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Monday, August 10, 2020

I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?

I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?


I imagine seals, dolphins and other sea mammals drink seawater, how good are their kidneys?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 12:40 AM PDT

Is there any instances of animals domesticating other animals?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:31 PM PDT

edit

Yeah guys I get it, humans are animals too. I meant other animals.

submitted by /u/Bforsocks
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Have we figured out how to “translate” whale language yet?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 11:38 PM PDT

With their massive brains and ability to make hundreds and/or thousands of different sounds and pitches and squeaks and squeals etc that travels hundreds of miles - and apparently they have extremely good memory too...

Wouldn't it be conceivable that whale language could be almost as sophisticated- or possibly even more sophisticated- than human language?

With "words" for different types of sea creatures, boats, night and day, sex, food and maybe even names for family and friends?

I feel like they gotta have this on some level and I'd be super curious to know how much we know.

Itd also be super cool if we could translate their language and play it back to them on underwater speakers and "talk" with the whales!

If I ever become a billionaire (give it time boys, give it time 😤😎🤣), I'm gonna pay the nerds until they figure out a way to carry out full on convos with the orcas lfg

submitted by /u/TheSmokeDiddler
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How do infants and toddlers who barely speak get diagnosed with eye problems, when we have no way of knowing if they're able to see things just the way they are ?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 07:16 AM PDT

Recently saw a video where a baby got correction glasses and was able to see it's parents properly for the first time. How do parent get to know their kids have issues with seeing and even if they do, how are doctors able to correctly prescribe them glasses

submitted by /u/magop7
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Much like carnivorous plants, are there plants that consume other plants or exhibit similar behavior?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:30 AM PDT

Do humans have any unique organisms?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 02:42 PM PDT

I understand we are made up of trillions of other cells that out number our own. But are any of them only ever found in humans?

submitted by /u/KILA-x-L3GEND
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Has a tectonic plate ever broken in two or shattered completely? If not what would be the implications?

Posted: 10 Aug 2020 01:49 AM PDT

How is the efficacy of vaccines verified during phase III trials?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 08:34 PM PDT

In relation to the current COVID-19 vaccine in phase III trial. How do the researches know the people who received the treatment were exposed to the virus? If a person receives the treatment but is never exposed, how do the researchers count this out? Or do they? If they never were exposed wouldn't it create a false efficacy for the treatment?

submitted by /u/sosher_kalt
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What is it about Arctic summers that make them so ideal for breeding such large swarms of mosquitos?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 01:59 PM PDT

There are scientific freezers on the market that can reach temperatures of -86° Celsius. If I put a water bottle in it, how long would it take to freeze?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:06 PM PDT

Do male marsupials have nipples?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 08:12 PM PDT

I know this is a dumb question, but there doesn't seem to be any kind of answer for some reason. I'm pretty sure most male placental mammals have nipples (please tell me if I'm wrong) but I can find no answer as to marsupials and whether males have them too despite having no pouch. I've seen this question asked before but for some reason every time the only answers seem to be "marsupials don't have nipples they have (thing that's close enough to nipples)" and then not answering the question so I have no idea what the actual answer is. Sorry if this is dumb and obvious, and for the repost but my first attempt shows as removed for some reason even though I didn't remove it.

submitted by /u/Miserable_Dimension
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mRNA vaccines make proteins produced by the body's own cellular mechanisms, how are they not recognized as "self?"?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 01:47 PM PDT

mRNA vaccines are an exciting new hope for combating rapidly changing viruses like the corona viruses, and for rapidly providing a response to emerging diseases like Zika and Ebola.

mRNA is the code used by our own cells to produce our own proteins and they are also, at least in part, how viruses corrupt our own cells into producing virus progeny. While viruses are simple, the complete virus genome is coding for multiple proteins and multiple other genetic instructions, resulting in a complete virus package.

It makes sense to me how completed viruses can be identified as an invader and be attacked by our immune system. (It doesn't really make any sense to me at all, but it makes more intuitive sense to me than my ultimate question.)

So, how can a greatly shortened version of the virus genome, the code for only single protein, be flagged as an "invader," warranting an immune response, and not ignored as a friendly protein that is good and "self?"

Is it a flood to the system of an otherwise unused protein?

