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Sunday, May 3, 2020

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII


AskScience Panel of Scientists XXII

Posted: 24 Jan 2020 05:32 PM PST

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why do moles grow such long hairs?

Posted: 02 May 2020 01:29 PM PDT

Some moles grow hairs much longer than the surrounding area, why?

submitted by /u/Mas-Picante
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Why does humidity affect viruses?

Posted: 02 May 2020 08:12 AM PDT

"High Humidity Leads to Loss of Infectious Influenza Virus from Simulated Coughs" says a 2013 paper however it does not explain what the mechanism is.

This may have important implications for SARS-CoV-2.

EDIT: In response to the top (incorrect) comment (841 votes) by u/adaminc: Gravitational settling is an insignificant factor if we go by the the paper, which says...

*settling can remove over 80% of airborne influenza 10 minutes after a cough and that RH increases the removal efficiency only slightly from 87% to 92% over the range of RHs*

I did replyto that post but the Reddit algorithm meant my comment wasn't seen by many people so I have added it here in the original post.

submitted by /u/sqgl
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Why is it not possible to discover the location / direction of where the big bang started?

Posted: 03 May 2020 07:30 AM PDT

If, for example, using the balloon theory, could you not anchor certain points and measure the movement of objects/galaxies and compare the data, would you not eventually be able to discover the location or direction of where the matter is moving from / in / expanding towards to?

Are we simply lacking the technology to do the measurements (if we got past the problem of red shifting for example) or is there scientific reasons we can not do it?

submitted by /u/xybet
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Is there a limit to how many different antibodies can a human body have?

Posted: 03 May 2020 04:57 AM PDT

Will the Milky Way galaxy collapse inside its black hole at the center?

Posted: 03 May 2020 06:43 AM PDT

If I'm not mistaken, the galaxy is spinning and there's a black hole at the center. So will the arms of the galaxy eventually get swallowed by the black hole at the center? Is this how the Earth will end? Or will the sun run out of energy before that?

submitted by /u/PleasantSport
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I am a tech guy and have been devoting quite a few resources to Folding@Home for COVID-19. Does this work actually benefit research?

Posted: 03 May 2020 12:18 AM PDT

Quite a few of my engineers are expressing skepticism for this project, and I totally get it.

submitted by /u/remotelove
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How is the probability of false positives determined?

Posted: 02 May 2020 11:09 PM PDT

Dr. Birx has said that the covid tests are not a 100% sensitive or specific. She didn't say how accurate the tests are, but she gave a hypothetical example of a 99% accurate test and said that if 1% of the tested population actually has the disease, a positive test result would be correct 50% of the time and incorrect 50% of the time. How does that work? Is there a formula? Is there a name for this kind of probability modeling?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptKvTuXbjZE

submitted by /u/Supersox22
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Has anything been discovered about viruses or the immune system because of COVID-19?

Posted: 02 May 2020 04:29 PM PDT

Has anything general been discovered or has everything we have learned been specific to this virus specifically?

submitted by /u/AlbinoBeefalo
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How can electricity nearly move at the speed of light if electrons can’t move at such speeds without an enormous amount of energy?

Posted: 02 May 2020 05:28 AM PDT

Why is copper creep resistant, but also ductile?

Posted: 02 May 2020 01:51 PM PDT

This may be more due to me not quite understanding what creep is, but to my understanding, a metal that is ductile is a metal that can deform plastically but creep is a form of plastic deformation. How can copper be both creep resistant but also ductile?

submitted by /u/lemonlazarus
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What is the meaning of negative and positive current?

Posted: 02 May 2020 10:10 AM PDT

So I am wondering, positive current just means it is in the direction that positive charge would flow. Therefore it follows negative current would be in the direction that negative charge would flow. My question is, is the current negative because of the sign of the charge or because it flows in the opposite direction as positive? I know current is defined as dq/dt so it makes sense that dq would be negative with negative charges moving, but the charges could have had different names not involving arithmetic signs right? What is positive charge was red and negative charge was blue and we defined positive current as direction that red charge would move, then negative current couldn't be a result of the sign of the charge but rather the direction, right? Or maybe we only use a convention that allows for the sign on the charge to matter because the names of the charges were assigned that way? Perhaps the convention would be completely different if they were named red and blue?

submitted by /u/tmt22459
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How damaging can a earthquake be to a human not near any buildings/destroyable objects?

