Babies survive by eating solely a mother's milk. At what point do humans need to switch from only a mother's milk, and why? Or could an adult human theoretically survive on only a mother's milk of they had enough supply?

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• Babies survive by eating solely a mother's milk. At what point do humans need to switch from only a mother's milk, and why? Or could an adult human theoretically survive on only a mother's milk of they had enough supply?
• What causes our voice to be different when tired or just after waking up?
• How to measure non-ionizing radiation?
• Why are there no negatively charged heavy subatomic particles?
• Do deaf people experience subvocalization in a similar manner as those who aren't deaf?
• Are the brain's cognitive and physical functions really compartmentalized into specific areas like most diagrams show?
• What do you mean by breakdown voltage?
• Why is the temperature of freezing and melting points for solutions the same ?
• What's the difference between sickle cell disease and beta Thalassemia?
• Does Charon (Pluto’s moon) have a red spot on its north?
• Can I use DH5-alpha E. coli for BAC electroporation?
• How does LHC detect the energy of a muon?
• In the modern animal kingdom, what is the simplest organism (biologically) to exhibit social behavior?
• Can insects get infections from an open wound similar to animals?
• What is the mechanism that makes B. Cereus germinate in cooked food where it doesn't seem to be a problem with raw food?
• What creates the intense pain in your chest and throat after running if you’re out of shape?
• Can the human body function without saturated fats in the diet?
• Do deaf people still feel pain when they're exposed to really loud sounds?
• Is there a reason to suspect that P might be =NP? If so, what is it?
• Are there bicellular organisms?
• How did Copernicus and Galileo influence scientific procedures?
• Is it possible for objects to 'draft' each other in space?

Babies survive by eating solely a mother's milk. At what point do humans need to switch from only a mother's milk, and why? Or could an adult human theoretically survive on only a mother's milk of they had enough supply? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 07:14 PM PST submitted by /u/BigErnMcracken [link] [comments]

What causes our voice to be different when tired or just after waking up? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 07:31 PM PST submitted by /u/Gen_Zer0 [link] [comments]

How to measure non-ionizing radiation? Posted: 06 Feb 2020 05:55 AM PST I know that a Geiger Counter can be used to measure ionizing radiation, but is there a tool that can be used to measure non-ionizing radiation? submitted by /u/BananaSlayer203 [link] [comments]

Why are there no negatively charged heavy subatomic particles? Posted: 06 Feb 2020 07:45 AM PST There are protons and neutrons. There are electrons and positrons. But why we don't obsereve any negatively charged "protons"? submitted by /u/HeideNight [link] [comments]

Do deaf people experience subvocalization in a similar manner as those who aren't deaf? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 06:31 PM PST submitted by /u/vexed_chexmix [link] [comments]

Are the brain's cognitive and physical functions really compartmentalized into specific areas like most diagrams show? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 06:51 PM PST Up to now I've had a perception that, if any part of the brain gets severed or removed, the entire brain would shut down and leave a person either dead or in a vegetative state. If an analogy comes to my mind, it would be like a hard drive's spinning outer shell coming into contact with the thin needle and irreversibly damaging itself, rendering its data irretrievable. However, I have been reading about the practice of lobotomy facilitated by Walter Freeman in the US. But for how abhorrent it is, I'm still perplexed this operation had resulted in a minority of patients coming out of the procedure alive or still functioning for that matter. Would lobotomies work if there were more precision to it? How do diagrams like this and this stand up to the standard of neurology? Are everyone's brains actually sectioned off like this? edit: I did not realize that those links were dead, I have the new ones here and here. submitted by /u/Dorksimus [link] [comments]

What do you mean by breakdown voltage? Posted: 06 Feb 2020 01:57 AM PST submitted by /u/eddiemore69 [link] [comments]

Why is the temperature of freezing and melting points for solutions the same ? Posted: 06 Feb 2020 03:04 AM PST If you add a solute to water the freezing temperatures is lowered because the solute particles block the water molecules so it is more difficult to form a solid. This I understand however would this not mean melting would require a higher temperature than normal water as the water molecules breaking away from the solid state would be blocked by the solute molecules? This would mean freezing and melting are not the same temperatures which does not make sense but my logic above makes sense to me. submitted by /u/Ireland55 [link] [comments]