How can we sure we won't trigger an immune response to a friendly protein by accident?

submitted by /u/printupr
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How does a radio know what sound frequencies to play?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 12:28 PM PDT

If radio towers broadcast at one specific frequency of radio waves, how does the receiver know what sound frequencies to play?

submitted by /u/NerdBag
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How much time, if any, did we get back to fight climate change after so many countries were on lockdown?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 11:02 AM PDT

We obviously saw massive pollution drops when people were under lockdown but how much of that actually gave us a bigger window to address climate change? How much time would people need to stay at home to notice an impactful difference?

submitted by /u/Jim_Dickskin
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Is UV effective to kill coronavirus?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 10:42 AM PDT

Are commercial UV appliances effective to kill/disable the coronavirus in refrigerated settings? If so, how long?

Also what is the science that this virus is infectious after being aerosolized into hvac systems?

submitted by /u/Tellmewhatingon990
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What is the purpose of producing millions of copies of a DNA sequence via PCR? What are those copies used for? Why do we need to see amplification a specific sequence?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 03:23 PM PDT

I'm sorry I just never really fully grasped the point of this.

submitted by /u/AuronOrunitia
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What makes cancer immunology treatment so ineffective?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:45 AM PDT

I read that editing immune cells and reinjecting them into the body only works in about 1 in 5 patients. So what exactly makes it so ineffective?

submitted by /u/Mikolmisol
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Is the damage potential of an explosion linear with equivalent tonnage of TNT?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:53 AM PDT

I've been reading about how the Beirut disaster was caused by an explosion with the equivalent of 3KT of TNT, which is about 1/5th of the estimated size of the Hiroshima blast. I have heard that it's the shockwave from the blast that does all the real damage. Is the magnitude difference in the power of these shockwaves, and their destructive ability, proportional to difference in TNT tonnage?

submitted by /u/GFrings
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Why does salt melt snow and ice on the roads, but it also makes ice colder to make ice cream?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 05:55 AM PDT

Sunday, August 9, 2020

Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?

Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?


Are there any studies showing how many Covid-19 cases are asymptomatic vs pre-symptomatic, and is there a difference in the infection rate or viral load?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 03:14 PM PDT

When the pandemic started, most of the attention was on "asymptomatic" infectees, but I've seen more people saying many of them may have instead been pre-symptomatic. What is the number of asymptomatic people that never get symptoms, and is there any differences between pre- and a- symptomatic people?

submitted by /u/CaptainPit
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How can they simplify the three body problem enough to be used by modern computers?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 02:26 PM PDT

Warning, I only got through first year calculus and it was many years ago. I watched that short video explaining what makes the 3 body problem so hard. Can they reduce it to something more like a two body problem by acting as if the center of mass between star A and B is one body and the center of mass between star B and C is a second body to help get it closer to solvable (for example)? I'm just wondering if there is way to explain how it gets simplified enough for modern computers to attempt to solve it. A way which a non grad student+ in physics/math might be able to understand.

Edit: here is the post with the video: https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/i6410v/this_mesmerizing_highquality_explainer_of_the/

submitted by /u/SmokinReaper
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Earthquakes when there are no nearby fault lines?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 07:12 AM PDT

We just recently had 5.1 magnitude earthquake in Sparta NC, the nearest fault line is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Any explanation to why this could happen?

submitted by /u/1122Sl110
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Is being unconscious from anesthetics the same as sleeping in terms of brain activity?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 05:27 PM PDT

Why do Earthquakes radiate from a single point?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 06:28 AM PDT

It seems like plate slippage would result in a wide band of maximum intensity rather a single epicenter as the map usually indicates. Any geologists have an explanation?

submitted by /u/High_Point_Genetics
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Are tumor suppressor genes just uniquely susceptible to methylation via suppression?

Posted: 09 Aug 2020 12:52 AM PDT

Like, hypermethylation (and excess folate supplementation) is associated with higher cancer risk, even though methylation tends to turn off genes rahter than turn them on (and TET enzymes the reverse,. and lowered TET also associated with higher cancer). So this seems to imply that tumor suppressor genes are just uniquely susceptible to methylation

eg https://www.crsociety.org/topic/17436-reversal-of-epigenetic-age-with-diet-and-lifestyle-in-a-pilot-randomized-clinical-trial/

https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/epi-2017-0021?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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What does the crater of a nuclear bomb contain?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:12 PM PDT

With such high temperatures and forces, what is the material like at the blast site? Is it smooth and lava like or just rubble? Is there the potential for diamond formation?

submitted by /u/ry3beemaduro
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At what distance would it become physically painful to be near a black hole?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:51 AM PDT

Reading about the effects of black holes, its clear one would become stretched, compressed, or just torn to pieces when entering the singularity. But on approach, assuming the transportation could sustain the forces, at what distance would a human start to feel the pain of the force from the black hole?

submitted by /u/ole_sticky_keys
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How is coast length measured/defined?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 10:17 AM PDT

When you look up almost any geographical feature with a coast on Wikipedia, it will usually mention coast length among its main features. It will also have a little asterix by that number which will lead to a footnote saying how this number is dubious or downright pointless and useless due to problems arising from semi-fractal nature of coast. This length can be made arguably large just by changing the ruler size.

