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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

When you see oily bubbles displaying varying colors, is the oil bubble acting as a prism? If not, how are the different colors generated?

When you see oily bubbles displaying varying colors, is the oil bubble acting as a prism? If not, how are the different colors generated?


When you see oily bubbles displaying varying colors, is the oil bubble acting as a prism? If not, how are the different colors generated?

Posted: 05 May 2020 08:12 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Jane McGonigal, PhD, world-renowned game researcher and inventor of SuperBetter, helping 1 mil+ people use game skills to recover from depression, anxiety, and traumatic brain injury. Ask me about how games can increase our resilience during this time of uncertainty, AMA!

Posted: 06 May 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi! I'm Jane McGonigal. I'm the Director of Game Research and Development for the Institute for the Future in Palo Alto, California. I believe game designers are on a humanitarian mission - and my #1 goal in life is to see a game developer win a Nobel Peace Prize.

I've written two New York Times bestselling books: Reality is Broken: Why Games Make Us Better and How They Can Change the World and SuperBetter: The Power of Living Gamefully. I'm also a lifelong game designer (I programmed my first computer game at age 10 - thanks, BASIC!). You might know me from my TED talks on how games can make a better world and the game that can give you 10 extra years of life, which have more than 15 million views.

I'm also the inventor of SuperBetter, a game that has helped more than a million players tackle real-life health challenges such as depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and traumatic brain injury. SuperBetter's effectiveness in treating depression and concussion recovery has been validated in clinical trial and randomized controlled studies. It's currently used by professional athletes, children's hospitals, substance recovery clinics and campus health centers worldwide. Since 2018, the SuperBetter app has been evaluated independently in multiple peer-reviewed scientific articles as the most effective app currently in the app store for treating depression and anxiety, and chronic pain, and for having the best evidence-based design for health behavior change.

I'm giving an Innovation Talk on "Games to Prepare You for the Future" at IBM's Think 2020. Register here to watch: https://ibm.co/2LciBHn

Proof: https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EW9s-74UMAAt1lO.jpg

I'll be on at 1pm ET (17 UT), AMA!

Username: janemcgonigal

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After you die, how long does it take the various cells in your body to die? What happens to your gut bacteria?

Posted: 05 May 2020 04:18 PM PDT

With the recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in meat packing plants how safe is our meat supply? Can covid-19 be transmitted via contaminated meat?

Posted: 06 May 2020 09:35 AM PDT

How do polarised lenses block the glare from water?

Posted: 06 May 2020 05:59 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 06 May 2020 08:10 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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When you’re swimming, and you look up underwater, why is the border of air and water shiny and mirror like? Also why is it transparent directly above you?

Posted: 06 May 2020 07:29 AM PDT

Sorry if this doesn't go with physics.

submitted by /u/danzelchen_
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How fast do disinfectants actually kill pathogens?

Posted: 06 May 2020 04:01 AM PDT

So I always imagine that when you pour/wipe Dettol or alcohol on something, the pathogens it targets are destroyed within seconds. I always get into this argument with my family, who insist that you should leave whatever it is you're cleaning to soak in the disinfectant. I mean, it's not like the cell membranes or virus proteins are waiting around, as soon as the liquid touches pathogens they should be destroyed, right?

tl;dr: How fast do they kill that "99.9% of bacteria"? Is there any benefit to leaving things to soak in Dettol or other liquid?

submitted by /u/ProfSwagometry
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Since retroviruses integrate their DNA into their host's, and they replicate by regular cell division, could a virus then increase the rate of cell division and thus cause a tumor?

Posted: 06 May 2020 08:29 AM PDT

Are there viruses (probably non-human) that already do that?

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If B-Cells code antibody types in their DNA, could we build a virus that uses CRISPR to program B-Cells to generate specific antibodies without using an attenuated disease as a vaccine?

Posted: 05 May 2020 11:08 AM PDT

The question is really around using something other than a disease to help someone generate antibodies. That is to say, if we could figure out the genetic sequence (call it Sequence Y) used by B-Cells (or are they stored in marrow?) to produce antibodies for Disease X, instead of figuring out how to attenuate disease X to use as a vaccine, could we instead have a universal virus as a carrier that does nothing but inserts Sequence Y into the B-Cells of a host? Would this be a more effective way of getting a population to produce antibodies for Disease X?

submitted by /u/FuriousCoder74
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How rigid are the angles between ions in molecules?

