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Saturday, June 6, 2020

Black Lives Matter

Black Lives Matter


Black Lives Matter

Posted: 02 Jun 2020 10:57 AM PDT

Black lives matter. The moderation team at AskScience wants to express our outrage and sadness at the systemic racism and disproportionate violence experienced by the black community. This has gone on for too long, and it's time for lasting change.

When 1 out of every 1,000 black men and boys in the United States can expect to be killed by the police, police violence is a public health crisis. Black men are about 2.5 times more likely to be killed by police than white men. In 2019, 1,099 people were killed by police in the US; 24% of those were black, even though only 13% of the population is black.

When black Americans make up a disproportionate number of COVID-19 deaths, healthcare disparity is another public health crisis. In Michigan, black people make up 14% of the population and 40% of COVID-19 deaths. In Louisiana, black people are 33% of the population but account for 70% of COVID-19 deaths. Black Americans are more likely to work in essential jobs, with 38% of black workers employed in these industries compared with 29% of white workers. They are less likely to have access to health insurance and more likely to lack continuity in medical care.

These disparities, these crises, are not coincidental. They are the result of systemic racism, economic inequality, and oppression.

Change requires us to look inward, too. For over a decade, AskScience has been a forum where redditors can discuss scientific topics with scientists. Our panel includes hundreds of STEM professionals who volunteer their time, and we are proud to be an interface between scientists and non-scientists. We are fully committed to making science more accessible, and we hope it inspires people to consider careers in STEM.

However, we must acknowledge that STEM suffers from a marked lack of diversity. In the US, black workers comprise 11% of the US workforce, but hold just 7% of STEM jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher. Only 4% of medical doctors are black. Hispanic workers make up 16% of the US workforce, 6% of STEM jobs that require a bachelor's degree or higher, and 4.4% of medical doctors. Women make up 47% of the US workforce but 41% of STEM professionals with professional or doctoral degrees. And while we know around 3.5% of the US workforce identifies as LGBTQ+, their representation in STEM fields is largely unknown.

These numbers become even more dismal in certain disciplines. For example, as of 2019, less than 4% of tenured or tenure-track geoscience positions are held by people of color, and fewer than 100 black women in the US have received PhDs in physics.

This lack of diversity is unacceptable and actively harmful, both to people who are not afforded opportunities they deserve and to the STEM community as a whole. We cannot truly say we have cultivated the best and brightest in our respective fields when we are missing the voices of talented, brilliant people who are held back by widespread racism, sexism, and homophobia.

It is up to us to confront these systemic injustices directly. We must all stand together against police violence, racism, and economic, social, and environmental inequality. STEM professional need to make sure underrepresented voices are heard, to listen, and to offer support. We must be the change.


Sources:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can the magnetic field intensity fell to 0 in a reversal or excursion?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 05:11 AM PDT

How do computers keep track of time passing?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 12:45 PM PDT

It just seems to me (from my two intro-level Java classes in undergrad) that keeping track of time should be difficult for a computer, but it's one of the most basic things they do and they don't need to be on the internet to do it. How do they pull that off?

submitted by /u/blorgbots
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Why do humans smile?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 03:35 PM PDT

The Human Compulsion To Smile

I'll keep this short. In certain other animals, the baring of teeth symbolises aggression and a warning to cease your current behaviour or not come any closer. My question is, why do humans treat this act as a symbol of friendliness and compassion, and is this behaviour exclusive to humans or do other primates share this behaviour? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Fiachranator
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What determines the color of lightning?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:06 AM PDT

I've seen lightning come in a wide variety of colors and was wondering what caused the different wavelengths to be emitted and why there are differences. Since I'm kind of uncertain a quick explanation of how lightning occurs would also be appreciated!

submitted by /u/mbznf
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How can new wireless standards improve bandwidth without changing frequency?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:33 PM PDT

Via what mechanism do free electrons in metal produce thermal radiation?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 11:37 AM PDT

Since they are free, electrons in metal don't have an orbital to return to. So how do they lose their excess energy? Is it via bremsstrahlung with collisions with other electrons or being stopped by metal ions at the surface? Or is there another mechanism that free electrons can use to de-excite and release light?

submitted by /u/thejeran
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How much of fire's kinetic energy is released via photons vs. thermal conduction?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 12:15 AM PDT

