Pages

Wednesday, February 19, 2020

Is there really only 50-60 years of oil remaining?

Is there really only 50-60 years of oil remaining?


Is there really only 50-60 years of oil remaining?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 11:20 AM PST

I think many of us have heard the story of canine evolution stemming from humans' interaction with dogs' ancestor: the wolf. But the story of the evolution of the modern house cat is never talked about. Do we know much about the evolution of the many types of felines over recent millennia?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 07:35 PM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 19 Feb 2020 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

Do any of the Gallilean moons of Jupiter or the large moons of any other gas giant have stable geostationary orbits?

Posted: 19 Feb 2020 07:00 AM PST

Writing a novella and I had the idea for space elevators at these moons, but I wanted to check the hard science first, and I can find very little to no research on this online.

submitted by /u/themoviemaestro
[link] [comments]

Does the solar wind have any affect on the Earth's orbit?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 09:26 PM PST

The planet is constantly being hit by particles and energy that escape from the sun. Does this energy push the planet away from the sun, even slightly? Or are all affects negated by the pull of the sun's gravity?

submitted by /u/Korora12
[link] [comments]

How does a macrophage activated by T helper cell know which cell to kill?

Posted: 19 Feb 2020 01:22 AM PST

Since cytotoxic T cells have T cell receptors to antigens, they can recognise the virus cell directly when activated by helper T cell. But the macrophages don't have such receptors. I know they call kill through using pattern recognition receptors in a non specific manner. But how do they kill the virus cell specifically which has antigens complementary to the T cell receptor on CD4 cells or T helper cells.

submitted by /u/lord_archimond
[link] [comments]

Would a star that’s about to supernova release an excess of gamma rays?

Posted: 19 Feb 2020 06:03 AM PST

In the time leading up to the supernova of a star would it release lots of gamma rays as it is collapsing?

submitted by /u/Shine2078
[link] [comments]

If babies breathe through the umbilical cord, how do chicks breathe in eggs ?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 01:33 PM PST

Vaccines undergo animal testing before moving to human testing. Many are successful in animals but fail human trials. How do we know the reverse isn't possible? Can't a vaccine be unsuccessful in animals but be successful in humans but we just never know because it failed initial tests?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 03:42 PM PST

How important is the temperature of a qubit in quantum computing?

Posted: 19 Feb 2020 07:44 AM PST

I've read about qubits being cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero. If this wavers, how does that affect operations?

submitted by /u/NetworkLlama
[link] [comments]

Is there a mathematical equation linking pressure to thermal conductivity of an ideal gas?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 10:04 PM PST

I have been trying to search for mathematical models that represent a relation between Pressure of a gas and the thermal conductivity. I know due to the kinetic theory of gases that at lower pressures the conductivity of air decreases, but so far I have been unsuccessful at finding a mathamatical proof.

I know about the Paschen Curve for Electrical condutivity and pressure, so does something similar exist for Thermal conductivity and pressure?

submitted by /u/IHaveAHighIQ
[link] [comments]

How did mathematicians do things that today requires calculus? For instance, how can you find the formula for the volume of a sphere without integrals?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 05:06 PM PST

How does something as large as a city affect the crust/mantle below it? Could a city become so large and heavy that it would collapse or compress the earth underneath?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 02:26 PM PST

Always wondered how something as massively heavy and all-covering as an urban area (with sewers and sediment of more ancient city walls below etc) manages to not just sink.

submitted by /u/ScienceTute
[link] [comments]

In the time we've been watching the moon and keeping track of its appearance, have we seen new craters being added to its surface? Aka have we witnessed any collisions?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 01:59 PM PST

Are mitochondria similar enough to be compatible across every species? If you transplanted a mitochondria, could it survive and reproduce?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 12:04 PM PST

As I understand it, mitochondria have a totally separate genome, from their host cell, and reproduce separately. In multi-cellular creatures, mitochondrial DNA is only ever passed directly from mother to child, with very rare random mutations.