What's the difference between sickle cell disease and beta Thalassemia? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 09:23 PM PST Both seem to produce deficient HbA but one makes sickle shapes and the other hemolysis submitted by /u/AntonioOSalazar [link] [comments]

Does Charon (Pluto’s moon) have a red spot on its north? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 04:18 PM PST I've seen photos where it's just red and white, others where it's just entirely white but a red spot on the north. Help! submitted by /u/Rachelnm02 [link] [comments]

Can I use DH5-alpha E. coli for BAC electroporation? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 04:37 PM PST I have no idea if this is the right place to ask this. I'm primarily a developmental neuroscientist and I'm trying to purify BAC DNA to make a transgenic D. rerio line. I'm looking for electrocompetent cells that I can use to get the BAC DNA in, and I've been offered a DH5-alpha culture. Does anyone know if these cells will take the BAC DNA? It would save my lab some time and money. submitted by /u/tagor99 [link] [comments]

How does LHC detect the energy of a muon? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 03:09 PM PST My understanding is that muons mostly just pass through matter (including the detectors at LHC), so how can we know the energy of a muon if it only imparts a small amount of its energy in the detector? submitted by /u/KetchupStorm [link] [comments]

In the modern animal kingdom, what is the simplest organism (biologically) to exhibit social behavior? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 09:36 AM PST submitted by /u/joobear712 [link] [comments]

Can insects get infections from an open wound similar to animals? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 09:15 AM PST submitted by /u/Charlopa24 [link] [comments]

What is the mechanism that makes B. Cereus germinate in cooked food where it doesn't seem to be a problem with raw food? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 01:58 PM PST I tried the cooking sub but got a bunch of guesses. It's well known to not cook rice and leave it in the danger zone very long because it can grow B. Cereus, and reheating the food (aside from pressure cooking) does not destroy the toxins that make you sick. However, many recipes lean on soaking raw rice then either cooking the rice or drinking the liquid. Technically if spores germinated they would be in favorable conditions to grow then produce toxins in the food, but that doesn't seem to ever be the case with raw rice that's been soaked. What's the mechanism of germination and why does it seem like it's heavily dependent on the rice being cooked? submitted by /u/permalink_save [link] [comments]

What creates the intense pain in your chest and throat after running if you’re out of shape? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 05:52 AM PST submitted by /u/SemiBroken [link] [comments]

Can the human body function without saturated fats in the diet? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 11:46 AM PST submitted by /u/TheN00b27 [link] [comments]

Do deaf people still feel pain when they're exposed to really loud sounds? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 07:27 AM PST submitted by /u/Diospyroz [link] [comments]

Is there a reason to suspect that P might be =NP? If so, what is it? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 09:46 AM PST submitted by /u/bovemauris [link] [comments]

Are there bicellular organisms? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 11:59 AM PST So life is made of one or more cells; but it seems to me that its either one cell organism or billions of cells. So my question is, are there any organisms that are made of a few number of cells that work together? Such as a two cell organism, or a 100 cell organism, 1000. submitted by /u/aidan4416 [link] [comments]

How did Copernicus and Galileo influence scientific procedures? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 10:08 AM PST submitted by /u/Jahmeed [link] [comments]

Is it possible for objects to 'draft' each other in space? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 12:49 PM PST This may seem confusing, but does a spacecraft create a wake or slipstream when in space? I understand that there's no a lot to disturb in space if something passes through it, but I have read that in a low earth orbit, the level of matter in space is higher. Would there be enough matter to disturb to create a wake/vortex etc for a second spacecraft to fly in, and even take advantage of? I'm doing some research for a novel and can't find a single thing on Google. Thanks in advance for the help! submitted by /u/PragmesianAdam [link] [comments]

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How do electrons get separated from the Hydrogen atom in a Fuel Cell?