Posted: 02 May 2020 10:43 PM PDT

If a human was standing on a open field with no objects to be destroyed. How much damage could a centralized earthquake do the person. 7 magnitude for a general value if needed.

submitted by /u/CJ_Sucks_at_life
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What is holding Remdesivir back from fully stopping COVID or any virus in general?

Posted: 02 May 2020 10:38 PM PDT

I know that the drug is a nucleoside analog that is supposed to, when added to the viral base sequence, change the sequence to code for the termination of viral replication once incorporated into the viral DNA, and once Polymerase and other Viral TFs try to transcribe it. Is the issue with the drug getting into the cell, or getting it into the virion? If the latter, is that why this spike protein is so important, to find an entryway into the virion? Also, what happens to that DNA once replication is terminated? Is it degraded, or does It still have potential to be expressed again?

submitted by /u/terrancethequeef
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Could a New Madrid fault line earthquake create a drop in elevation?

Posted: 02 May 2020 01:33 PM PDT

Could a big earthquake cause the area to sink and reverse the flow of the Mississippi and create a sea or bay of sorts?

submitted by /u/Mas-Picante
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Does caronavirus mutate between every person?

Posted: 02 May 2020 07:23 PM PDT

If we were able to fully sequence it on every person, would we be able to use to nearly perfectly trace the transmission path?

submitted by /u/frenchtoaster
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Saturday, May 2, 2020

How did the SARS 2002-2004 outbreak (SARS-CoV-1) end?

How did the SARS 2002-2004 outbreak (SARS-CoV-1) end?


How did the SARS 2002-2004 outbreak (SARS-CoV-1) end?

Posted: 01 May 2020 02:29 PM PDT

Sorry if this isn't the right place, couldn't find anything online when I searched it.

submitted by /u/TheWabster
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Why are antiviral medications so much less prevalent than antibacterial?

Posted: 01 May 2020 12:55 PM PDT

It seems like we have a lot of defenses against bacterial infections, and have had them for quite some time. I'm curious why it appears that anti-viral equivalents are so much less pervasive? And the ones we have, seem so much more dangerous than the antibacterial counterparts.

submitted by /u/s_dandylion
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Assuming I have 2 CFL bulbs of the same Wattage, that emit the same amount of lumens but one of them has a warmer color temperature. Will there be any difference in the amount of heat they produce?

Posted: 01 May 2020 08:02 PM PDT

Can we use soap and water to clean everything instead of using disinfectant?

Posted: 02 May 2020 12:28 AM PDT

They have explained to us that we should wash our hands with soap and water because the soap rips apart the outer lipid / fatty layer of the virus and destroys it.

So why do we need lysol, Clorox, multi purpose cleaners, alcohol, bleach etc. if soap and water are so effective at destroying the virus?

I do understand that hand sanitizer is necessary for the times when we do not have access to running water BUT why can't we just clean our countertops, floors and other surfaces with just soap and water?

Why can't we spray soapy water onto surfaces to destroy that outer lipid layer and destroy the virus then wipe it away?

Thanks

submitted by /u/NYCddHH
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How do surgical masks become ineffective?

Posted: 02 May 2020 12:27 AM PDT

I was told that surgical masks last shorter/becomes less effective if used in a hospital compare to say when you go out for groceries.

But how does it become ineffective exactly? Does it get saturated like a cloth getting wet, or filters trapping dust?

On a similar note, if the virus can only survive on surfaces for certain amount of time:

If we leave a used mask/clothings untouched for that amount of time, does that make it safe to use again?

If we can disinfect clothings and other surfaces, why can't masks be disinfected?

submitted by /u/acres41
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What makes outside air smell fresh?

Posted: 02 May 2020 12:14 AM PDT

What is it that makes the air from outside feel so refreshing when I let it mix with the "neutral" feeling air of my bedroom? Is there something in the air outside that somehow dissipates when it's enclosed somewhere for a while? Is something psychological going on? What's up with that good-feeling air?

submitted by /u/Cheddre
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Why do Saturn’s rings stay in rings?

Posted: 02 May 2020 12:32 AM PDT

As far as I know, the rings are made out of ice and just space debris I guess that are stuck in orbit around the planet (again as far as I know I'm guessing it would be similar to how our moon orbits us). But what makes them stay flat the way they are? If they're in orbit in the first place because of gravity, why aren't they pulled closer to the planet, in more of a spherical shell around it or something?

submitted by /u/surprsie
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What is the most optimal shape for a glass to keep my beverage cold ?