And yet, coastline/shore length data can be found for pretty much anything and countries are often compared by their coastline length. Where do all these numbers come from? Is there a well defined ruler or "coast resolution" that "the world" in general is using? For example there are values given for shore length for Baikal and Tanganyika lakes. Are those values comparable (well-ordered for those mathematically inclined)?

submitted by /u/Ishana92
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When you take an amphetamine, like Adderall, it often causes dry mouth and other dehydration symptoms. On a chemical (and/or neurological) level, how is it causing these symptoms?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 06:03 PM PDT

Where is the waterfall on the Detroit River?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:24 PM PDT

I saw in a video that said that the reason Niagara Falls exist is because Lake Erie is lower than the rest of the lakes. And because Lake Ontario is higher, the Niagara waterfall is the point were the water drops to the lower point. That makes sense but Lake Huron also feeds water into Lake Erie through the Detroit River. So where is the waterfall on that river?

submitted by /u/PapaNicholsUSA
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Are all GPCRs homologs/orthologs/paralogs of each other?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 06:56 PM PDT

Do people high higher basal metabolic rates require more rest?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:37 AM PDT

Such people burn more calories whilst doing nothing: their basic bodily functions use up more energy. So, all else being equal, do they require more rest as a result?

submitted by /u/PeadroPony
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What are the tendons (I'm assuming they're tendons) on both sides behind the knee that seem to travel up the back of the thigh and insert somewhere in the hamstrings?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 08:18 AM PDT

So, if you feel right behind your knee on the left and right, what are the very prominent tendon-like structures that you can feel also going up the back of your thigh and then seem to insert somewhere in the hamstrings? Can't find definitive answer on Google. Thanks.

submitted by /u/AReckoningIsAComing
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When chameleons look in two different directions at the same time, how does the brian show the images?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 12:05 PM PDT

Is it like two different images next to each other or is there a more 360 degree field of vision?

submitted by /u/porpois
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Can you overcharge your batteries?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:46 AM PDT

Maybe it's because I'm gen-x or something, but I can't shake this feeling that devices should not be charged for too long. Do modern batteries and devices really have the ability to stop charging when full? And how do they know?

submitted by /u/echo6golf
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is the reason our flesh is reddish (flesh not skin, sometimes skin though) because of hemoglobin or related compounds?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 08:26 AM PDT

How do damaged bone cells create an electric field, and how does this promote healing?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 05:37 AM PDT

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145421/

"In the early 1950s, Fukada and Yasuda2 demonstrated that when stress is applied to bone in such a way to cause deformity electrical potentials are generated, in areas of compression the bone was electronegative and caused bone resorption, whereas areas under tension were electropositive and produced bone."

submitted by /u/ch1214ch
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Why do heavy metals form in veins?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 11:21 AM PDT

I might have some premises wrong, but anything heavier than iron only forms in a exploding star, right? If this is the case, why aren't the metals more evenly distributed? What makes them clump up with their own kind so that it eventually forms veins?

I would expect something like gold to be more like aluminum, and as I understand it, aluminum doesn't form veins, but it's just scattered everywhere and it's drawn from dirt.

I suppose the gravity or Earth and the heat in it's core could cause some separation, if it isn't turbulent enough down there. And it probably help that stuff like gold is less reactive than other elements, maybe?

What am I getting wrong? What am I missing?

submitted by /u/OgreJehosephatt
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Are Prosimians born with umbilical cords?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 12:12 PM PDT

Are they?

submitted by /u/Mankest
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Saturday, August 8, 2020

Do common colds or flu strains leave permanent damage similar to what is being found with CoViD-19?

Do common colds or flu strains leave permanent damage similar to what is being found with CoViD-19?


Do common colds or flu strains leave permanent damage similar to what is being found with CoViD-19?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 04:42 PM PDT

This post has CoViD-19 in the title but is a question regarding the human body and how it handles common colds and flu strains which are commonly received and dealt with throughout a normal life.

Is there any permanent damage caused, or is it simply temporary or none at all? Thanks!