Posted: 06 May 2020 04:55 AM PDT

Water molecules, of course, have that distinctive angle between the hydrogen cations, but how fixed is that angle? Can it wiggle a bit or is it set in stone? Obviously it likes to hang out in that arrangement, but why? Is that just the closest to equilibrium it can be?

Are there any molecules that 'don't really mind' where there constituents are hanging out? Or is there any sort of gradient between how fiercely ions will fight to maintain a certain arrangement?

Proteins, as well, have very complex arrangements, with lots of angles and interactions. If one was to bump into something, would it physically bounce a little? Is it possible for a protein to denature due to mechanical processes?

Sorry, I know its a lot of little questions, but I think they all get down to the same basic concept.

submitted by /u/MistoJeck
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How would people in the past deal with orthopedic injuries requiring surgery?

Posted: 06 May 2020 04:55 AM PDT

Looking at some old Derrick Rose videos on YouTube, I thought to myself nowadays we're so privileged to be able to have our knee ligaments stitched up with relatively basic surgery. However, people have been tearing their tendons and ligaments for thousands of years. How would people deal with a torn achilles 2000 years ago? Would you just be crippled for life? Were there any methods to alleviate such injuries?

submitted by /u/boyski33
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If the air is made up of 78.09% Nitrogen, what happens to the nitrogen that we breathe in? Does our lungs do anything with it?

Posted: 05 May 2020 04:34 PM PDT

Do we live in Euclidean space?

Posted: 06 May 2020 06:59 AM PDT

Or is the Euclidean space just a very good „approximation" of our space? And if the answer is yes, how do we know? Which property's about the space we live in do we know? Do we know the metric? I'm a math student so just something I thought about. Thanks for (if) replying!

submitted by /u/27182818284tropy
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What is limiting microbial growth at high pH?

Posted: 06 May 2020 05:24 AM PDT

Hello ,

I was looking into the overall limits of microbial growths. I can find a lot about how alkaliphiles cope with a high pH, but I did not find a definite answer to what biological component will be the limiting factor.

I am especially interested in why the proton gradient upkeep will fail with increasing pH. I found some sources about Na-ATPases, that don´t use H+ that would just react with extracellular OH- forming water. But this is a work around. Is it the intracellular pH, that can only be buffered to a certain level until the protein synthesis fails?

Thank you for your answers

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When did the scientific community learned that there is no (at least not macroscopic) life on Mars?

Posted: 06 May 2020 05:04 AM PDT

I wonder if there was a time when the scientific comunity considered the possibility of the existence of macroscopic life on Mars, such as Martian plants and animals (or equivalent).

When did we learn that this is not the case?

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Is it possible to create a telescope to view the surface of other planets in our solar system such as Mars?

Posted: 06 May 2020 04:47 AM PDT

Basically what the title says, I'm thinking at a level such as Google street view?

Is it possible to create such a telescope? If so, what is stopping us? If not, why?

submitted by /u/JohtoBorn
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"Silicon nitride ... cannot be heated over 1850 °C... which is well below its melting point" (from wikipedia) - so it can't be melted at all?

Posted: 06 May 2020 12:31 AM PDT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_nitride

So, if this is true, does this mean if it was dropped into a star (for example) or otherwise exposed to extreme heat, would it remain a solid even there? (excepting things like effect of pressure).

submitted by /u/CMDR_Agony_Aunt
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It is said that nothing can travel as fast as light, so how do radio waves, electricity, etc. travel at light speed?

Posted: 06 May 2020 03:16 AM PDT

What does the number in the brackets mean when a describing the structure of glucagon like peptide 1 (7-36) or glucagon like peptide 1 (1-37) or 1-36 amide?

Posted: 06 May 2020 12:32 AM PDT

Do these numbers note at which carbon atoms the amides are attached? Thank you for your help.

submitted by /u/purple_nightowl
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How does ionization state affect radioactive decay rates?

Posted: 05 May 2020 05:54 PM PDT

I was taking a stroll through Wikipedia and came across this:

Technetium is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. It is the lightest element whose isotopes are all radioactive; none are stable other than the fully ionized state of 97Tc.

...So there is one isotope of Technetium that is or is not stable depending on its ionization state.

Is it normal for ionization state to affect the half life of radioactive isotopes? How does it work? And is that useful information or just a curious little detail?

submitted by /u/Rhamni
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Why do grains of sand stick to your skin when it's wet, but not when it's dry?

Posted: 05 May 2020 03:00 PM PDT

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Conflicting CDC statistics on US Covid-19 deaths. Which is correct?

Conflicting CDC statistics on US Covid-19 deaths. Which is correct?


