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Tuesday, March 31, 2020

Are there viruses that infect, reproduce, and spread without causing any ill effects in their hosts?

Are there viruses that infect, reproduce, and spread without causing any ill effects in their hosts?

Are there viruses that infect, reproduce, and spread without causing any ill effects in their hosts?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 03:06 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: Hello, Reddit! I'm Steven Munger, director of the University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste. I'm here to discuss the latest findings regarding losing your sense of smell as an early sign of COVID-19 - and what to do if it happens to you. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 31 Mar 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Loss of smell can occur with the common cold and other viral infections of the nose and throat. Anecdotal reports suggest the loss of smell may be one of the first symptoms of COVID-19, at least in some patients. Doctors around the world are reporting that up to 70% of patients who test positive for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 - even those without fever, cough or other typical symptoms of the disease - are experiencing anosmia, a loss of smell, or ageusia, a loss of taste.

I'm here to answer your questions about these latest findings and answer any other questions you may have about anosmia, ageusia, smell or taste.

Just a little bit of information on me:

I'm a professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Director of the Center for Smell and Taste, and Co-Director of UF Health Smells Disorders Program at the University of Florida.

I received a BA in Biology from the University of Virginia (1989) and Ph.D. in Neuroscience from the University of Florida (1997). I completed postdoctoral training in molecular biology at Johns Hopkins University before joining the faculty at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in 2000, where I remained until joining UF in 2014.

I'll be on at 1 pm (ET, 17 UT), ask me anything!

Username: Prof_Steven_Munger

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Are antibodies sexually transmitted?

Posted: 31 Mar 2020 05:29 AM PDT

Why being exposed to sunlight “gives” us vitamin D?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 08:32 AM PDT

I know it has to be with the cholesterol in our skin cells, but I don't clearly understand how it happens.

submitted by /u/mariinaocana
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Why is an LTI-system completely characterised by its impulse response?

Posted: 31 Mar 2020 02:37 AM PDT

I have seen multiple sources saying this, but I don't understand why. Can anyone explain it or link to a proof?

submitted by /u/1en5tig
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For how long an average insect sleeps?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 03:01 PM PDT

i would like to know what's the average time that an insect sleep

submitted by /u/joaofcampos_
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Why do ocean waves still move towards the shore at a beach even if the wind is blowing offshore?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 08:06 PM PDT

If viruses aren't alive, what do scientists mean when they say the coronavirus can live on surfaces for hours?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 02:53 PM PDT

Why are frozen meals often extremely high in sodium?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 08:15 PM PDT

Shouldnt freezing be enough to preserve them?

submitted by /u/TheRoyalSampler
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Which vaccines grant lifelong immunity and why?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 02:32 PM PDT

If we know an asteroid's mass and velocity, why does it have a "chance" of hitting the Earth?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 06:06 PM PDT

I thought I posted this question yesterday but I guess it didn't get posted? No indication that it was removed so I'll try again...

I was watching a show yesterday talking about Apothis, a Near Earth Object (NEO). In the documentary they said there was a 1 in 40,000-something chance that Apothis could strike Earth the next time it got close. But if we know physics and things about the asteroid like mass and velocity then why can't we say with certainty if it will hit or not? They don't even make it sound like calculation error when they phrase it like that. They make it seem like it is more like rolling a die or selecting a paper out of a massive fishbowl.

Also, if Apothis is so massive and will come between Earth and our own communications satellites, how is it that the asteroid won't be attracted to Earth's gravity and fall down into our atmosphere? Does its velocity allow it to escape our gravity and leave until it's next orbit near our planet?

submitted by /u/nerdyguy76
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Question: Can a virus move on a surface?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 10:53 AM PDT

For instance, if someone with a virus on their hands touches the bottom of a cup and I later (soon enough that the virus is still alive) drink from that cup. Can the virus migrate or "crawl" (or whatever viruses do) up the cup to where my lips would touch it, or is the virus going to stay in the oils or skin cells exactly where the cup was touched?

submitted by /u/georgeismyfirstname
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If someone has had the chicken pox vaccine, can they still get shingles later in life?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 09:13 PM PDT

How does a plant determine where a branch should... well, branch off?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 10:58 AM PDT

That is to say, as the branch of a tree grows, what determines exactly when and where another branch will begin to grow off of it?

submitted by /u/Nabana
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If you have asymptomatic Covid-19 will your body still develop immunity to the virus?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 11:41 AM PDT

I'm wondering how long people with unidentified asymptomatic coronavirus infections might be able to keep infecting people?

submitted by /u/Lowkey_Coyote
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Monday, March 30, 2020

Why do some viruses, such as influenza, quickly mutate (thus require different vaccinations annually), but other viruses, such as smallpox seem to barely mutate at all (or at least much more slowly)?