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• How do electrons get separated from the Hydrogen atom in a Fuel Cell?
• Is the effect of electric field extending to infinity like the gravitational field? If no, to what distance do they extend?
• Why do the sea level records from an island in the baltic sea do not show a rise in the sea level over the last 60 yrs?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science
• If friction is based on electrostatic force, then shouldn’t it be conservative (electrostatic force is conservative)? What property of it makes it non-conservative?
• Why does light turn blue the more lumens there are?
• Do animals with tracking devices have more difficulties with normal behaviors (hunting, mating, etc.)?
• Why do some elements burn and others don’t? Additionally, why do some elements speed up the burning process?
• Why aren't many diseases spread by spider bites or bee stings, like how malaria is spread by mosquito bites?
• Why does the Earth's magnetic field flip every hundred thousand years or so?
• Would a reduction in grey matter within parts of the Limbic system like the Amygdala from something like long term alcohol abuse cause an increase or a decrease in emotion processing and fear conditioning?
• Why are bats so often considered likely suspects for new diseases infecting humans?
• How are astronomists able counteract the air fluctuation for ground based telescopes? Isn't the fluctuation random?
• Which species of micro-algae is used to produce algal biofuels?
• We are able to catch the common cold year after year so does that mean that the viruses (rhinovirus and—to a lesser extent—Coronaviruses) mutate fast enough that we don’t ever develop full immunity to them analogous to influenza? If so, why isn’t the common cold much more severe?
• Is there a theoretical limit to the amount of stellar bodies that could be part of a system in a stable configuration?
• How effective are surgical masks at reducing the chance of infection for the user? How effective are they against spreading germs that can cause infections if the user is infected?
• If the universe is continuously expanding how come all the constellations are still intact?

How do electrons get separated from the Hydrogen atom in a Fuel Cell? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 02:30 AM PST I know theres a platinum plate that the hydrogen hits, and a membrane that only the hydrogen ions can pass through, but I don't understand how the electrons separate. All research only states they "get separated" but fails to explain why it separates. submitted by /u/JeyesElite [link] [comments]

Is the effect of electric field extending to infinity like the gravitational field? If no, to what distance do they extend? Posted: 05 Feb 2020 03:49 AM PST I might be terribly wrong but I just thought of this based on Coulomb's Law. The r or radius/distance in the equation could be replaced by any large number and the electric force would still not be zero albeit so low that it's negligible. submitted by /u/Pervert_Spongebob [link] [comments]

Why do the sea level records from an island in the baltic sea do not show a rise in the sea level over the last 60 yrs? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 12:02 PM PST Serious question, I know climate change and the melting oft the ice caps leads to a general rise of the sea level, please don't put me in a corner with people who doubt that fact. I came across records from the coast of the island Usedom today (was looking into something related for work) and it may be a stupid question, but I thought you could see the sea level rise, but there wasn't much of a trend in the data. Is the time period of 60 years too short? Or are there other reasons for this, like tectonic movements or the fact that the water exchange with the Atlantic Ocean is limited? submitted by /u/Albmoos [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science Posted: 05 Feb 2020 07:09 AM PST Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

If friction is based on electrostatic force, then shouldn’t it be conservative (electrostatic force is conservative)? What property of it makes it non-conservative? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 07:32 PM PST submitted by /u/DoubleZOfficial07 [link] [comments]

Why does light turn blue the more lumens there are? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 10:49 PM PST The post in reference that got the question in my head Is this like a "a blue flame is hotter than a red one" kind of thing? And if so, why specifically blue? What is it about the color blue that allows for hotter temperatures to be presented? submitted by /u/KiraEatsKids [link] [comments]

Do animals with tracking devices have more difficulties with normal behaviors (hunting, mating, etc.)? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 10:17 AM PST submitted by /u/badnuts6 [link] [comments]

Why do some elements burn and others don’t? Additionally, why do some elements speed up the burning process? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 02:46 PM PST submitted by /u/DUIofPussy [link] [comments]