Conflicting CDC statistics on US Covid-19 deaths. Which is correct?

Posted: 04 May 2020 09:12 AM PDT

Hello,

There's been some conflicting information thrown around by covid protesters, in particular that the US death count presently sits at 37k .

The reference supporting this claim is https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm , which does list ~35k deaths. Another reference, also from the CDC lists ~65k https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html . Which is correct? What am I missing or misinterpreting?

Thank you

submitted by /u/sassytuna2
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How did the dinosaur destroying asteroid affect the aquatic life at that time?

Posted: 04 May 2020 10:15 AM PDT

By what extent was the aquatic life (or aquatic life at the surface) affected by the impact of that asteroid 65 million years ago? I personally don't see it inflicting as much damage in comparison to what happened to the terrestrial life.

Not only that, but is it possible to speculate whether the aquatic species that currently exist in the deep, undiscovered part of the ocean are the same as those which used to exist millions of years ago?

submitted by /u/iadorechickens
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Why does the oxygen absorber that comes with the frozen pizza get really hot after I remove it from the package?

Posted: 05 May 2020 01:47 AM PDT

To clarify; I open the pizza bag, remove the pizza, and take the absorber off the cardboard bottom of the pizza. I set it down and a few minutes later it's hot to the touch. Happens every time.

Thank you for sharing your wisdom! 😊 usually they look like this

submitted by /u/Dat1grl
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Where exactly is the US Treasury borrowing $ 2.99 Trillion from?

Posted: 04 May 2020 07:58 PM PDT

There was today's announcement of them borrowing this new amount.

Was curious as I was reading recently that China holds $ 1.09 Trillion in debt from the US Treasury.

Edit: Added link to today's news source

submitted by /u/eduncan911
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If two black holes approached each other along the same axis (no mutual rotation), would the collision create gravitational waves?

Posted: 04 May 2020 05:31 PM PDT

From visualizations of gravitational wave generation, it seems like most g-waves are given off as the black holes/neutron stars rotate around each other and slowly approach each other. If they collided in a head-on collision, would the collision still generate gravitational waves?

submitted by /u/wchicag084
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New method for recycling nuclear fuel discovered - How does crystallizing spent nuclear fuel change its utility?

Posted: 05 May 2020 03:49 AM PDT

I read an article in phys.org about crystallizing spent nuclear fuel using nitric acid, and that doing so introduced a single step solution to nuclear fuel recycling. How does crystallizing spent nuclear fuel make reuse or refinement of the uranium easier? The article points out that the build-up of heavy waste elements is one of the factors of nuclear fuel depreciation. Since the process still captures plutonium, americium, and neptunium in the lattice, how does this process make nuclear fuel recycling easier?

submitted by /u/kamandi
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Do antibodies created from fighting off a virus have a purpose in the body during times not fighting off the virus?

Posted: 04 May 2020 03:49 PM PDT

Not up on how antibodies really work. Do they sit dormant in the body just waiting to be needed? Or do they serve another purpose? Thanks

submitted by /u/ImtheMe
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Why HIV only transmit through body fluid?

Posted: 05 May 2020 02:05 AM PDT

Black hole question - What is a naked singularity?

Posted: 04 May 2020 12:35 PM PDT

What is a naked singularity? I've heard it's something like a black hole that's evaporated completely from Hawking radiation, this is obviously trillions of years in the future, but where the only thing left is the singularity in the middle.?

Is this right? And can you explain a little more?

submitted by /u/brodothegreat
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How can the product of a chemical reaction be predicted?

Posted: 04 May 2020 07:19 PM PDT

If water is constantly evaporated, filtered and precipitated, not leaving our atmosphere, how are we running out of fresh water?

Posted: 04 May 2020 06:55 PM PDT

Are there weather events that are endemic to an area on Earth, and so occur nowhere else?

Posted: 04 May 2020 01:18 PM PDT

So, are there places on earth that are so unique due to their geography and surrounds that certain weather events only occur there, and nowhere else on the planet?

submitted by /u/microfibrepiggy
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Do certain weather patterns occur more on certain days of the week? If so, why?

Posted: 04 May 2020 12:46 PM PDT

Monday, May 4, 2020

Can an entomologist please give a further explanation of Asian Giant Hornet situation in Washington state and British Columbia?

Can an entomologist please give a further explanation of Asian Giant Hornet situation in Washington state and British Columbia?


Can an entomologist please give a further explanation of Asian Giant Hornet situation in Washington state and British Columbia?