Why do some viruses, such as influenza, quickly mutate (thus require different vaccinations annually), but other viruses, such as smallpox seem to barely mutate at all (or at least much more slowly)?

Why do some viruses, such as influenza, quickly mutate (thus require different vaccinations annually), but other viruses, such as smallpox seem to barely mutate at all (or at least much more slowly)?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 10:19 PM PDT

What is the advantage of Iris vs Slit eyes?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 08:34 AM PDT

I'm confused on why some animals have slits instead of irises. Because even animals of the same type have different shapes.

submitted by /u/lt_Matthew
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During the ancient time, one of the torture methods in China is to put salt on every open wound. How does salt enhance our pain receptor?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 04:59 AM PDT

Why can't we delay menopause forever with the use of HRT?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 04:16 AM PDT

Well, not forever I suppose. Just until the end of said non-menopausal persons life.

submitted by /u/b_eing
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When a person needs a ventilator (as in C-19), is this because the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are fatigued/degraded to the point where they can no longer move sufficient air to support gas exchange?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 12:19 AM PDT

I am trying to understand what causes a person to require a ventilator in the case of pneumonia or ARDS, particularly in COVID-19. My understanding is that the. Pneumonia may cause both obstruction of airflow as well as inhibition of gas exchange as fluid builds up. At some point, mechanical ventilation may be required to maintain airflow. Is this because of muscle fatigue/damage? Is there a neurological component?

I have many other questions which are related to this. I would like to know how best to find answers to these. For example, Are these muscles just over worked or are they damaged by hypoxia, malnourishment, viral damage or something else? What factors might delay or prevent the need for mechanical ventilation? Could increase mass and tone of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles affect this? Does the early use of oxygen therapy reduce the strain and postpone fatigue? Could better nutrition support muscle repair during periods of sustained respiratory distress? Could periodic use of a ventilator allow time for these muscles to rest and recover? Etc.

submitted by /u/IronFires
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How is the distinction between diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis determined in the embryonal stage?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 07:40 AM PDT

I know some of the basics of long bone development: how the bones grow in length due to interstitial growth, how cartilage is mineralised, and how the cortex develops. But I'm missing the difference between diaphysis, metaphysis, and epiphysis in the embryonal stage. Where do they start to differ in development?

submitted by /u/robj185
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Are there drugs that can temporarily increase the permiability of the Blood Brain Barrier?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 08:34 AM PDT

Now, I will admit right off the bat I am not a medical professional nor am I medically trained in any way, so I may be asking the wrong sort of question, but my understanding is that the Blood Brain Barrier prevents large molecules and cells from entering the brain from the drug stream, including many drugs and elements of your immune response including immune cells and antibodies. This, for example, results in rabies being practically impossible to survive once developing symptoms as any treatment you receive won't be able to cross into the brain and fight the virus.

Are there drugs out there that can temporarily increase the permeability of this barrier, allowing things like antibodies and immune cells to cross into your brain? Would this be safe, even if we could do it?

submitted by /u/TotallyNotMiaKhalifa
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If we can't see UV light why does a room get brighter if UV is used to disinfect it?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 10:09 PM PDT

Is there any animals that does not eat any plants at all?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 04:32 AM PDT

I know that cats and snakes are some of the obligate carnivores which means 70% of their diet are based on meat but, I read that both of these animals do eat plants for digestion. Also, I heard someone said that there has yet been any pure carnivores observed in nature? Is that true?

submitted by /u/CuriousAntithesis13
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What keeps the ISS stable when a craft docks with it?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 03:13 PM PDT

When a craft docks with the ISS how does it compensate for the force exerted on it by the other craft docking. Why is it able to maintain its stability and not spin out of control.

submitted by /u/swagglepuf
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On Diamond Princess researchers found coronavirus RNA 17 days after the ship was vacated. Does this suggest that we can get Coronavirus from surfaces up to 17 days later?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 06:23 AM PDT

In this study, the CDC and Japanese officials found that coronavirus-covid 19 RNA was found in the Diamond Princess cruise ship as much as 17 days after the ship was emptied:

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e3.htm?s_cid=mm6912e3_w

The study is summarized in a press report here: http://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/covid-19/coronavirus-causes-covid-19-stays-undisinfected-surfaces-17-days

However in this study researchers studied found coronavirus COVID-19 only lasted for a much shorter time. They found it was "detectable in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel." - New coronavirus stable for hours on surfaces | National Institutes of Health (NIH) https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/new-coronavirus-stable-hours-surfaces