Posted: 01 May 2020 03:46 PM PDT

I just took a cold beverage out of the fridge and I wondered what shape of glass would be perfect to keep the beverage cold the longest. Would a spherical glass have less surface to take heat from? Or would for example a high but small diameter cylindrical glass be better? Or would they behave the same? What would be the ideal ratio between beverage-to-glass and beverage-to-air surface size? (while still considering the glass to be drinkable from)

submitted by /u/LogLeg_
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Is it possible that COVID-19 was endemic previously?

Posted: 01 May 2020 12:37 PM PDT

Over the past couple weeks, I've heard from several people that they're convinced they caught COVID-19 before this pandemic happened.

For instance, my Mom visited Disneyland three months ago, and about ten days after she got back, she got sick with all the classic symptoms. (Dry cough, loss of taste and smell, fever, etc.) This is obviously a very small sample size, but as I've heard from more and more people that feel the same way, I began to wonder.

Is it even remotely feasible that COVID-19 could have already spread across the world, and now that we've noticed it and are testing for it, we see the pandemic? It seems like a long shot and I know there's something wrong with my logic, but I can't put my finger on it.

submitted by /u/MatchCut1927
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Difficulties in mass producing antibodies?

Posted: 02 May 2020 03:00 AM PDT

Our pharmaceutical companies seem to have little problem synthesizing the molecules of their chemical drugs on a mass scale.

Why is mass producing proteins and antibodies so much more difficult? We still have to use convalescent plasma from living donors to provide antibodies, and monoclonal antibodies don't seem to be produced on a mass scale.

Is it because proteins like antibodies are many many times more massive and complex than the molecules synthesized in traditional drugs?

submitted by /u/rabidsoggymoose
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When steel decomposes completely does it turn back into carbon and iron?

Posted: 01 May 2020 03:59 PM PDT

My wife and I have been talking about composting and things decomposing. (Context - planning for our apocalypse farm and discussing the different ways to get rid of trash).

If you bury steel in the ground, what would happen? How long would it take?

submitted by /u/m-e-k
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How do viral antibodies interact with molecules that normally make use of virally-"hijacked" cellular transport mechanisms?

Posted: 01 May 2020 11:14 AM PDT

So with everyone thinking about SARS-CoV-2, I will frame my question with examples related to this virus. I'll abbreviate SARS-CoV-2 to CV.

The primary mechanism of infection by CV is uptake by the body's ACE2 receptors. My understanding of cellular receptors is that they are naturally specific and only interact with a very limited range of molecules, with the CV spike protein unfortunately being among them. However, there are plenty of other molecules that act with these ACE2 receptors, molecules produced by the body or some pharmacological body (only pun here!).

Antibodies should be specific to target the virus and not much else, but specificity isn't absolute, as is with the cellular transport machinery. Do we know of cases where the antibodies produced in response an infection also have loose-specificity with other things in the body and can be deleterious?

What would this look like? Would this be an environmental cause of certain autoimmune diseases or allergies? Given the use of ACE inhibitors for management of high blood pressure, could CV antibodies affect the utility of these drugs?

I know plenty isn't known about CV, but figured it would be an appropriate example to describe my thinking about protein specificity, so I'm not looking for just CV responses. Thanks!

submitted by /u/pokepal93
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How do villages and civilizations become buried?

Posted: 01 May 2020 08:18 AM PDT

Archeologists dig up bones, objects, even entire villages 10-20 feet underground. How did they get that far down? Where did all the dirt that is covering them come from? Why aren't we being buried?

submitted by /u/UnexampledSalt
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What Would ER Doctors Do For Someone With A High Heart Rate and High Fever Who Came In After Fainting. Patient Is Mumbling But Still Mostly Passed Out?

Posted: 01 May 2020 11:55 PM PDT

It's not for me it's for a book. The exact numbers I used were a temperature of 108.1 Fahrenheit and a heart rate of 143 over 92. Also, the character is a 10-year-old so should I adjust these numbers to make that more realistic? The doctors don't know what's wrong with him he was just brought into the ER after fainting. I don't know if that is realistic considering what is wrong with him (though the doctors don't know yet) is that he has a blood infection. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/GabrielAntihero
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On a molecular level, how does cement work?

Posted: 01 May 2020 02:16 PM PDT

What are the differences in new EUA approved Covid-19 rRT-PCR tests?