Edit: I had a feeling common colds and flu strains had long lasting effects, but the fact that I didn't realize it until I was reminded and clarified by you all is a very important distinction that this isn't something we think about often. I hope moving forward after CoViD-19, the dangers of simple common illnesses are brought to attention. Myocarditis is something that I have recently learned about and knowing how fatal it can be is something everyone should be aware about.

submitted by /u/g7ovanni
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What do ants do at night? Sleep?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 01:17 AM PDT

I don't know what is the correct flair to use.

submitted by /u/jezus317410
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How does stress weaken the immune system?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 11:24 PM PDT

What are possible reasons why we can’t just program a cancer cell to become a normal cell once again?

Posted: 08 Aug 2020 12:22 AM PDT

If cancer cells are immature daughter cells that fail to differentiate then is it possible to program them into maturing and specializing which would turn them back into a normal cell? What would be possible reasons why this would not work?

submitted by /u/espeditto
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If having the common cold in the past potentially primes immune systems to fighting and inhibiting Covid 19, is it possible that a future vaccine for Covid could provide some immunity to the common cold?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 11:27 AM PDT

Is there a difference in the way our brains take in information when reading books vs listening to audiobooks?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 08:28 PM PDT

Why do people talk about ultra-sensitive cameras and telescopes that can detect individual photons, but never ultra-sensitive antennas that can detect individual photons of radio?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 11:29 AM PDT

Of course light has wave particle duality. But it seems like in my experience, nobody ever talks about radio having a particle nature, particles only start happening once you get up to infrared. Why's that?

submitted by /u/WaitForItTheMongols
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Do you think Covid-19 virus can be carcinogenic in the future?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 02:51 PM PDT

I ask this because viruses can be a cause of cancer. For example, the Epstein Barr Virus that causes mononucleosis infection causes almost a 4x higher chance of developing Lymphoma. The Human Papomillia Virus causes Cervical, Anal cancers and etc.

With how deadly and strong this coronavirus is, causing multi system damage/disruption, do you think it can go the whole mile and be a cause of cancer in day the next decade or so? Similar to HPV, Epstein Barr, etc?

submitted by /u/restistancewater
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How do humans get fevers?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 10:04 PM PDT

What causes fevers and why does our temperature rise, also can anyone explain that if PV=nRT then how does out body temperature rise if the volume and pressure of our bodies don't change?

submitted by /u/CleCavClan
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How accurate is the COVID-19 PCR test? And can it detect the presence of the virus when the recipient is still in the incubation period where they are showing no symptoms?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 08:51 AM PDT

Why are type 2 and type 5 plastics (polyethylene and polypropylene) considered "safer" in containers than other plastics, especially type 1 PETE plastics?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 10:06 AM PDT

What causes Ozone hole depletion?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 12:19 PM PDT

Hello everybody,

I just want an answer for this question: What causes Ozone hole depletion?

Thank you

submitted by /u/abdouarraji2020
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Is there a %relative humidity where static electricity is more likely to occur? I understand that at lower humidity static electricity is more likely but what % is low humidity? 40%rh? 30%rh?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 04:44 AM PDT

How do bacteria gain immunity on antibiotics?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 04:08 AM PDT

I read that microbes can and will be able to adapt immunity to antibiotics at a matter of time. Is this also the same at alcohol and soap?

submitted by /u/Tidderredditittit
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Friday, August 7, 2020

Do heavier objects actually fall a TINY bit faster?

Do heavier objects actually fall a TINY bit faster?


Do heavier objects actually fall a TINY bit faster?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 11:47 PM PDT

If F=G(m1*m2)/r2 then the force between the earth an object will be greater the more massive the object. My interpretation of this is that the earth will accelerate towards the object slightly faster than it would towards a less massive object, resulting in the heavier object falling quicker.

Am I missing something or is the difference so tiny we could never even measure it?

Edit: I am seeing a lot of people bring up drag and also say that the mass of the object cancels out when solving for the acceleration of the object. Let me add some assumptions to this question to get to what I'm really asking:

1: Assume there is no drag 2: By "fall faster" I mean the two object will meet quicker 3: The object in question did not come from earth i.e. we did not make the earth less massive by lifting the object 4. They are not dropped at the same time 
submitted by /u/orsikbattlehammer
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Is the seismic activity of the Earth increasing, or are we getting to hear more frequently about earthquakes just because seismographs are more widely available now and it is easier for news to disseminate widely?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 09:59 AM PDT

Why can human body endure only a few degrees hotter bath, but endure multiple dozens of degrees colder baths?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 03:13 AM PDT

Did humans domesticate one breed/species of wolf, that later spread worldwide? Or did different pockets in different regions domesticate more than one species?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 05:01 AM PDT

As in, do dogs have one origin? If not, which dogs come from what wolves, and from where? Which wolf-dog transitions were the first to happen?

submitted by /u/Teleporpoise
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In a Mach Cone, how fast is the air moving away from the supersonic object?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 03:51 PM PDT

https://i.imgur.com/yvAWTgd.png

In this Schlieren image we see a bullet travelling at supersonic speed (V1) along the x-axis leaving a mach cone. The mach cone's pressure front travelling along the x-axis has a speed of V2, which is i suppose equal to the speed of the bullet. So, V2=V1.

