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Sunday, March 22, 2020

How do dolphins sleep. If dolphins need air to breathe then how do they sleep underwater?

How do dolphins sleep. If dolphins need air to breathe then how do they sleep underwater?


How do dolphins sleep. If dolphins need air to breathe then how do they sleep underwater?

Posted: 22 Mar 2020 03:08 AM PDT

How were ancient rope suspension bridges built across large gaps in terrain?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 09:23 PM PDT

Specifically how were they built above large drops? Would they need an extra long rope so they could climb down and then up to secure it from the other side?

submitted by /u/OuterEnceladus
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How would someone who is infected with COVID-19 but is asymptomatic spread the disease to others, if it is spread by respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 05:09 PM PDT

What would remain of a human body after nine thousand years?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 07:37 PM PDT

If, say, someone died in the middle of a tundra nine thousand years ago, what would their remains look like today? I assume they'd be completely buried, much like ancient cities are today.

What if they died in a cave at the snowy peak of a mountain?

What if the entrance to the cave collapsed and their body got sealed off from the outside world? How preserved would they be? Would they go through mummification?

Would a person's skeleton survive that long?

I've, so far, asked three subreddits (two of which were incredibly helpful) and I figured this'd be the best place to ask. Thanks in advance!

PS: I used the Archaeology flair because I felt that'd be the most fitting, mummies n' all. The next ones I'd pick'd be Anthropology (because of Forensic Anthro.), Biology and Human Body.

submitted by /u/Cinatiropel
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Why does COVID-19 look like a spiked-ball?

Posted: 22 Mar 2020 04:10 AM PDT

Why does COVID-19 look like a spiked ball? Is there some sort of advantage of that shape or just so?

submitted by /u/The_Devil-of-hell
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What impact with the COVID-19 quarantines/lock downs have on influenza?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 09:50 AM PDT

The incubation period for influenza is ~1-4 days. the incubation period for covid-19 is ~1-14 days.

We also have a vaccine for influenza (though I realize that influenza is broad term).

What is the expected impact of these behavioral changes on influenza?

submitted by /u/mc2222
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Is it possible to create a "lense" to focus x-rays?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 02:53 PM PDT

How much of the observed growth rate in new COVID-19 cases is due to increased testing?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 09:59 AM PDT

What is the impact of testing on the measured growth rate?

consider the limiting case where we have very few tests, we will measure very few confirmed cases (and an incorrect measurement of the epidemic - or rather, a measurement with a larfe error). The concern is that the increase in the number of confirmed cases may be more impacted by the number of available tests rather than a true measure of the growth rate of the epidemic.

Is it as simple as putting larger error bars on the data when we have fewer tests and a smaller sample size and calculating the range of possible growth rates as a result?

submitted by /u/mc2222
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Are half-lives exact or are they an average?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 05:44 PM PDT

Supposing that the half-life of an isotope is 300.0 seconds, will exactly half of a sample of that isotope decay in exactly 300.0 seconds every single time, or is there some variability to it and 300.0 seconds is simply the average? And if there is some variability to it, would the variability increase through subsequent half-lives?

Furthermore, how do we measure half-lives?

submitted by /u/CanadianFalcon
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If the tectonic plates are constantly shifting, albeit slightly, why don't we experience earthquakes more frequently?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 06:07 PM PDT

What asteroids consist of? Is there a good table of elements with percentage for different types of asteroids?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 01:09 PM PDT

I read a lot about asteroid classification on wiki, found some info about mining potential but can't find a good table that shows which elements can potentially be found in different types. Is there a good consolidated source for this?

submitted by /u/metal_mastery
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Why can we breathe manually but we can’t manually make our beat heart?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 05:06 PM PDT

Does your blood group play role in disease resistance?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 08:46 PM PDT

I'm seeing articles quoting a study that says A blood groups are more vulnerable to COVID-19. How is this possible? And are there other diseases that your blood group can be more susceptible to?

submitted by /u/Palantiri24
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Why is the Madden-Julian oscillation so difficult to prognosticate? How would meteorological models be impacted by a deeper understanding of what affects its movement/position?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 09:43 AM PDT

Saturday, March 21, 2020

If a heart is a muscle, why doesn’t it ever get tired of beating but things like my arms and legs do?

If a heart is a muscle, why doesn’t it ever get tired of beating but things like my arms and legs do?