Posted: 01 May 2020 04:52 PM PDT

So I'm looking into all the new Covid-19 tests being approved for use under EUA and for all the rRT-PCR tests, other then some being multiplexed or being for a specific detecting machine I dont really aee any difference in the 40+ plus new tests. Is all that is differentiating them patented reagents for binding to the N, E, or ORF1ab Gene's of the virus? Has each one found a new way to bind to these Genes to detect them or is there some other difference I'm not understanding or seeing? Hope this question is ok for this sub! Thanks for any information!

submitted by /u/Throwaway47281
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What happens to the sperm when not masturbating?

Posted: 01 May 2020 04:21 PM PDT

ive heard of people not masturbating for a year, but what exactly happens with the sperm thats being produced, doesnt it "overflow" or "spill out" in some kinda way? Or do you after a long period without releasing semen just ejaculate at night during a wet dream or something else

submitted by /u/white0302
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How do the plants completely underwater make their food?

Posted: 01 May 2020 08:41 AM PDT

Where there is total darkness, and the plant is unable to carry out photosynthesis, how does it make its food?

submitted by /u/Th3_WiseWolf
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Friday, May 1, 2020

In the show Lie to Me, the main character has an ability to read faces. Is there any backing to that idea?

In the show Lie to Me, the main character has an ability to read faces. Is there any backing to that idea?


In the show Lie to Me, the main character has an ability to read faces. Is there any backing to that idea?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 10:18 PM PDT

When a limb is lost, what happens to the brain cells that are assigned to control it?

Posted: 01 May 2020 07:40 AM PDT

Why are there holes opposite the magnetron in a microwave oven?

Posted: 01 May 2020 06:47 AM PDT

There are holes in the front of microwave ovens for viewing the contents, and some holes near the top for the light. Those make sense to me. However, there also seem to be areas opposite the magnetron with holes punched out (examples). What is the purpose of these? Is it for some sort of sensor, or maybe a fan?

submitted by /u/altayh
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Why does the full moon cause high tides exactly like the new moon?

Posted: 01 May 2020 01:10 AM PDT

Ok, so I understand why the NEW MOON causes high tides: The sun and the moon are aligned and on the same side from the earth, so both combined, they pull the water which is closer to them closer, then the earth a little and the water behind a lot less, so you have bulging water on both sides.

But, during the FULL MOON, shouldn't the sun be acting oppositely to the moon, cancelling "the pull" out a little? Every textbook explains that "both the full moon and the new moon causes the highest tides because all three celestial objects are aligned", but never distinguish these two, so I assume both cause tides of the same level, but why?

Also, there is two tides per day (two bulges & two depression), is their a difference in those two tides for the full moon and the new moon? or not?

Couldn't find any answers online.

submitted by /u/AYoungWholesomeBoy
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How can statistics tell the current Corona reproduction number accurately (e. g. RKI in Germany) when they know neither the number of infected people now nor at any time in the past?

Posted: 01 May 2020 04:53 AM PDT

There is no randomised, representative testing, so we don't even know nearly how many people are really infected (not to be confused with positive tests). The problems are untested infected people with no or few symptoms and, to a lesser degree, false negatives. All we have with some certainty are death numbers, be it by excess mortality or reported Covid-19 deaths, but they reflect infection numbers that happened weeks ago.

E. g. in Germany there might be 1 million infected, might be 500,000, might be 2 million.

Wouldn't frequent, randomized representative testing be an excellent use of testing capacities? Austria tested only 1000 people, if which 5 (?) were infected, which resulted in an extremely wide 95 % confidence window, but even that would be better than just guessing.

submitted by /u/WithMeInDreams
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How are 'recovered' cases measured?

Posted: 01 May 2020 08:18 AM PDT

I was looking at the number of confirmed, deaths, and recovered cases and noticed 2 huge spikes in the number of recovered. On April 7th and April 24th there were around 20k recovered cases, which is about 5 times higher than other days.

Is 'recovered' estimated based on the number of new cases and deaths? Or are they reported to public health officials somehow? Or a combination of it? Would could be the reason for those spikes?

The dataset I looked at: https://nssac.bii.virginia.edu/covid-19/dashboard/

submitted by /u/an27725
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How do birds know where to build a nest?