I'm trying to build a tabletop RPG in the likes of D&D and I'm making a spell, "Darkness." I'm trying to go about it a little scientifically (as scientifically as you can get with magic) and I want to state that the spell simply "deletes" photons entering a certain area, therefore making it dark. I figured that the area would be much cooler than the surrounding area since solar radiation is mostly gone, like being in the shade of a tree vs. directly under the sun, but what about fire? If I brought a torch into this area how much cooler would it get? Is the electromagnetic radiation an insignificantly small part of the heat energy that it would feel pretty much the same, or would it feel noticably cooler?

submitted by /u/Nagosh
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How does the immune system come into action, when ‘attacked’ by the Flu?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 03:57 AM PDT

Like humans contacted diseases like covid19, Ebola, swine flu etc. are there any diseases/viruses that humans have transmitted to other species?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 12:55 AM PDT

Why does the prion associated with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy cause vCreutzfeldt–Jakob disease, yet the prions associated with Scrapie in sheep and Chronic Wasting Disease in deer appear to noninfectious to humans? Shouldn't they also cause vCJD?

Posted: 06 Jun 2020 06:52 AM PDT

If the immune system has a “memory” then why you get chickenpox once while you get the flu every year? Why can’t we get the flu once and never get it again just like chickenpox ?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 05:48 PM PDT

How much earth do you need to get the electrical ground?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:14 PM PDT

In volume. One bucket of earth is clearly not enough to constitute the electrical "ground". Whole planet is clearly enough. So at how much earth volume the actual "electrical ground" happens and what it depends on?

submitted by /u/enador
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What sample problems would be near instantaneous to solve in Quantum Computers that a regular computer might need a potentially encumbering amount of time to equally process an answer?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 09:29 PM PDT

Why do virtual particles need to conserve charge but not energy?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 08:48 PM PDT

From what I understand, virtual particles don't have to conserve energy (but can "borrow" energy to give it back later), but do have to conserve charge (so, for instance, have to be created in electron/positron pairs). Why can't they borrow charge for their brief existence as well?

submitted by /u/a2intl
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What is the pressure in the core of Jupiter?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 01:06 PM PDT

A quick question about stomach viruses?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:39 PM PDT

I hope this doesn't violate rule 1, but my question is essentially about the life of a virus on a surface. I know most articles say most viruses typically only last a few hours to even a few weeks on a surface, but my question is about what happens after that time. Lets say a few months have passed, would that surface still be able to get you sick or would the viruses be "dead and gone" by then and not likely to get you sick again?

submitted by /u/uzaya13
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Friday, June 5, 2020

Given that radiowaves reduce amplitude according to the inverse square law, how do we maintain contact with distant spacecraft like Voyager 1 & 2?

Given that radiowaves reduce amplitude according to the inverse square law, how do we maintain contact with distant spacecraft like Voyager 1 & 2?


Given that radiowaves reduce amplitude according to the inverse square law, how do we maintain contact with distant spacecraft like Voyager 1 & 2?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 12:18 AM PDT

Do high flying birds need less oxygen?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Do high flying birds need less oxygen in their breaths, or do they take breaths when they are lower altitudes (like whales surfacing for air)?

submitted by /u/VonBeegs
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By blowing the outer sides of a mug, how much more or less effective is this than blowing the top of the mug (directly at the liquid)?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 04:59 AM PDT

Background: The question comes as result of my high school science teacher suggesting in order to cool our solution in the beaker, we should blow the outer sides of the beaker and shouldn't blow from the top directly down into the solution (like most would when cooling a hot beverage). I believe he said this at the time because the fumes of the solution may have been hazardous or the solution may splash if we blow too hard.

Thoughts: The sides of mugs usually have a bigger surface area than the top of the hot beverage. Via conduction, my thoughts are that the heat should disperse into the mug quite rapidly. Additionally, if the hot beverage is stirred, the surface area touching the sides of the mug is even more significant.

Personally, I feel blowing the top of the mug has always been better because I feel the heat escaping as I blow but I'm not sure if this means it's actually better than blowing the sides.

Also, possible variables to consider is stirring and if this would change the outcome, and for the sake of having a clearer direction for this question, lets say the mug is ceramic and holds approximately 250ml (just imagine a typical white mug with a handle).

submitted by /u/ProfessorJimHarris
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Why didn't the Greenland ice sheet melt after the ice age?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 08:39 AM PDT

Part of the Greenland ice sheet is at the same latitude as where the ice sheets that covered Canada and northern Europe were and those melted, so why not the Greenland one?

submitted by /u/Albert_Camus129
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What is a phase 3 clinical trial when we talk about vaccines?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 06:38 AM PDT

My understanding of the phases of clinical trials goes like this;

Phase 1: test safety in small number of healthy people.