Why aren't many diseases spread by spider bites or bee stings, like how malaria is spread by mosquito bites? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 01:12 PM PST submitted by /u/doinkrr [link] [comments]

Why does the Earth's magnetic field flip every hundred thousand years or so? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 08:40 AM PST I'm taking a college class on Origins of life on earth and the possibility of ET life. In one of my professor's lectures on earth history he mentioned that the earth's magnetic field flips every 100,000 years or so. I thought he was going to explain further but he moved on. So what is he talking about? And what are the effects on earth when it happens? submitted by /u/crazyjbman [link] [comments]

Would a reduction in grey matter within parts of the Limbic system like the Amygdala from something like long term alcohol abuse cause an increase or a decrease in emotion processing and fear conditioning? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 12:42 PM PST Since the grey matter is primarily neuronal and not axonal would degradation of it cause an overexpression or underexpression of things such as fight or flight, fear conditioning, etc? submitted by /u/Funkit [link] [comments]

Why are bats so often considered likely suspects for new diseases infecting humans? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 10:43 AM PST So, when a previously unknown disease is discovered, quite often bats are named as liley sources or at least potential sources for these viruses. I also heared that they are a reservoir for mumps and other diseases. It seems strange that bats are more likely to be hosts of viruses harmful to humans than let's say rabbits or cats. So are bats special and if yes, why? submitted by /u/kniebuiging [link] [comments]

How are astronomists able counteract the air fluctuation for ground based telescopes? Isn't the fluctuation random? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 10:37 AM PST submitted by /u/hash0 [link] [comments]

Which species of micro-algae is used to produce algal biofuels? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 10:27 AM PST I'm specifically looking for the species that produces the most amount of lipid content over time. Thank you in advance. submitted by /u/Celorium [link] [comments]

We are able to catch the common cold year after year so does that mean that the viruses (rhinovirus and—to a lesser extent—Coronaviruses) mutate fast enough that we don’t ever develop full immunity to them analogous to influenza? If so, why isn’t the common cold much more severe? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 11:46 AM PST submitted by /u/kjpmi [link] [comments]

Is there a theoretical limit to the amount of stellar bodies that could be part of a system in a stable configuration? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 11:59 AM PST Lets assume there are no major planets, could we perhaps have a system with a main central star and 10+ or so smaller stars orbiting similar to planets or perhaps 2 stars orbiting each other closely and a third far out orbiting the center of mass and then repeated for a 4th and so on many more times. I know binary systems are pretty common with some systems having 3 or 4 stars but I was wondering if a system would just become unstable no matter what given enough stars. submitted by /u/ansem119 [link] [comments]

How effective are surgical masks at reducing the chance of infection for the user? How effective are they against spreading germs that can cause infections if the user is infected? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 11:19 AM PST submitted by /u/Spectre1-4 [link] [comments]

If the universe is continuously expanding how come all the constellations are still intact? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 09:29 AM PST submitted by /u/Syed_Siraj [link] [comments]

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As coffee grounds are adsorbent, does the process of making coffee remove pollutants (such as PFAS) from water? If so, to what extent compared to charcoal filtering?

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• As coffee grounds are adsorbent, does the process of making coffee remove pollutants (such as PFAS) from water? If so, to what extent compared to charcoal filtering?
• Is it true that we need a good snowfall every winter in order to minimize ticks and germs the next summer, or is this just a bunch of baloney?
• Does the atmosphere have tides?
• During a house fire, what causes the windows to shatter? Is it from the creation of smoke through combustion creating a pressure change from inside to outside, or a thermal expansion in the window frames?
• Can any Bee larva become a queen?
• What happens to an island formed in a hotspot when in a subduction zone?
• What happens to an island formed by a hotspot when in a subduction zone?
• Is tree growth linear, or do younger trees grow faster? How does that impact carbon consumption?
• Is there a point at which eating will not stop you starving to death?
• Do trees grow rings at the equator?
• Could a massless particle gain mass?
• Why does the distance from the sun not affect the earth’s seasons but it’s small tilt does?
• Heartworm Disease in Wildlife and Side effects?
• Is washing your hands with cold water equally as effective as washing your hands with warm or hot water?
• Are there Any NONTRIVIAL Infinite Sums that Diverge But Are Smaller than the Harmonic Series?
• How are dendritic cells manage to get infected by viruses to present their antigen to T cells?
• How does a vaccine cure a bacterial disease?
• Does anyone have a good explanation on what a conservative force is?
• How were blood types tested when they were first discovered?

