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Sunday, January 12, 2020

How does radiometrically dating rocks work if all radioactive isotopes came from super novae millions of years ago? Wouldn't all rocks have the same date?

How does radiometrically dating rocks work if all radioactive isotopes came from super novae millions of years ago? Wouldn't all rocks have the same date?


How does radiometrically dating rocks work if all radioactive isotopes came from super novae millions of years ago? Wouldn't all rocks have the same date?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 05:45 AM PST

Does a break up of a supercontinent cause volcanic eruptions sort of like a nuclear winter?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 12:06 PM PST

I was thinking about the break up of Pangea today and was wondering when a supercontinent breaks apart would it cause a nuclear winter to occur? Is it possible that a supercontinent break could a mass extinction?

submitted by /u/titaniumtoaster
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What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 05:41 AM PST

How does the phase between the electric and magnetic field components of an EM-wave radiating from an antenna behave?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 05:41 AM PST

As the two components are in phase for the far-field, but have a 90° shift in the near field due to the maxwell-equations, what do these equations predict between these special cases? Is there an analytic way to solve that problem?

submitted by /u/GGNE_Incognitas
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What are the purpose of toenails and fingernails; why do they cover such a small area if they’re important?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 12:39 AM PST

Why are xenoestrogens (chemicals that mimic estrogen) so much more abundant than xenoandrogens (compounds similar to testosterone)?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 01:36 AM PST

Do snakes have a set number of bones? Or would a longer snake of the same type/species just have bigger or longer bones?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 03:58 PM PST

Recently saw a picture of a snake skeleton and was asking myself this question. Figured I'd ask the experts.

submitted by /u/The-Slug-King
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What are the deciding factors in the frequencies of seismic waves from earthquakes?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 11:01 PM PST

You generally learn about tuned mass-spring damper systems in intro physics/engineering classes and how they are used in buildings etc to prevent vibrations and avoid resonance at particular frequencies. The dampers must be tuned to specific frequencies; how do we know which frequencies to tune those dampers for?

Are they predictable or consistent eg. around some area or given knowledge of the ground underneath? Are they invariant to the specific earthquakes/seismic wave sources and only related to the local area around the building?

submitted by /u/LaVieEstBizarre
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What happens when neutron stars in binary systems gain a critical mass from their donor star?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 12:58 AM PST

When a white dwarf is in an interacting binary system with a main sequence star, it will accrete material from that star, which it eventually coughs up in a nova from time to time, and in extreme cases will eventually become a type Ia supernova. That's a pretty well established process in astronomy, but what about neutron stars? They aren't exactly incapable of accreting materials from donor stars, and they eventually have to have some hard mass limit before becoming a black hole. Is there any sort of catastrophic explosive event predicted much like a white dwarf? or will the neutron star simply quietly collapse with little to no fanfare. And furthermore, will a neutron star ever hiccup and make a sort of neutron star nova?

submitted by /u/exoplanetaryscience
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How does the diameter of a particle accelerator influence its function? Is bigger always better, and if so, why?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 12:30 AM PST

Looking over the history of particle accelerators, as they advanced, they seem to get bigger and bigger. What precisely does the extra size afford the accelerator? Aren't the particles being accelerated incredibly tiny sub-atomic particles? Beyond a certain sufficient size to support the needed equipment, why would it be necessary to make them ever larger? Why isn't it sufficient to just increase the power of existing accelerators?

submitted by /u/Berkamin
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How long did it take the last dinosaurs to die out after the Chicxulub impact event? Was it an immediate extinction event? Did it take months or even years?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 04:42 PM PST

How are artifical sweeteners digested by the body?

Posted: 12 Jan 2020 03:46 AM PST

Why don’t we use nitrogen for fire extinguishers, mostly because it would displace oxygen and it is more prevalent in the atmosphere?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 08:45 PM PST

How do our minds retrieve memories that consciously we've forgotten?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 05:39 PM PST

My dad called me today asking for a 4 digit code on a bike lock that I haven't used, let alone seen in over 5 years. It's a lock with 4 digits, each between 1-6 which gives almost 1,300 possibilities. I can't picture the lock in my head or anything but 4 numbers came to my head seemingly out of nowhere and they were correct.