Phase 2: test safety in small number of sick people and obtain early data whether it works.

Phase 3: test efficacy in large number of sick people.

Phase 4: use new treatment in the clinic and study it.

My question is this. Vaccines are given to healthy people to prevent the sickness. So who gets studied in Phase 3? Do you just wait to see how many of those people end up sick after they get the vaccine?

submitted by /u/Hmm_I_dont_know_man
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Can someone please explain some aspects of E=MC^2?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 09:15 PM PDT

Sorry in advance if these are dumb questions, just trying to understand Einstein's equation better.

I understand E represents energy, usually potential energy, but what unit is E measured in? Is it dependent on what units are used in the case of M and C (i.e. using grams or kilograms etc, meters per second or kilometer per second etc) or are all of the variables associated constant units? If it's constant, what is the correct unit to use for each variable?

For example, take a 5 kg object. Multiply by the speed of light (defined in this case as 299,792,458 m/s), squared, (8.987551787368e16 m/s), which gives us 4.493775893684e17. What unit is this number measured in?

What makes the speed of light relavent to measuring energy in objects with mass? If light is made up of photons, and photons have a mass of 0, that would make the energy of photons equal to 0 according to this equation. Wouldn't that mean light contains no energy, and therefore isn't a form of energy like we know it to be? If it's not a form of energy, why is light warm? How would solar panels work? How would photosynthesis work? How are lasers powerful enough to cut through metal? These are just examples to explain my thought process, not necessarily other questions that need to be answered.

Thanks y'all, I've tried googling (albeit not as hard as I could've) but I found nothing that answers these questions, and figured it would be easier to ask.

submitted by /u/tekno_trekker
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Why clouds don't form beyond a certain height?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 07:09 AM PDT

OK, this might be dumb, but why do clouds don't form/rise above a certain height? What's the threshold to that height? Is it because water vapour doesn't rise above that height limit?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/waltzraghu
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Do all beans in a pod have the same exact genetic make up?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 02:56 AM PDT

Like take edamame for example. Slice that open and you'll get yer self some beans. Are each one of those beans genetically independent? Y'know it's their own fruit, it's gonna do what it wants. Or are they all completely identical genetically. I'm making a character that gains different abilities based on the foods they've eaten. It made me curious as to the actual science behind it. I figured you guys could help me out. Or if anything I brought an odd chuckle to your feed. But so like for example. You've just eaten edamame and arise from the edaMAMA pod next to a healthy batch of bean bros. Are they going to be all identical, the same dna? And most importantly which one of them is gonna have the biggest dick? P.S. if you have any more cool sciencey food related ideas for this character message me.

submitted by /u/spraey_cheez
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Does surface texture/roughness have much impact on the solubility of a substance?

Posted: 05 Jun 2020 06:19 AM PDT

I'm thinking because a highly rough surface will technically have more surface area. I imagine this will only apply to the initial layer but that would still be of interest to me. If anyone has any links to any articles it would be greatly appreciated :)

submitted by /u/optiberry
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Southern California experienced an aftershock yesterday 11 months after the original one. How can this big of a delay happen?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 08:37 AM PDT

Will a dream about a major physiological event trigger any relevant physiological reactions in the dreamer?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 08:19 AM PDT

For example, if an individual dreams of something like childbirth, does that individual receive similar hormonal releases etc. be it in a lesser degree or otherwise as the real life event? I'm not sure how deep the science into the actual biology of dreaming is, but would be interested to know if their is any theories in this specific area.

submitted by /u/NotAshTaylor
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Does gravity work differently underground?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 12:38 PM PDT

Does gravity get stronger, weaker or stay the same as it would be on the surface?

submitted by /u/the_fonzzz
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How can a Bi-elliptic transfer orbital maneuver be more efficient than a Hohmann transfer?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 08:36 AM PDT

I know just enough about orbital mechanics to realize I know hardly anything, thank kerbal space program, and ran into this maneuver. I can't seem to wrap my head around how this could be a better plan. Any insight would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/Yorune
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How do mushrooms reproduce with other mushrooms?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 12:37 PM PDT

I understand that they release spores through the mushroom but how do they share DNA?

submitted by /u/Inselaffen90
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Do freckles appear at the same spot every time or are they randomly placed?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 01:46 AM PDT

was just looking myself in the mirror and noticed some new freckles. I get more freckles at summer and then all of them disappear at winter.