As coffee grounds are adsorbent, does the process of making coffee remove pollutants (such as PFAS) from water? If so, to what extent compared to charcoal filtering? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 05:09 PM PST The question occurred to me the other day when I noticed that the heavy chemical odor and taste of water in my city isn't detectable (to me) in coffee. I know that heating the water causes some of the treatment chemicals to evaporate out of the water, and that PFAS have a higher boiling point than water and thus are not eliminated via heating, but I'm also wondering how much of the bad stuff gets adsorbed by the coffee grounds. I couldn't find any studies, and the former use of PFAS in disposable coffee cups creates a lot of false-positive google searches. Any thoughts? submitted by /u/frankzanzibar [link] [comments]

Is it true that we need a good snowfall every winter in order to minimize ticks and germs the next summer, or is this just a bunch of baloney? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 05:00 PM PST submitted by /u/Joyce_Hatto [link] [comments]

Does the atmosphere have tides? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 12:53 PM PST It's my understanding that the moon causes sea levels to rise and settle as it's gravity pulls water towards it. Does it do a similar thing with the air surrounding earth? Does the atmospheric boundary fluctuate as the moon orbits? submitted by /u/_The_Brick_ [link] [comments]

During a house fire, what causes the windows to shatter? Is it from the creation of smoke through combustion creating a pressure change from inside to outside, or a thermal expansion in the window frames? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 03:07 AM PST submitted by /u/thepappasfritas [link] [comments]

Can any Bee larva become a queen? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 05:50 AM PST Beekeeping. Was watching this video on raising queen bees. https://youtu.be/TW_FJTnhilg?t=1171. He takes larvae and put them on smaller cells. I thought they are classified as workers, nurse and queen by birth. Can any larva be a potential queen? If so, can any larva become any type? submitted by /u/Accurate_Ambassador [link] [comments]

What happens to an island formed in a hotspot when in a subduction zone? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 04:30 AM PST Fx. In the case of Hawaii. Imagine hawaii moving all the way to the coast of japan over the span of a long time. What would happen with the island when the plate dives under the plate of japan. Will it just sink with it? Will it be shaved off? submitted by /u/theproblemdoctor [link] [comments]

What happens to an island formed by a hotspot when in a subduction zone? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 04:26 AM PST Fx. In the case of Hawaii. Imagine hawaii moving all the way to the coast of japan over the span of a long ass time. What would happen with the island when the plate dives under the plate of japan. Will it just sink with it? Will it be shaved off? submitted by /u/theproblemdoctor [link] [comments]

Is tree growth linear, or do younger trees grow faster? How does that impact carbon consumption? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 02:15 PM PST I have a question about the carbon consumption of a tree over its lifespan that I can't answer. Feel free to correct me but this is what I think are (simplified) facts: Trees consume carbon dioxide as part of the photosynthesis process That carbon adds to the mass of the tree. Ultimately carbon gets pulled from the air and is converted to wood in the case of a tree Things I don't know that I'd like answers to: Is tree growth linear, or do younger trees grow faster? If younger trees grow faster: Given the same species and area, would ripping out old trees and planting new consume more carbon? This is purely academic and I'm not interested in ripping out a forest or other dastardly deeds. submitted by /u/kurbycar32 [link] [comments]

Is there a point at which eating will not stop you starving to death? Posted: 04 Feb 2020 01:55 AM PST Is there a "point of no return" that when passed, the human body is no longer able to digest food properly and you will still starve? submitted by /u/Therpies [link] [comments]