Does this mean that mitochondria are similar enough that you could transplant the mitochondria between any two organisms? Transplant mitochondria between two unrelated humans, or from a dog into a human, or a mollusk, or a sponge, or a fungi, or a protozoan?

Would the mitochondria be able to reproduce in the new host? Would it be targeted by the immune system? How would it affect the life of the new host?

submitted by /u/BluShine
[link] [comments]

Are there any animals that can digest cellulose that do not rely on symbyotic bacteria (as in ruminants)?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 06:58 PM PST

And why is it that animals that rely on symbiotic bacteria to greater or lesser extents, e.g hindgut and foregut fermenters, great apes, etc, have evolved to use this method? Why haven't they evolved the ability to synthesize cellulase(s) themselves?

submitted by /u/Saint_Declan
[link] [comments]

At what point is a species who traveled to a new region "native?" Are dingos native to Australia? Are humans native to the Americas?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 10:31 AM PST

I know that placentals (except bats) were all "introduced" to Australia, so a dingo is an introduced species, but it was before written history, so when the west "discovered" Australia they were already there, so to their knowledge dingos were always there. But at this point we know they were brought over by humans.

Plenty of species traveled from Eurasia to the Americas via the Bering straight, along with north + south America via Panama. When, say, saber-tooth cats first went down to South America and competed with the native apex predators, were they considered invasive? Did they "become" native at some point?

Is what makes a species native or invasive dependent on how it came to a new region or is it based on how long its been?

submitted by /u/Sirenemon
[link] [comments]

How effective are current technologies in detecting subterranean caves and tunnels?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 01:48 PM PST

Can technology like LIDAR and ground penetrating radar easily detect a cavern for example or does it just identify likely candidates?

submitted by /u/BaconReceptacle
[link] [comments]

Is the Earth either gaining mass, losing mass or does it roughly stay the same?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 11:26 AM PST

I understand in an isolated system that energy is conserved as it is converted from one form to another (e.g. chemical to kinetic) but I was just wondering whether the mass of the earth and its atmosphere is either increasing or decreasing, or if it stays the same? Is there any way of accurately determining the mass of the earth at a given time? Is energy (via heat) and thus mass being radiated away or is this somehow replaced by the mass from asteroids and debris from space?

submitted by /u/barringtonlemon
[link] [comments]

I was reading about the radiotrophic fungus growing at Chernobyl (fungi that use melanin to convert gamma radiation to chemical energy for growth, something like photosynthesis), but how do these fungi survive and reproduce intact- wouldn't their DNA be blasted to pieces by the gamma radiation?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 08:13 AM PST

Are there any plants which have evolved mechanisms to attack or suppress competing plants in their vicinity?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 01:04 PM PST

Do any animals, other than humans, care for their elderly?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 06:12 AM PST

It doesn't make much sense for a wild animal to risk its own survival to care for its seniors. I just imagine older animals falling behind and eventually starving, getting killed or succumbing.

I guess the only possible candidates are group animals.

submitted by /u/rockitman12
[link] [comments]

Are all genes are regulated by more than one transcription factor?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 08:05 PM PST

I know the majority of the time this is true (considering the Principle of Combinatorial Control), but are there any exceptions to this?

submitted by /u/vangough
[link] [comments]

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

When the sun goes red giant, will any planets or their moons be in the habitable zone? Will Titan?

When the sun goes red giant, will any planets or their moons be in the habitable zone? Will Titan?


When the sun goes red giant, will any planets or their moons be in the habitable zone? Will Titan?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 06:40 PM PST

In 5 billion years will we have any home in this solar system?

submitted by /u/fearbedragons
[link] [comments]

Are addictions hereditary? Am I more susceptible to certain addictions based off of whether or not my parents were addicted to a certain thing?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 06:22 PM PST

For example, if my parents were alcoholics would I be more susceptible to becoming one myself compared to someone else who's parents weren't alcoholics?

submitted by /u/101waystomeme
[link] [comments]

Scientists stay that Earth will be "swallowed" when the sun expandes but wont the expansion cause the gravity to decease and for us to "float" farther away?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 05:34 AM PST

How can an astrophotographer take a photo of a galaxy (for example) for 6 hours or more?