So my question is: Do freckles appear at the same spot every time or are they placed randomly?

(English is not my first language so sorry if there are any grammar or spelling mistakes)

submitted by /u/SingingVega
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Where is the line drawn between a language and a dialect?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 10:19 AM PDT

For example, I am near fluent in French (Canadian) and can not understand Cajun French very well. But I can understand a little Italian, even though I have never studied Italian before. And it's not just between French dialects where this happens. Most English speakers say they can't understand Jamaican English, Arabic speakers say they can't understand people from Morocco, and I'm sure the list goes on with other major languages. What is making Italian almost easier to understand than Cajun French?

submitted by /u/Ninja-Snail
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What happens when radio waves collide, or multiple sources broadcast on the same frequency?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 05:19 PM PDT

I know radio waves fall along the same spectrum as microwaves and visible light, and tuning into those frequencies with a device like a radio allows us to listen in on messages if you're within range of the source's broadcasting.

What happens when a device is tuned into a frequency that more than one source is broadcasting in? Would it mash the sounds together, or just result in audio static? Does that mean that someone could play a bunch of noise on all available frequencies in order to drown out whoever is using those frequencies in broadcasting range? Please note, i'm not attempting anything like this, just wondered if it was possible or what would happen haha

submitted by /u/EightiesHades
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How did plants survive the Ice Age?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 06:09 AM PDT

If plants grow between temperatures of 32 F and 85 F, then how did they survive during the Ice Age, where temperatures were way colder.

Also, how did animals survive? What did they eat if there were barely any plants available?

submitted by /u/FutureAdi
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How to introduce $\Gamma(1\4)$ and $\Gamma(-ve integer)$?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 12:10 PM PDT

When i wanted to prove that $\Gamma(-1)=\infty$ it turns to be $\inft over -1 $ which for me equal to $-\infty $ not $\infty$. When I draw $\Gamma(x)$ it's was singular at $x=-1$ where $lim_{x->-1+}=-\infty$ and $lim_{x->-1-}=\infty$..i need to know why $\Gamma(-ve integer)=\infty$ not $\Gamma(-ve integer)=+-\infty$?? ..Another question is $\Gamma(1\4)$ has an explicit value or not..like$\Gamma(1\2)=\sqrt(\pi)$? Or how can we introduce it?

submitted by /u/hassnataha
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Thursday, June 4, 2020

I have two questions. How do paleontologists determine what dinosaurs looked like by examining only the bones? Also, how accurate are the scientific illustrations? Are they accurate, or just estimations of what the dinosaurs may have looked like?

I have two questions. How do paleontologists determine what dinosaurs looked like by examining only the bones? Also, how accurate are the scientific illustrations? Are they accurate, or just estimations of what the dinosaurs may have looked like?


I have two questions. How do paleontologists determine what dinosaurs looked like by examining only the bones? Also, how accurate are the scientific illustrations? Are they accurate, or just estimations of what the dinosaurs may have looked like?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 04:28 PM PDT

How do those old-timey underwater naval mines even work?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 12:45 PM PDT

How do those old-timey underwater naval mines even work?

I understand that the mines detonate when a ship bumps into them, but how did the mines resist corrosion and still function? Why were probes placed under the mine even though the ships were likely to travel above the mine?

submitted by /u/muff_marauder
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Was there another Coronavirus around November? Myself and a lot of people I know we're hit with the worst flu I've ever had by a mile. Symptoms were very similar to Covid19, but a few months too early. I wondered what it was as it occasionally comes up in conversations

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 04:08 AM PDT

I got it in Malta as a conference with many Asian attendees. Many of the people I met there became sick shortly after returning home, so the outbreak would quickly have become international. It was in the UK, Canada, Ukraine, Germany, France, etc.

It comes up occasionally still because the symptoms were so similar, and I often meet people who are a little confused that they had something similar before Covid19 arrived in their country.