Posted: 03 May 2020 10:03 AM PDT

I have a B.S. in biology so I'm not looking for an explanation of how invasive species. I'm looking for more information on this particular invasive species and how it might impact an already threatened honey bee population.

submitted by /u/The_bruce42
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AskScience AMA Series: I am astrophysicist Mario Livio, author of Galileo and the Science Deniers, and six other popular science books, AMA about astrophysics, black holes, Dark Energy, life in the universe, the Golden Ratio, and more. AMA!

Posted: 04 May 2020 04:00 AM PDT

I am an astrophysicist and author of Galileo and the Science Deniers. I am a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.You can see a few of my presentations and interviews (including one on Jon Stewart's show) at: https://www.mario-livio.com. I have published more than 400 scientific papers on topics ranging from Dark Energy and cosmology to black holes and extrasolar planets.

My new book, Galileo and the Science Deniers, explains many of Galileo's important discoveries and describes his fight for intellectual freedom and against science denial. Centuries later, we unfortunately still encounter science denial, and we cannot take intellectual freedom for granted.

I also authored six other popular science books, including "The Golden Ratio" (an International Bestseller which was awarded the "Peano Prize" and the "International Pythagoras Prize") and "Is God A Mathematician?" (which was the basis for the 2016 Emmy-nominated NOVA program "The Great Math Mystery"). My book "Brilliant Blunders" was a national bestseller, and was selected by the Washington Post as one of the "2013 Best Books of the Year."

Thanks to the moderators for hosting me and I look forward to discussing Galileo, astrophysics, and the importance of science. I'll be ready at 2pm (ET, 18 UT), AMA!

Username: mariolivio

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What is it about STEM CELLS that make them so effective?

Posted: 04 May 2020 07:13 AM PDT

So in UAE Stem Cell Centre, they extracted stem cells of the patient, activated it, turned it into a mist and made the patient sniff it. This apparently regenerated lung cells and modulated the immune response to keep it from overreacting to the COVID-19 infection and causing further damage to healthy cells.

It worked successfully on all the 73 patients without any side-effects.

So how did this process exactly worked? And why are stem cells so imp in generating specific healthy cells?

submitted by /u/shreyaspandit
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If plasmid has two sites of the same type of restriction enzyme. If we add that type of enzyme, then we will cut the plasmid in both sites, or just cut one ?

Posted: 04 May 2020 07:11 AM PDT

If plasmid has two sites of the same type of restriction enzyme. If we add that type of enzyme, then we will cut the plasmid in both sites, or just cut one ?

submitted by /u/Bananaleafss
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How would Continental Drift Affect the climate on a planet around an M type star?

Posted: 04 May 2020 05:31 AM PDT

I am a bit of a world builder, but I would like a more scientific answer. I know that the planet (if it is habitable) will be divided into rough day, night, and twilight sides, but those would seems variable in range. Plate tectonics, mountains, and volcanic eruption would certainly all play roles in how big each of these three zones would be. I am just curious how.

submitted by /u/MarkCrystalSword
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Why is americium used in smoke detectors and not any other transuranic element?

Posted: 03 May 2020 10:39 PM PDT

From what I know, americium-241 is used in smoke detectors as it is an alpha emitter, which ionizes air when it decays. Is there a reason as to why this isotope is used and not other radioactive isotopes? Or is americium just much easier to produce on an industrial scale?

submitted by /u/Ciltan
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Two Questions. First, Black holes are said to have infinite density. If that's the case, wouldn't their gravitational influence instantaneously suck in the entire universe? Second. If a singularity just 1 dimension, how does a black hole have spin? Don't they need multiple dimensions to rotate?

Posted: 04 May 2020 01:52 AM PDT

To further clarify.

The first question. If they had infinite density, wouldnt that mean that an object at the event horizon would feel the same powerful pull as an object 50 light years away, or even further?

The second question. I think i did a well enough job asking but if you need me to be more clear about the question, i'll gladly update with an edit.

submitted by /u/PewPewLazrs101
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Can animals recognize neotonic features in other animals and is there any evidence that they respond differently to baby animals (other than seeing them as easy prey) in the way humans fawn over kittens?

Posted: 03 May 2020 05:28 PM PDT

How is the collapse of the wavefunction instantaneous?

Posted: 04 May 2020 04:10 AM PDT

The way I see it is that there is an input (observation) that yields an output (result of eigenvector decomposition of observation matrix). To me this seems like an energy intensive process, after all it is a change of state.

I am aware that no evidence has been found yet for a finite time of wave function collapse, and the commonly held belief is that the process is instantaneous.

So my question is, how is this physically possible?