Posted: 18 Feb 2020 02:49 AM PST

Do they move their camera along the Earth's rotation or they don't do it in one go?

submitted by /u/C_L_O_D
[link] [comments]

Does pressing a modern car's gas pedal increase the amount of fuel entering the engine over a flat period of time, or does it increase it by a set amount for each pulse of fuel injection?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 06:50 PM PST

It is my understanding that opening a traditional throttle lessens a physical restriction of fuel-flow (gasoline) or air-flow (diesel) to the engine, but with modern fuel injection controlled by computer I'm curious whether it's metered by volume/time or volume/intake cycle.

It seems to me that if it is the former, the engine might eventually stall with not enough fuel per ignition to sustain engine RPMs. However, if it is the latter, acceleration might get out of control in a feedback loop.

submitted by /u/Shoopahn
[link] [comments]

There are 50-1000 galaxies in a cluster; how many galaxy clusters are there in the universe?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 05:30 PM PST

Stupid question, I know, but Google isn't telling me the answer. Thanks!

submitted by /u/TURBO_ULTRA_NlGGER
[link] [comments]

On average, what percentage of their contribution to GDP are workers paid in the United States?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:15 PM PST

I'm going to try and describe my question/thought process in terms of things I know, so forgive me if a lot of what I say is obvious to anyone who's studied economics.

I took a business economics class last semester where we learned about mutually exclusive alternatives (MEAs). I've been thinking a lot about workers wages in terms of MEAs. When deciding where to invest money, a company establishes what's called a 'Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return'. I don't know how that's determined, but generally speaking an individual or entity can invest in mutual funds and make about a 7% ROI in the long term. I know that probabilistic risk plays a huge part in decision making, but let's just keep it simple.

This means that any investment that doesn't make a 7% ROI is a waste of money and that includes workers wages. I would think then, that most workers are paid about 90% of their contributions to GDP...or company revenue...or something. I'm a capitalist to the bone, but if we stray much farther from that I would say that the average worker is definitely being taken advantage of.

Maybe contribution to GDP isn't the thing to measure against, but is my thought processes generally correct? And do we know what percentage GDP (or whatever the appropriate metric is) workers are paid on average? Thanks.

submitted by /u/Ifren
[link] [comments]

How is data sent through frequencies?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 03:42 PM PST

I know that a carrier frequency is what a receiver and transmitter use to communicate but how is a 1 or 0 seen in that frequency? i.e. if a carrier frequency is a wire what produces the high or low?

submitted by /u/tryagaininXmin
[link] [comments]

How does aging/curing meats avoid contamination from harmful bacteria such as c-botulinum?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:28 PM PST

Why can't you drink alcohol while on certain medication?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 04:47 PM PST

Why must you deflect your rudder to maintain course on a Great Circle?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:57 PM PST

I understand that a Great Circle represents the shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere, and that if represented on a 2D map, it looks curved.

I also understand that if you were to sail/fly straight on a course other than a cardinal direction, your heading would gradually change.

Why do you have to actually change your ground track (as in curve your course--not just a heading change) in order to stay on the Great Circle?

If the Earth were a perfect sphere, would be able to fly/sail on a Great Circle without turning?

submitted by /u/Micdut
[link] [comments]

Is there vitamin b12 in grass?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 01:43 PM PST

So I have heard cows get there vitamin b12 from grass, and was wondering if its actually in grass or just a precursor?

submitted by /u/broodjes69
[link] [comments]

How are European and North American fish related?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 04:27 PM PST

Perch, Pike, Walleye/Zander etc. are found in both and yet they are so far apart. Do their ancestors really go all the way back to when the continents were all connected?

submitted by /u/Treeninja1999
[link] [comments]

Is there a fundamental limit to how much computation can be done per unit of energy?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 01:36 PM PST

How can a person have ADHD AND Schizophrenia when they’re believed to have opposite ‘causes’?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:28 PM PST

ADHD is believed to be caused by a lack of dopamine (and/or noradrenaline) in the brain. Schizophrenia is believed to be the excess production of dopamine, the opposite. So how can somebody have both? Could it be that those who have both produce an excess amount of dopamine, but not enough noradrenaline (another cause of adhd)?