If a heart is a muscle, why doesn’t it ever get tired of beating but things like my arms and legs do?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 02:19 PM PDT

I’m currently going through puberty and was wondering if anyone can explain the science behind voice cracks?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 08:07 AM PDT

In chemistry I learned that H+ ions in water will very rapidly react to form H3O+ ions. In biology I learned about various proton pumps and gradients, and all the diagrams amd material seem to indicate that it's H+ ions being pumped. What's actually going on here?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 03:42 AM PDT

How are scientists getting estimates of 40-80% of populations that will contract the Coronavirus?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 01:41 PM PDT

In a life or death situation, could two patients be placed on a single ventilator COVID-19?

Posted: 21 Mar 2020 01:53 AM PDT

Based on my very limited familiarity with these devices, there's a high pressure supply and a low pressure return, each opened in an alternating manner. Could a single ventilator be retrofitted so that the high pressure and low pressure supplies teed off to two intubated patient?s

Obviously, they'd have to be synchronized, and so patient-controlled ventilation would not be an option. Also, obviously the flow rates would need to be doubled, and I have no idea what those machines are capable of. But, in a life or death situation, could this be done?

I found one paper on the subject:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1197/j.aem.2006.05.009

But I have no idea if it could be applied to COVID-19.

EDIT: I found a video as well: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uClq978oohY

submitted by /u/arrowoftime
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How does the initial viral load at exposure impact the immune system's response?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 09:34 PM PDT

Imagine there is an exact copy of you, immune system and all. Both you and your clone get exposed to the virus once, the only difference being that you get exposed to 100 virions in the body while the clone gets 100,000 virions (These numbers are pretend, just meant to be relative to one another.)

What would be the difference in outcome? Would one probably get sicker than the other? Would one gain a stronger immunity than the other afterwards? My understanding of immunology is kind of limited so bear with me. I believe what I'm getting at here is something similar to antibody-dependent enhancement, but more relating to the initial viral load at exposure.

With a lower initial viral load, could the B-cells potentially quickly find an antibody that's effective enough to fight off only 100 virions, but not 100,000 (implying that a greater challenge with the same virus would blow through the relatively weak antibodies?). If you were later exposed to 100,000 of the same virions would the immune system try and find a new antibody that's effective enough to combat the higher viral load, or would it just keep trying to use the weaker antibody since it hasn't detected a new antigen?

TL;DR - Basically what I'm asking is if the initial viral load impacts the time it takes for B cells to find an effective antibody, and whether that might in turn impact the robustness of the acquired immune response. This is not exactly a COVID-19 specific question, just hoping an immunologist happens to throw in their two cents.

submitted by /u/informant720
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Are plants also susceptible to catching viruses?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 09:34 PM PDT

Do viruses only attack the animal kingdom? If plants are made of cells and viruses attack cells, can plants also catch plant-specific viruses?

submitted by /u/freg35
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Why doesn't the flu die out like other viral diseases like SARS or MERS?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 09:48 PM PDT

.Why doesn't the flu die out and can't be contained like other viral diseases like SARS or MERS, why is it invincible?

submitted by /u/uni3993
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What percentage of Covid19 cases that end up on a ventilator ultimately survive?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 03:09 PM PDT

I assume anyone put on a ventilator is facing certain death without it. So far how many Covid19 patients are surviving after being put on a ventilator? How effective are they in this case?

submitted by /u/flymon68
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Can we tell if any civilisations have been wiped out due to an epidemic by analysing their fossils?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 03:47 PM PDT

Does Marine life suffer from epidemics/pandemics such as those that afflict terrestrial life? Also, if so how does contagion happen?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 08:46 PM PDT

Why does earthquake seem to always propagate from 1 source point?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 08:07 PM PDT

For a subduction-related event, shouldn't there be a series of tectonic stress build-up, considering a subduction zone is a long chain of tectonic plate border?

submitted by /u/DigitalSilhouette
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How does Shazam and other apps like Shazam work?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 02:41 PM PDT

Even when there is plenty of background noise Shazam can still find the song. I was just curious on how these apps work

submitted by /u/FreshOofs
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When developing a new drug how do they know what dose to give to test subjects without killing them?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 08:16 PM PDT

Why doesn't your body make antibodies/kill viruses during the incubation period?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 09:19 PM PDT

Can your immune system not see that the viruses are there? Or it just ignores them until they replicate enough to start causing damage?

submitted by /u/tardigradefindsaway
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How do scientists determine the origin of a pandemic so specifically?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 12:40 PM PDT

How are scientists able to determine that a particular pandemic came from a particular source like bird flu from birds or COVID from bats, especially so early on in the pandemic? It seems like everyone just magically, immediately knew that COVID came from a bat in Wuhan. I assume all bats don't carry the virus so what's the sequence of events that happens for people to figure out what species carried the virus initially and where in the world that initial transmission happened?