That article is summarized by USA Today here: https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2020/03/25/coronavirus-survives-on-metal-plastic-cardboard-common-objects/2866340001/

I have bad asthma and am trying to stay home. Do I need to be concerned that my groceries, Amazon deliveries, etc. may be a means of transmission for up to 17 days from when I get them?

submitted by /u/Alvinsimontheodore
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Is it likely that there is a genetic component to whether Coronavirus is survivable?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 08:05 AM PDT

There seem to be hotspots for Coronavirus fatalities (Italy for example), as I understand it what actually kills people is a massive overreaction from their immune system, is it likely that a persons genetic makeup plays a part, so groups of people with a similar genetic makeup (people related in some way) could be more (or less) susceptible to the infection (there seems to have been relatively few fatalities in Germany).

submitted by /u/glynxpttle
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What is the covid19 mortality rate among healthcare workers?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 11:36 PM PDT

Hi redditors. Do any of you know of any official data on covid19 mortality rate of healthcare workers (by country, preferably)? I would be very interrested to learn more about this.

submitted by /u/Ascl3piuz
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Why does inbreeding cause so many health problems?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 02:36 PM PDT

I think it's something to do with having such a limited gene pool, but why does that cause so many negative effects?

submitted by /u/reddithellyeah
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Can a disease kill another one?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 04:35 PM PDT

Can a pathology(I dont know if this is the correct term) kill an invading virus? I've been thinking about that amid this corona virus hysteria. My mother has miastenia gravis, a very rare disease, to make it brief, antibodies attack the host and external agents, instead of attacking only external agents, I've been thinking if there is a possibility of surviving the covid 19 thanks to the aggressive behavior of the immune system, killing every symptom or at least most? I am asking because the question appeared yesterday in my head but I found nothing in google about diseases killing other external agents. My mother rarely get a fever or any common flu, even with miastenia gravis.

pd: I am in no way someone knowledgeable in medicine or human body biology but I've learned a bit in school, though is nothing compared to a real introduction to biology, it's something hehe.

submitted by /u/Zeeekkai
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What's the peer-reviewed literature on women being more willing than men to believe in astrology, religion, superstition, or otherwise non-science explanations of the world? Is this just anecdotal observations or is has it been studied?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 05:55 AM PDT

If there does seem to be a correlation, has anyone looked into the explanation? Is it social? Is it genetic/biological?

submitted by /u/spacenegroes
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How do broken bones mend themselves?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 11:24 AM PDT

I recently broke my foot and it blows my mind my bones will grow back together without any screws in place. How does that work?

submitted by /u/live_love_aloha
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Could you make a “blind” person see color?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 11:03 PM PDT

This experiment obviously wouldn't ever be conducted due to ethical reasons, but it is a common thing to try and describe color to someone who was blind at birth. They have no idea what color is or anything about color at all. This then usually leads to the question, "what if we were able to make a blind person see" and then that's the end of the question because currently we don't have the ability to do that.

Here's my experiment: What if we blindfolded a baby at birth and then took it off of them at 18? Would they see this color and be overwhelmed? Obviously they can see black and maybe red (the color of blood in their eyelids) but would that be it? Would their brain not be able to process the other colors or would they develop sight. There brain isn't as plastic as a babies so this may not be possible but surely they would see something right?

If anyone has any background in something like this or anything I'm really interested to see what your ideas would be.

submitted by /u/jimmystar889
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Is there a lower bound to how much energy a photon can lose due to red-shifting?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 02:16 PM PDT

My understanding is that a photon which escapes a gravity well will be red-shifted due to the energy lost (increased wavelength). Given the gravity well of an *arbitrarily massive* body, is there no limit to the amount of energy lost from a photon escaping at an angle perfectly opposite to that of the gravitational pull? Could a photon's wavelength, theoretically, reach massive distances to accomodate for the energy lost?

And a follow-up question: If there is a lower bound to the amount of energy lost from a photon escaping a gravity well, is there something special about this lower bound?

Thank you and I apologize if this question contains any misinformation or false assumptions, I'm still learning a lot about physics.

submitted by /u/Koalchemy
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What makes bats the usual suspects for dangerous new viruses? Do they have more viruses than other animals? And do we know where the viruses they carry originate?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 11:29 AM PDT

How many star that we see now are dead?