Is there anything different/interesting about people who get adderall induced psychosis/schizophrenia?

submitted by /u/AceCurrentRL
[link] [comments]

Would you expect antibodies, MHC molecules and T cell receptors involved in recognizing parts of a particular foreign protein antigen to bind to identical amino acid epitopes present in that protein?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:21 PM PST

Are people with violent or aggressive tendencies more or less at risk for suicide compared to those who are not violent/aggressive?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 03:46 PM PST

If people with violent tendencies are considered to be mentally ill or have psychiatric problems, then I suppose that also would satisfy my question. As in, I'm aware schizophrenia can cause higher rates of both violence and suicide.

Obviously, nonviolent individuals can also be mentally unwell and be at risk for suicide. I'm just curious as to whether aggression could be linked to higher or lower rates of suicide.

submitted by /u/frostninja23
[link] [comments]

What keeps "sticky ends" from forming hydrogen bonds again after being cut by restriction enzymes?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 03:36 PM PST

Does the quality of gold impact its conductivity?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 08:59 AM PST

This is for a DnD campaign, just to clarify. One character is attempting to con another into buying her low quality/low karot gold in exchange for his high quality because the low one will "be a better conductor" for electricity.

I was wondering if she's actually right in this?

submitted by /u/WitchSlap
[link] [comments]

Monday, February 17, 2020

What effect does the seawater brought inland by a tsunami have on local plants? Does it make the land infertile for a while?

What effect does the seawater brought inland by a tsunami have on local plants? Does it make the land infertile for a while?


What effect does the seawater brought inland by a tsunami have on local plants? Does it make the land infertile for a while?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 10:15 PM PST

Is there an easy way to predict if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic without actually doing it in a chemistry lab?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 05:26 AM PST

How is the RNA polymerase, splicosome and nucleoporin complex disassociated in preparation for DNA replication fork formation?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 06:41 AM PST

I am curious how RNA producing machinery is cleared out of the way in order for DNA replication to occur without steric interference by RNA-producing and processing complexes. Does anyone have insight on this?

submitted by /u/ScienceIsHope
[link] [comments]

Do charges accumulate at the ends of a resistor?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 02:05 AM PST

In a closed circuit with a voltage source, conductors and a resistor, there would be a voltage difference across the resistor and negligible amount across the wires. Since the electric field is the derivative of the electric potential, there would be an electric field across the resistor and none across the wires. Then, if closed gaussian surfaces were drawn around each end of the resistor, wouldn't there be a net electric flux through each closed surface and thus net charges within each closed surface?

submitted by /u/Fluid_Manufacturer
[link] [comments]

Do cameras pick up wavelengths that the human eye cannot see?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 06:16 PM PST

I am curious to know if the sensors in modern cameras pick up a wider range of light than the human eye can detect.

For instance if ultraviolet wavelengths existed within the photo that I took on my DSLR, would the sensor pick these up and store them as data? Or do camera sensors ignore light frequencies outside of our perceivable range to save space? What about film cameras?

I am aware that this is how some night vision systems work on security cameras and such, but I am unsure if these same processes of amplifying present but imperceptible infrared light sources happens on an everyday camera sensor.

submitted by /u/GOOSETAFON
[link] [comments]

What factors determine the size of hail when it falls?

Posted: 17 Feb 2020 04:42 AM PST

What exactly creates radio deadspots? How can your car radio go from all static to clear signal by moving a few feet?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 09:44 PM PST

Do the 2-C series of phenethylamines share metabolites with popular ampbetamines?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 09:12 PM PST

And my second question:

Would diphenidine share any metabolites with Ketamine, Dextromethorphan, or Phencyclidine?