Posted: 01 May 2020 08:11 AM PDT

How do they determine a place where they can build a nest where it can't be kicked of by the wind, and is safe of predators.

submitted by /u/SimpleSpare
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Does every Man have 50/50 X/Y sperm or does it vary?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 10:27 PM PDT

Trying for first baby currently so was curious

submitted by /u/KanyeMelon
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Hiw do plants completely underwater make their food?

Posted: 01 May 2020 07:58 AM PDT

Where there is total darkness, and the plants are unable to carry out photosynthesis, how do they make their food?

submitted by /u/Th3_WiseWolf
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Does the human visual pathway process 2D pictures the same way we process objects in the real world?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 03:09 PM PDT

Trees experience crown shyness. Do plants experience the same phenomenon?

Posted: 01 May 2020 07:02 AM PDT

Are the orthologs of an ortholog, also orthologs?

Posted: 01 May 2020 06:57 AM PDT

Homo sapien p53 is orthologous with a gene in zebrafish and mice but not daphnia. However, zebrafish and daphnia are orthologs. What is the relationship hetween homo sapien and daphnia?

submitted by /u/samtothebam
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What makes spent nuclear fuel no longer useful?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 07:26 PM PDT

What makes that spent fuel useless? What about U-235's decay products make them unworkable for generating power?

submitted by /u/Schadenfrueda
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How do we know that gravity propagates at the speed of light?

Posted: 01 May 2020 12:12 AM PDT

Why are planes able to fly on their backs?

Posted: 01 May 2020 03:36 AM PDT

Why are planes able to fly on their backs, as the upward trend generated by their wings should make them lose altitude, if you turn them around, very quick?

submitted by /u/BubbleshooterOne
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Why is the metric unit for mass the only one with a prefix?

Posted: 01 May 2020 01:00 AM PDT

Litre, Meter, kiLoGrAm

submitted by /u/Ganderful
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When talking about ionizing radiation, what is the dangerous part: the frequency, the peak amplitude, or both? And why?

Posted: 01 May 2020 12:40 AM PDT

I understand that higher frequency radiation is dangerous to us as we get into the UV range, but what is actually going on that causes damage? And what relationship does the wattage (amplitude) have to this? Is higher wattage radiation more harmful than lower wattage radiation at the same frequency?

What is the wattage of UV light coming from the Sun and does that wattage contribute to it's harm?

Apologies in advance if if you're cringing at my potential misuse of terms. I am just tryin' to learn.

submitted by /u/BarnOfTheShire
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How quickly is blood pumped through the human body? Does the speed the blood is traveling at vary from body part to body part?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 04:13 PM PDT

Why would an antibody test yield a high percentage of false positives?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 09:31 AM PDT

I've seen some articles about antibody tests that referenced that if you had reason to believe that the infection rate of a population was low that an antibody test that is generally accurate would yield a high amount of false positives anyways.

Can someone explain why that would be if the test is (say 95%) accurate?

submitted by /u/DeathFood
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What's the cause behind the light in the Cherenkov Effect?

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 08:51 PM PDT

I was having Chemistry class, and just entered a different state. I was thinking about Cherenkov Radiation. It is known that when electrons jump levels they emit energy, and thus light. We also know that the electron is going faster than the electromagnetic waves that inform of his position inside a mean, such as water, and thus, the electron isn't incorporated into the atom because it's not there anymore when it polarises the atoms. Is that return to the normal atom form that emits energy and thus light or is it something completely different? Please take note it's been a long time I saw anything abou Cherenkov Radiation, and couldn't find any texts that explained the cause of the light, only the phenomenon behind it, which is the electron faster than light inside said mean.

submitted by /u/AaronFrye
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How are drugs named? Why are the names so weird? (Remdesivir, sildenafil, chloroquine, etc.)

Posted: 30 Apr 2020 02:58 AM PDT

In the past month or so, names like "chloroquine" and "remdesivir" have been floating around the news. Then, other names, like "hydroxychloroquine" pop up. So it seems that there's some chemical functional group stuck onto a chlroquine in that case, but how is the base name minted? I know it can't just be a trade name, because Viagra is apparently only the trade name for sildenafil. How is the name "sildenafil" determined? These names sound more like characters from a fantasy novel. Nothing I know about organic chemistry nomenclature suggests such names.

Also, is there anything about the naming that takes into account the international nature of the pharma trade? I know a lot of pharma companies are not in English speaking countries but these names all sound anglo-centric in their component phonemes. Would a drug developed in Japan have a name like this?

submitted by /u/Berkamin
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