-a-pilot-randomized-clinical-trial/

https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/epi-2017-0021?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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What does the crater of a nuclear bomb contain?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:12 PM PDT

With such high temperatures and forces, what is the material like at the blast site? Is it smooth and lava like or just rubble? Is there the potential for diamond formation?

submitted by /u/ry3beemaduro
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At what distance would it become physically painful to be near a black hole?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:51 AM PDT

Reading about the effects of black holes, its clear one would become stretched, compressed, or just torn to pieces when entering the singularity. But on approach, assuming the transportation could sustain the forces, at what distance would a human start to feel the pain of the force from the black hole?

submitted by /u/ole_sticky_keys
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How is coast length measured/defined?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 10:17 AM PDT

When you look up almost any geographical feature with a coast on Wikipedia, it will usually mention coast length among its main features. It will also have a little asterix by that number which will lead to a footnote saying how this number is dubious or downright pointless and useless due to problems arising from semi-fractal nature of coast. This length can be made arguably large just by changing the ruler size.

And yet, coastline/shore length data can be found for pretty much anything and countries are often compared by their coastline length. Where do all these numbers come from? Is there a well defined ruler or "coast resolution" that "the world" in general is using? For example there are values given for shore length for Baikal and Tanganyika lakes. Are those values comparable (well-ordered for those mathematically inclined)?

submitted by /u/Ishana92
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When you take an amphetamine, like Adderall, it often causes dry mouth and other dehydration symptoms. On a chemical (and/or neurological) level, how is it causing these symptoms?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 06:03 PM PDT

Where is the waterfall on the Detroit River?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:24 PM PDT

I saw in a video that said that the reason Niagara Falls exist is because Lake Erie is lower than the rest of the lakes. And because Lake Ontario is higher, the Niagara waterfall is the point were the water drops to the lower point. That makes sense but Lake Huron also feeds water into Lake Erie through the Detroit River. So where is the waterfall on that river?

submitted by /u/PapaNicholsUSA
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Are all GPCRs homologs/orthologs/paralogs of each other?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 06:56 PM PDT

Do people high higher basal metabolic rates require more rest?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:37 AM PDT

Such people burn more calories whilst doing nothing: their basic bodily functions use up more energy. So, all else being equal, do they require more rest as a result?

submitted by /u/PeadroPony
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What are the tendons (I'm assuming they're tendons) on both sides behind the knee that seem to travel up the back of the thigh and insert somewhere in the hamstrings?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 08:18 AM PDT

So, if you feel right behind your knee on the left and right, what are the very prominent tendon-like structures that you can feel also going up the back of your thigh and then seem to insert somewhere in the hamstrings? Can't find definitive answer on Google. Thanks.

submitted by /u/AReckoningIsAComing
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When chameleons look in two different directions at the same time, how does the brian show the images?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 12:05 PM PDT

Is it like two different images next to each other or is there a more 360 degree field of vision?

submitted by /u/porpois
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Can you overcharge your batteries?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:46 AM PDT

Maybe it's because I'm gen-x or something, but I can't shake this feeling that devices should not be charged for too long. Do modern batteries and devices really have the ability to stop charging when full? And how do they know?

submitted by /u/echo6golf
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is the reason our flesh is reddish (flesh not skin, sometimes skin though) because of hemoglobin or related compounds?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 08:26 AM PDT

How do damaged bone cells create an electric field, and how does this promote healing?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 05:37 AM PDT

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145421/

"In the early 1950s, Fukada and Yasuda2 demonstrated that when stress is applied to bone in such a way to cause deformity electrical potentials are generated, in areas of compression the bone was electronegative and caused bone resorption, whereas areas under tension were electropositive and produced bone."

submitted by /u/ch1214ch
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Why do heavy metals form in veins?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:21 AM PDT

I might have some premises wrong, but anything heavier than iron only forms in a exploding star, right? If this is the case, why aren't the metals more evenly distributed? What makes them clump up with their own kind so that it eventually forms veins?

I would expect something like gold to be more like aluminum, and as I understand it, aluminum doesn't form veins, but it's just scattered everywhere and it's drawn from dirt.

I suppose the gravity or Earth and the heat in it's core could cause some separation, if it isn't turbulent enough down there. And it probably help that stuff like gold is less reactive than other elements, maybe?

What am I getting wrong? What am I missing?

submitted by /u/OgreJehosephatt
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Are Prosimians born with umbilical cords?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 12:12 PM PDT

Are they?

submitted by /u/Mankest
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