submitted by /u/buffalorocks
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Why is the WIMP theory the most popular theory as to the makeup of dark matter?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 01:05 PM PDT

I have read many primary articles regarding the hunt for dark matter, and they all extrapolate data using the WIMP theory. Why is this theory so much more prevalent than alternate theories like macros?

submitted by /u/Sigma_Balls1
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What's the difference between industrial-grade 99.9% isopropanol and other grades?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 01:39 PM PDT

Coronavirus hoarding has made it very hard to find my go-to alcohol-based sanitizers for my kitchen and I am looking for non-bleach alternatives.

I know pharmaceutical grade isopropanol production is carefully monitored and tested, but do the processes for different grades of such a high concentration of alcohol really differ greatly? Is the .01% of the formula really different between the two?

Could 99.9% industrial grade isopropanol be diluted to 70% and used to clean surfaces in my kitchen, for example? If so would it be safe for skin contact while cleaning or would gloves be necessary?

I tried researching this topic myself and couldn't find an answer about what if anything would make it unsafe in a diluted concentration.

submitted by /u/rakugan
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How does obesity affect respiratory diseases/COVID-19?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 06:28 PM PDT

In the two videos I've seen of Italian ICs, a disproportionate amount of patients looked overweight. It got me thinking, it makes sense that more weight on the chest affects the respiratory tract. In the light of the current crisis: are obese people significantly more at risk?

submitted by /u/P8II
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If the main reason why the common cold cannot be vaccinated is due to the fact it mutates, why are we not able to kill the viruses that cause them (rhinovirus etc.) in different forms?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 08:43 AM PDT

Question might be a bit contradictory, but let me explain:

There are currently flu vaccines for many types of flu that exist, and currently a vaccine for Coronavirus has been developed.

However, many say that the main reason why we are not able to vaccinate against the common cold is due to the reason it mutates, and would make a vaccine pretty much useless.

The cold must be able to mutate in only a finite amount of ways, so why is it not possible to kill the main viruses that cause them and put them in a vaccine?

submitted by /u/StrangeFishThing
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Why does massaging/pressing muscles relieve them?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 05:36 AM PDT

Friday, March 20, 2020

Is COVID-19 transmissible through mosquitoes?

Is COVID-19 transmissible through mosquitoes?


Is COVID-19 transmissible through mosquitoes?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 06:41 PM PDT

If the weather warms up and we start seeing mosquitoes come back into season, would it be possible for mosquitoes to carry COVID-19?

submitted by /u/eyeWumbo
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AskScience AMA Series: We study Animal Weaponry, Fighting Behavior, and Narwhal Tusks, Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! We are two behavioral ecologists who study the evolution, diversity, and function of animal weapons! Weapons such as elk antlers, beetle horns, and crab claws are fascinating (and badass) structures that puzzle us because of their extravagant sizes, shapes and colors. In the broadest sense, we use a combination of observational, experimental, and theoretical studies, to understand everything and anything that relates to animal weapons.

  • Zack Graham, PhD Candidate at Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences
  • Dr. Alexandre Palaoro, Visiting Professor at LUTA do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. @avpalaoro

Although we both spend most of our time working with animals that are easy to catch and study, we recently studied one of the most charismatic animals in nature: the narwhal. Narwhal tusks are perhaps one of the most bizarre traits that exist today. Why bizarre? Well, the tusk is actually a modified tooth that can grow up to 8ft in length and protrudes from the head of male narwhals (females rarely have them). So, you can imagine how it would feel to walk about doing your daily business with a pool stick sticking off the top of your head.

Despite being bizarre, little is known what the narwhal tusk is used for. Some researchers suggest that the tusk is a hunting tool, while others suggest it is a weapon used during fights. Dozens of hypothesis regarding the function of the tusk have been proposed. In our study, we examined the growth and variation of 245 male narwhal tusks to gain insights on this mysterious structure. We found that that the largest male narwhals have disproportionately long tusks, and that there was immense variation in tusk length within males. These trends align with what would be expected of a structure that has sexual functions, whether it be as a weapon use in male combat, or a signal used in female choice (or both). Furthermore, we know that male narwhals often have a lot of scars on their heads, which may have resulted from "tusking" behavior, where two male narwhals will display and cross their tusk. This study is just one example of how we both try to learn about animals and their unique weaponry. So, if you are interested in learning about animal weapons, fighting behavior, and narwhal tusks, join us at 14:00 PST (17:00 EST, 21:00 UTC), and will try to answer as many questions as possible!