Given how infectious it was i imagine the medical community knows about it and I'm curious what it was

submitted by /u/roamingandy
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In fluids, why do larger bubbles rise faster than smaller ones?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 08:16 PM PDT

Is it all possible for one to see the filament structure of the universe?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 10:01 PM PDT

I keep seeing pictures like this around and I'm wondering if it would really be possible at all for anyone to see this structure (or parts of if) in real life. I would assume not, but I would really like to know. My apologies if this is a dumb question at all

submitted by /u/SweaterKetchup
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Why don't ocean waves travel at the speed of sound in water?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 07:23 AM PDT

This random thought struck me today and i couldn't figure it out. If pressure moves through a material at its specific speed of sound, why do ocean waves travel so much slower?

submitted by /u/ahab_ahoy
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If the universe is only 13.7 billion years old and 1 light year is how long light travels in a year, how have we seen objects farther then 13.7 billion light years away?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 05:37 PM PDT

I have heard that the entire observable universe is 90 billion light years across. How do we know this if objects in the universe only had 13.7 billion years to send light to us?

submitted by /u/Ketchup4GrilledChez
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Could nuclear weapons reserves' uranium be used in nowadays fision reactors?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 06:16 AM PDT

So that's the question, could highly enriched uranium from nuclear weapons reserves be used in the fision reactors that we have on our countries. And why?

submitted by /u/hydradanoob
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If magnetic monopoles were abundant, would they interact with atoms like electrons do?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 05:57 AM PDT

Basically just curious how or whether a magnetic monopole might form stable "bonds" with the components of an atom, presuming they exist and we're abundant.

submitted by /u/I_AM_FERROUS_MAN
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When I plug the end of a straw and pull it out of a liquid, what force is holding the liquid in the straw to counteract the force of gravity?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 05:42 PM PDT

How can we have mapped the human genome, when everybody has (at least somewhat) different genes?

Posted: 04 Jun 2020 03:57 AM PDT

How come the pole of Saturn looks/is hexogonal?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 12:36 PM PDT

English is not my first language. Im sorry for any mistakes in f.i. grammar.

So I checked out this very cool picture of Saturn: https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/gvxcla/the_clearest_image_ever_taken_of_saturn/?utm_medium=android_app&utm_source=share and the pole looks hexagonal. Can Someone explain why this is?

submitted by /u/Discoties
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If SARS-CoV-2 enters the body with its spike protein through the ACE2 receptor, then wouldn't any mutation to the virus still conserve this protein, as it is essential for the virus to enter human cells and grow? Or could it evolve a completely different mechanism of entry?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 11:10 AM PDT

I don't know much about viruses and what/how/why they mutate, just wondering. Also, if the spike protein would be conserved, would we even need a new vaccine for it if it mutated? Thank you for any info!

submitted by /u/OutrageousLion1
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Are there viruses that didn't originate in animals?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 02:05 PM PDT

Are there any viruses that affect humans that started in humans? Or did they all start in animals and then transfer to humans? If that's the case, then why so?

submitted by /u/FrostyTigerXP
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When we are sick and some mucus falls down our lungs, it usually disappear some days after recovery. How does it get out?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 06:44 AM PDT

How explosive is Fulminating Gold relative to black powder?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 09:26 PM PDT

I recently learned about Fulminating Gold, and that it was the first high explosive humanity ever discovered. I know now that high explosive refers to the type rather than the strength, but how much energy is released from an explosion of Fulminating Gold versus one of black powder?

submitted by /u/Kcajkcaj99
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Does a hollow object containing a vacuum float on water?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 07:37 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How does a lightning create heat?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 08:00 AM PDT

So one evening I was watching this storm and then I wondered how the nature can wield such a force. When I looked it up I found out about it but this one thing is "in the dark" for me. I know that thunder is created by expansion of the heated air but why does it heat up in the first place? Are the electrons colliding with the atoms in the air or is it something completely different? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Maximilian_Krustal
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After being weakened, do EM waves stronger than visible light eventually fall into the visible light spectrum?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 04:50 PM PDT

For example, when there's heavy cloud coverage does the UV light lose enough energy when coming in contact with the thicker clouds and drop down to visible light? Is this possible and if so, does it happen on Earth?

submitted by /u/39410
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Why are rocket performing better with lighter exhaust gas?

Posted: 03 Jun 2020 04:55 AM PDT

Hi all, I started watching lots of rockets related video following the Dragon Crew launch. Something I heard in several video and seem counter intuitive to me is that lighter exhaust gas has better performance. I was thinking with Newton's 3rd law this would be the opposite, for example If I'm in a vacuum and throw a bowling ball I'll move further than if I throw a feather.

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/Pronoe
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