Do trees grow rings at the equator? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 04:11 PM PST And if so, do they correspond to one year of age like tree rings in other places? It seems like since there aren't traditional seasons at the equator, the trees either (a) wouldn't grow in a way that would form rings or (b) the rings would form at some other frequency. submitted by /u/CollateralEstartle [link] [comments]

Could a massless particle gain mass? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 08:45 AM PST Hello! These questions came to me when working on a science-fiction project, and while I know a little bit about quantum physics I'm in no way an expert, and I can't find an answer to these questions: 1. Would it be possible in some way or another for such a particle to spontaneously gain mass, or to have mass added to it by some mean? 2. If so, how could it be done and in what conditions would it happen? 3. What would happen of the particle once if gained mass, admitting that it doesn't collide with anything? And I know this isn't possible, but since it's the question which made me ask all of the previous ones, I want to ask: what would happen to a particle with with mass (say, an electron), if it could be accelerated to 100% of c instead of only a certain percentage of c ? Thanks in advance! submitted by /u/Nepheid [link] [comments]

Why does the distance from the sun not affect the earth’s seasons but it’s small tilt does? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 10:51 AM PST How come the relatively small axial tilt the earth has affects our temperatures so drastically (60-70degrees Fahrenheit change from summer to winter) but the distance the earth is from the sun over the year doesn't? submitted by /u/macct5 [link] [comments]

Heartworm Disease in Wildlife and Side effects? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 04:09 PM PST I assume wild animals such as wolves, coyotes, fox, etc can be infected by heartworm disease. But are they less likely to have complications similar to those found in the domesticated dog and cat? Do they have some sort of resistance to heartworm disease? Or do they naturally live shorter lives and thus don't get to see the long term effects of heartworm infection? submitted by /u/HBUnicorn [link] [comments]

Is washing your hands with cold water equally as effective as washing your hands with warm or hot water? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 10:08 AM PST submitted by /u/staplerjell-o [link] [comments]

Are there Any NONTRIVIAL Infinite Sums that Diverge But Are Smaller than the Harmonic Series? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 09:18 AM PST I know it's straightforward to construct a series that is always smaller than the harmonic series: The series 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4... (omitting the 1/1 term) is obviously divergent and always smaller than the harmonic series. The series 0.5/1 + 0.5/2 + 0.5/3... (multiplying the whole thing by 1/2) is obviously divergent and always smaller than the harmonic series. The even and odd harmonic series diverge and are smaller. But are there any series which are always smaller than the harmonic series that don't just involve using a subset of that series? Or constructed from it? Seems there's got to be something, no? submitted by /u/garrettj100 [link] [comments]

How are dendritic cells manage to get infected by viruses to present their antigen to T cells? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 03:35 PM PST As far as I know, most viruses don't just infect any random cell, but target specific kind of cells, for example epithelial cells, by binding to certain molecules on their surface. To initiate immune response to a virus, its antigen has to be presented by a dendritic cell using class I MHC protein. To do so, presumably, dendritic cell needs to be infected by that virus or else it would not be able to put its antigen on class I MHC's. So, how do dendritic cells "catch" all those viruses, if dendritic cells are not the type of cells that viruses target? E.g. how can dendritic cell can be infected by a virus which infects only epithelial cells? submitted by /u/AlltimesNoob [link] [comments]

How does a vaccine cure a bacterial disease? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 01:10 PM PST I recently found out to treat tuberculosis (TB), the vaccine bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG). But from what I learned in general biology, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and vaccines PREVENT viral infection. So my question is what's the mechanism for vaccines stopping bacteria from spreading? submitted by /u/DaManzNotHot [link] [comments]

Does anyone have a good explanation on what a conservative force is? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 04:28 PM PST submitted by /u/Ryanmcl19 [link] [comments]

How were blood types tested when they were first discovered? Posted: 03 Feb 2020 11:14 AM PST When knowledge of blood types was first utilized in WW1 how did they test for compatibility? Especially in the field before any blood antigens were isolated/usable for a field test. Did they just mix 2 individual's blood and see if it coagulated? submitted by /u/Ironheart86 [link] [comments]

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