Usernames: zagraham0, palaoro-av

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Did corals exist in prehistoric oceans? If not what filled their ecological niche

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 02:09 AM PDT

Was watching our planet and sir David said that if ocean temperatures rose even a degree corals expel their zooxanthellae, bleach and eventually die. Which then got me thinking, if coral is so fragile and we know the earth has had way warmer and way colder periods then how did corals survive or evolve. and were there even corals existing during most of the paleocene and if not why is their existance so crucial to our oceans health if they didn't exist before?

submitted by /u/UrFriendlySpider-Man
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(Why) do pathogens generally survive longer on metallic/hard surfaces?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 03:24 PM PDT

A physics professor of mine once said there's a reason why hospitals, kitchens, and bathrooms use hard surfaces: because pathogens struggle to survive there, especially metallic surfaces.

Amid the covid-19 outbreak, some cursory googling suggested contrary information (i.e. typically coronaviruses live up to 9 days on metallic/hard surfaces). I'm curious if there's a general medical consensus on this.

Are hard surfaces more about easier cleaning or is there some property of non-porous and metallic surfaces that help destroy viruses?

submitted by /u/kamicom
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By the 20th century smallpox was estimated to have killed between 300 and 500 million people in the course of its history. What made smallpox so deadly to humans?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 03:39 PM PDT

What physical size is a Coronavirus cell?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 12:47 AM PDT

Asking to for a friend who has 3D printed a cell and wants to know the scale

submitted by /u/troutmaskreplica2
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What exactly makes a substance flammable or not?

Posted: 20 Mar 2020 01:01 AM PDT

Since you can’t eat, drink, or take anything before surgery, how do doctors do emergency surgeries on people without knowing what could be in that persons body?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 09:37 PM PDT

Does the anesthesiologist just have to closely monitor the patient? What's goin on?

submitted by /u/tactical___nuke
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Why are rocket engine nozzles curved and bell-like instead of cones?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 05:31 PM PDT

Why are elements like iron clustered in the ground, rather than distributed randomly?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 10:35 AM PDT

My friend just said: "Isn't is crazy that wood just.. grows? It's so hard! And metal kinda grows too. What's up with that?"

He's sober as a bird, for the record.

But it does bring up an interesting question: Why is it that an element like iron, lead, or gems like garnet, or whatever else, commonly show up together, in clusters in the ground?

For products of organic matter, like oil, it makes sense that it would be in one place.

But my understanding is that atoms of iron, lead, or carbon are created in explosive fusion, and this mess gets pulled back together via gravity into hot, hot planets. So why aren't planets just uniform solutions of elements? When everything is soupy, do elements like to hang out together?

I hope I've made my question clear, but I'm happy to offer clarifications if needed.

submitted by /u/pagsball
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Why (in the absence of a coordinated global response) did the Spanish flu pandemic only infect 25-30% of the Earth's population?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 10:48 AM PDT

I'm not sure if this question is better suited for r/askscience or r/AskHistorians, so I'm asking it in both places.

submitted by /u/Neoplaydohnist
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AskSience body: Are nails(hair as well) living or nonliving part of the body?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 10:57 AM PDT

[[Medicine]] How do tests for viruses works?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 03:55 PM PDT

I mean, lets say I get tested for influenza or Corona, what does the test do? What it does look for? And what's a positive regarding this tests?

Thanks beforehand

submitted by /u/I_Am_Ed_Edd_n_Eddy
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I have a couple questions for the medical doctors. How do you obtain the information needed to help diagnose Covid-19? Is there some sort of medical panel you attend? Do you receive info from a fellow colleague? Pamphlet? A mass email sent to all doctors? Online? Thank you in advance.

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 06:16 AM PDT

Sorry if it's been asked already.

submitted by /u/RickEdubZ
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How long is someone infectious after recovery from Covid-19 symptoms?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 07:29 AM PDT

I haven't been able to find any data for this, does it exist? I'm thinking particularly for mild symptoms.

submitted by /u/JB_UK
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Is there a 'Naxalone' drug for alcohol overdoses?

Posted: 19 Mar 2020 11:06 AM PDT

Basically wondering if there's a drug doctors administer to patients that have severe alcohol poisoning, kind of like Naxalone, before hooking them up to the usual IU's and stuff.

If it exists, is this a prescription drug or is it something individuals can carry on hand in case of emergencies?

submitted by /u/devilmonk7402
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