My question is, what is V3 at the boundary of the mach cone flowing away? Does it have a speed? Is it also equal to V1's mach number? Or is it travelling at the speed of sound away from it?

submitted by /u/Ichijinijisanji
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How on earth are tardigrades so damn resilient?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 12:15 AM PDT

Seriously, what kind of evolutionary path and circumstances required those tiny bastards to become so god-like?

submitted by /u/AverageSpeaker
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Can getting an heart transplant change your personality?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 07:52 AM PDT

How would one calculate where the earths gravity decreases?

Posted: 07 Aug 2020 06:26 AM PDT

I would assume objects below sea level experience a weaker g force than objects at sea level but I have only a rudimentary memory of calculus and can't figure iut how to prove this or how much this decreases by.

I would assume cut the sphere into two pieces and act as though the entire mass is at the center point of each piece but I'm not positive on this. Can anyone verify or correct this?

submitted by /u/thereWasAnAttempt42
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Numbers of N, Z, Q - are they really infinities of the same size?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 09:06 AM PDT

In high school, we learnt abount infinities and their "sizes". That there are some smaller and bigger infinities.

We learnt following:
("method 1")
Number set A and set B.
If you can pair up numbers from these sets (one number from set A and one number from set B for each pair), then these sets are the same size.

For finite sets it makes sense, of course.
For infinite sets it makes sense, kid of. I can pair up numbers from set N (natural numbers) with set Z (whole numbers) or set Q (rational numbers) and say that these sets have same size.

But, lets consider this:
("method 2")
Number set X and set Y.
If you can "double pair up" (sorry for inventing english) numbers from these sets (one number from set X and two numbers from set B for each double pair), then these sets are not the same size, but set Y has double size of set X.

For finite sets it makes sense, of course.
For infinite sets.. does it make sense? Why do we use "method 1" in mathematics when we deal with infinite sets instead of "method 2"? I know that with "method 2" I could easily prove that set N has double size that the same set N (double pairs: 1 and 1,2 ; 2 and 3,4 ; 3 and 5,6 ; ...) and create nonsense. Is this the only reason? Or something else?

How can I tell, when some "method" (generally) can be used on finite sets, if that "method" can also be used for infinite sets?

submitted by /u/placenta23
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What is the difference between blood types and why do our bodies only accept the correct type?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 04:36 AM PDT

Why does explosions or fireballs form cauliflower-like structure?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 11:25 AM PDT

Explosions and fireballs of lets say liquid fuel forms a big fireball, but if you look at it, it is formed of countless of small protrusions and cauliflower like structures? Why is that?

I understand heat, oxygen and fuel (or explosive matter) and their variances must cause this, but is there some scientific explanation for it?

submitted by /u/M3nt4lcom
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If a landmass is on an oceanic plate that is subducting, what happens as it approaches the subduction zone?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 01:25 PM PDT

I'm having trouble visualizing this interaction. I'm sure I learned it in school, but I can't for the life of me remember. I can't think of anywhere this interaction is currently occurring off the top of my head.

I'm presuming a continent size landmass just grinds the subduction process to a halt then collides with whatever is on the non-subbducting side ala India slamming into Asia? What about a smaller landmass? Say something the size of Madagascar or New Guinea? Is there a tectonic process of transferring middling landmasses from one large plate to another large plate without the plates merging? What about smallish islands, say from a hotsot, how do they survive interaction with a subduction zone, or do they?

What happens if the continent is somehow on the plate being subducted under? Say, an Australia being subducted under an Indonesian-style volcanic arc. If that's even possible I assume there'd be some sort of minor orogeny and merger?

submitted by /u/wordbankfacts
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How rockets avoid space debris?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 06:03 AM PDT

I recently saw some videos about space debris and how the earth space is full of them. So how space compannies avoid their rockets trom being hit from these debris?

submitted by /u/The-Sword-Of-Newton
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Why doesn't the closeness of a lense to the surface improve the resolution ?

Posted: 06 Aug 2020 09:36 AM PDT

I'm starting a course in histology and we are looking at resolution limit. Seems like the closest you get to the target the bigger the sine of the semiangle of aperture. How is it that it doesn't increase the NA, thus reducing RL ?

submitted by /u/Duzae1
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