How would I postulate what the common metabolites would be (for example) any given novel dissociative?

submitted by /u/becoming_a_ghost
[link] [comments]

Why is it less common to hear thunder and see lighting during snowfall?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 07:02 AM PST

Why do protons not react with cell plasma membranes and various proteins on cell surface membranes when maintaining proton gradients?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 09:11 AM PST

Can anyone explain the science of muscle relaxation? Specifically, how do stretching and massages result in relaxed muscles?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 09:00 AM PST

How do blood tests actually happen?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 03:49 AM PST

Hi! I'm curious as to what are the processes involved in running a blood test, as in what is done with the extracted blood to determine the levels of a certain parameter. Why do they actually take so long? Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/gforec
[link] [comments]

Do we have muscles in our toes?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 05:20 AM PST

It seems that we don't have muscles in our fingers, but I cannot seem to figure out if we also have deliberate muscles in our toes.

submitted by /u/gotta-lot
[link] [comments]

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Why do substances melt when heated while others solidify?

Why do substances melt when heated while others solidify?


Why do substances melt when heated while others solidify?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 03:10 AM PST

Eggs solidify when heated, cheese melts. Butter melts. Some substances can reliquify or resolidify but e.g. a solidified egg will stay solid.

Why is that?

submitted by /u/AllUsermamesAreTaken
[link] [comments]

Why does plastic turn white when you bend it?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 04:45 PM PST

To what extent do animals experience minor diseases like ‘the common cold’ or even other symptoms like fevers?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 07:19 AM PST

How are highlighters made?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 06:06 AM PST

  • What is in the ink? Are there any specific chemicals that should be noted? Is there a difference between organic and synthetic inks?

  • How do they figure out the proper ratio of materials for the ink?

  • How do they ensure that the ink lasts, or does not bleed through the paper?

  • How do they test the highlighters' fluorescence, or even endurance?

Should this be separated into multiple questions?

Sources would be greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/tuatramxo5
[link] [comments]

If you could drive super fast towards or away from a radio station would you hear the music change pitch or speed from the Doppler affect?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 04:18 PM PST

What factors cause absolute humidity to vary from day to day?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 07:01 PM PST

I understand that relative humidity is a measure of moisture in the air and temperature (affecting as it does the absorptive capacity of the air). However, I'm interested to know what it is that makes the weather more or less absolutely humid.

For instance, in my city (coastal, lots of water nearby) some days could be 20 degrees Celsius and 10% humidity; other days could be the same temperature but 90% humidity. What meteorological (or geographic?) factors cause this variance?

submitted by /u/bananapants54321
[link] [comments]

What exactly do ants do when their home is disturbed? Are they just running about, or are they enacting out certain procedures/roles?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 09:03 AM PST

Balloons & the energy value of helium?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 01:33 AM PST

Balloons rise because of helium being lighter than air but where does the energy derive from that provides the lifting? Like- I get that the gases are different densities to each other but how does that translate into upward movement?

submitted by /u/KHVu
[link] [comments]

If you are on Mars would the constellations and star maps be similar to earth?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 02:15 PM PST

How do waterfalls freeze over if the water is always moving?

Posted: 16 Feb 2020 12:07 AM PST

How do blind people’s bodies know when to produce melatonin and sleep?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 10:35 AM PST

I know the body makes melatonin naturally when it gets dark but how would this work for a blind person? Would it just be more based off of the timing of their Circadian rhythm? Thanks!

submitted by /u/thomy131
[link] [comments]

How do plants that mimic animals know what they look like?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 09:29 AM PST

How many virus cells are needed to make a human ill?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 05:27 AM PST

Why is it cooler at high elevations and warmer at low elevations?

Posted: 15 Feb 2020 09:56 AM PST

This seems contradictory especially considering that warm air rises and cold air sinks. I've been wondering for a long time now.

submitted by /u/cursed_dodge
[link] [comments]