Is it not more likely that the wave function collapse occurs over a finite timescale that is smaller than we have currently been able to measure?

If you were to mathematically describe the process to a computer, it would require processing time to reach the answer. Is the mathematical formulation of the problem the reason then for the processing time?

What I mean to say is, eigenvector decomposition seems to be a energy intensive process. So how can the system do it instantaneously? Or does the system not do it at all, and the mathematical formulation is just our way of understanding the underlying physics, whereby the underlying physics does it in a non energetically intensive way?

Please correct me where I'm wrong, it's been a while since university.

submitted by /u/romenotbuiltinday
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The Wikipedia article for ECC memory states that neutron flux is 3.5 times higher at the common cruising altitude for most aircraft than at sea level. Why do common personal computers not encounter errors on airlines?

Posted: 03 May 2020 05:15 PM PDT

Here is the article in reference.

It goes on to state that the systems on the aircraft are specially designed to account for this (I presume they use ECC RAM). Why don't laptops and phones with standard RAM encounter more memory errors during flights? Is it simply that they do but the user doesn't realise it?

submitted by /u/lamerlink
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Can children or adolescents develop Alzheimer's ??

Posted: 03 May 2020 05:34 PM PDT

My old neighbour texted me to catch up, he's a lot younger (15 or 16 years old) but then he said he was diagnosed with alzheimers since moving back to germany. I tried googling it but cant seem to find any legit cases of children with alzheimers.. does anyone have any input?

submitted by /u/lifeofbree
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How strongly does color perception depend on the language used?

Posted: 03 May 2020 03:16 PM PDT

I recently came across this explaining that brown is just dark-orange. The only reason wee see it as a distinct color is, because we gave it its own name. So dou you know a language where brown is just called "dark-orange" and if they see it as dark-orange? Or do they have an own name for a color we don't have and therefore see it as an own color? And do you know of any other case where our language controls our perception?

submitted by /u/simonmarcher
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Why do dogs have little slits on the outside of their nose?

Posted: 03 May 2020 10:27 AM PDT

When I get really close to my dog, I see small slits on the sides of his nose. What are these for?

submitted by /u/manghokage
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How does radiocarbon dating work on manmade structures?

Posted: 03 May 2020 10:48 PM PDT

I have a general understanding of how radiocarbon dating works. But I was recently reading the Wikipedia page for Stonehenge and read the following:

"Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC."

How would radiocarbon dating work on an inorganic substance? Furthermore, how could they date the construction of the Stonehenge with radiocarbon dating?

submitted by /u/pkp434
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What are the main problems to performing a successful head transplant?

Posted: 03 May 2020 10:19 AM PDT

I ask this question as I remembered a scientist recently claimed to be able to transplant heads (body?) successfully, his name was Sergio Canavero, He made a lot of claims but haven't heard from him in awhile, So I wanted to know what's the feasibility of his plan working and what would be the greatest barriers to success.

submitted by /u/RevolutionaryDrive5
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Why do some vaccines grant lifelong immunity, but others don’t?

Posted: 03 May 2020 11:28 AM PDT

What happened during Earth's "Dark Age," or the first 500 million years after it formed?

Posted: 03 May 2020 09:29 AM PDT

What specific chemical properties of carbon dioxide causes the greenhouse effect? Why, chemically, is carbon more reflective than other gases?

Posted: 03 May 2020 12:52 PM PDT

what is a Lagrangian function? in the context of SM Field Theory

Posted: 03 May 2020 05:46 PM PDT

Now first off, I would like to recognize that this is something that generally is only understood by completing multi-variable calculus and high level physics courses. However, the highest math I have is very basic calculus and College Physics 1. And outside of waiting x years this seemed like the best place to get answers.

The question essentially boils down too, if a paper was referring to a theorist constructing a Lagrangian function in the context of quantum field theory, what, function would that equation serve?

The specific context is: "Weinberg constructed a Lagrangian that includes all matter particles 'plus a spin-zero doublet' whose vacuum expectation value will break T (Gauge group generators) and Y (Hypercharge gauge group generators) and give an electron its mass"

TL;DR: High school student annotating a paper, came across the Lagrangian function but have no idea what it might be used for

submitted by /u/CR20dragon
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Can monkeys get the Coronavirus?

Posted: 03 May 2020 11:29 AM PDT

Why is there a hole at Saturn's pole?

Posted: 03 May 2020 05:58 AM PDT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon#Explanations_for_hexagon_shape

There are theories about the hexagon but not much reason given for the matter or gases being sucked into a hole there ?

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