Posted: 30 Mar 2020 12:57 AM PDT

Light takes a long time to travel all the way from those stars to us. If I recall some stars are dead but we still see their light, so are there any estimates for how many stars are dead?

submitted by /u/Faithfulcape78_
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Approximately what percentage of the stars we see in the sky are stars rather than distant galaxies?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 10:11 AM PDT
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Sunday, March 29, 2020

If there’s no treatment for Coronavirus, how do people recover once hospitalized in critical condition?

If there’s no treatment for Coronavirus, how do people recover once hospitalized in critical condition?

If there’s no treatment for Coronavirus, how do people recover once hospitalized in critical condition?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 05:26 PM PDT

Why can't mute people speak? Can they make oral sounds? (Like screaming, humming, moaning)

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 06:39 AM PDT

I don't mean to be rude.

submitted by /u/Wow-Jupita
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What happens do your photoreceptors when you pass out?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 09:23 PM PDT

When having a vasovagal reaction, vision starts to fade as your BP drops. What exactly is occurring with your photoreceptors as everything turns dark? Is it the same mechanism as you fall asleep?

submitted by /u/mac9779
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Why is permeability represented as a complex number and what is the physical meaning of real and imaginary parts of it?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 03:46 AM PDT

How do humans obtain their microbiomes?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 07:48 PM PDT

To my understanding, there are beneficial microbiomes all over and inside our bodies, but how did they get there? And when?

submitted by /u/HeyGena
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What makes those ripples in sand on the beach?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 07:35 PM PDT

So sometimes at on the beach you get those small ripples or ridges of sand at the waters edge.

Like in this gif

What is the reason behind this?

submitted by /u/Timedoutsob
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How are scientists able to determine the origin of a virus?

Posted: 29 Mar 2020 12:14 AM PDT

Do plants have any form of an adaptive immune system?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 12:46 PM PDT

If you’re a carrier of Coronavirus with no symptoms, does it stay in your system for only 2 weeks or longer/shorter?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 12:10 PM PDT

Do birds act weird in front of their crush?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 08:21 AM PDT

How do they know how many of a species of exists?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 02:21 PM PDT

If there are millions of them they obviously aren't counting. How do they get to an estimate?

submitted by /u/mizdery
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How do we know how old stars and planets are in our universe?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 12:37 PM PDT

Like how do we know how old our sun is?

submitted by /u/cookie7754
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What is the difference between soap, detergent, and other cleaning products such as citrus oil?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 12:38 PM PDT

What does each one do on a molecular level to dirt, grease, microbes?

Bonus question: how does each one react to greater/lesser concentration, agitation, contact time?

I.E, when are you better off letting something soak vs scrubbing harder vs. using a stronger solution?

submitted by /u/greenmtnfiddler
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What are all those red "suction cups" that are on images of the coronavirus?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 02:16 PM PDT

I guess also im interested in the anatomy of the virus in general. It looks like a blob with suction cups.

submitted by /u/welivedintheocean
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Why do i need 2gramms of proteine / kg of your bodyweight to gain muscles?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 05:17 PM PDT

I recently read, that it is advised to eat 2gramms of proteins per kg of your own bodyweight to build up your muscles. For normal people, who want to keep their weight, it is recommended to eat 0,8 gramms of proteins/kg of your bodyweight.

As far as I understood it: Those 0,8g/kg are used to rebuild dead cells of your body for instance, so they keep you alive. I assume those extra 1,2 g/kg (2,0-0,8) are then used for the muscels to build up. Now i have some doubts in my calculations with a man of 60 kgs: 60kg x 1,2g/kg=72gramms of extra proteine a day, which should be converted into muscle mass.

Per year you would gain about 0,072g x 365days=26kg, which isn't the case in reallife. Even considering the biological value, I didn't find too much of a difference. Provided, that you eat enough calories so your body doesn't use your proteins as a source of energy. Why don't you gain those 26kgs in muscle mass?

TLDR; When you eat 26kgs worth of extra proteins per year, why don't you gain those 26kgs in muscle mass?

submitted by /u/ic3wuerfel
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How did the moon get so many of its craters?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 01:12 PM PDT

I'm curious as to whether the Earth has many craters underneath of it all.

submitted by /u/greendot1001
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Does the human body identical responses (hormones, pleasure etc) after masturbation versus after sex with another person? [NSFW]

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 02:14 AM PDT

Edit: typo human body have^ identifical responses

submitted by /u/LoveFoodHatePants
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How do you test how many calories food has?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 07:12 AM PDT

So the Big Bang was hot. How hot exactly?

Posted: 28 Mar 2020 02:19 PM PDT

We always hear that for 300000 years or so everything was plasma before it cooled down and became transparent. How hot would it have been at its peak?

submitted by /u/passportticketspint
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