When I tried to actively think of numbers I couldn't think of any at all but my first thought with the 4 numbers were correct.

How can this be and how can our mind retrieve memories that I consciously have completely forgotten about?

submitted by /u/NotASilver
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If period 8 ever becomes a reality, would the line separating metals and non metals end with Oganesson?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 06:21 PM PST

On that same topic, if another element came to be found in period 8, group 18, would it be a noble gas still? If the like ends with Oganesson on top, and noble gases are all group 18, would element 136(?) be a noble gas still?

submitted by /u/ecrous-deez
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How do plants move without muscles or brains?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 04:01 PM PST

I assume it's kinda similar to hydraulics but in the case of sun flowers and Venus flytraps what is taking in the information that there's a bug or sunlight present and what's interpreting that info into movement without a brain

submitted by /u/soi-boiS
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Why might UTIs (urinary tract infections) have a drastic affect on mental health? What is the link?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 05:15 AM PST

I've seen articles online linking UTIs with behavioral changes (particularly in older adults) but am not seeing much that explains the mechanism or link between the two.

submitted by /u/tempiku
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Is there any peculiarity about the places a supercontinent splits (e.g. the Atlantic coastlines of Africa and South America) or is it just about the subterranean magma flow?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 09:28 PM PST

Why do CO2 bubbles in champagne appear in a non-random fashion?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 04:11 PM PST

I'm sitting here sipping a glass of sparkling wine and wondering why the carbon dioxide bubbles coming out of solution are not emanating randomly. Instead, as we've all seen, there are parts of the glass where more bubbles are forming. In some places, the bubbles even appear in neat vertical lines. What causes this to be a non-random situation? I'm guessing it might be due to the inside of the glass, on a microscopic level anyway, not being completely smooth. Any thoughts from an expert?

submitted by /u/shugerbooger
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(Human Body) Can antibiotics be delivered directly to the bladder to treat infection?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 10:28 PM PST

What are the most state of the art techniques currently being used or studied to treat bladder infections in this way?

submitted by /u/Imostlybelieveyou
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Différence between sound waves and light waves when it comes to obstacles?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 02:00 PM PST

Firstly, sorry for bad English, it's not my first language. Ok si, why, when standing behind something, a wall for example, does sound reach us fine but light doesn't and instead there's the wall's shadow? I get that light can't go through solid objects, but why can sound waves? Or is there another explanation I'm not thinking of? Thanks!

submitted by /u/TheVinceee
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Are hazel eyes technically heterochromatic?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 02:20 PM PST

Not sure if this is the right place but can't find any other. My eyes are hazel but the colors don't diffuse well, there's a clear border between brown and green. Is there a distinction between hazel eyes and heterochromia, and are all hazel eyes heterochromatic?

submitted by /u/ObamaGaveMeTheNPass
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How do you return an electron into a state of superposition?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 06:28 PM PST

Measuring spin would collapse it out of superposition. Is there a process to "undo" this?

submitted by /u/jal51413
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Saturday, January 11, 2020

Why is it that the use of exogenous androgens, as in steroid use, will result in growth of the clitoris in females, but not growth of the penis in men?

Why is it that the use of exogenous androgens, as in steroid use, will result in growth of the clitoris in females, but not growth of the penis in men?


Why is it that the use of exogenous androgens, as in steroid use, will result in growth of the clitoris in females, but not growth of the penis in men?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 02:51 PM PST

For context this would be post puberty and occurring in normal a male or female without any genetic abnormalities. As the penis and clitoris are analogous structures, it would seem as though exogenous androgens would have some affect in both cases, even accounting for the difference in naturally occurring hormone levels.

submitted by /u/GeauxLift
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What are the differences and similarities between how an oral muscle-relaxer and a general-anesthesia affect the human body on a muscular level?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 08:01 AM PST

First off: I am NOT seeking any sort of medical advice! I am asking out of pure curiosity.

In my youth I often cracked my knuckles, neck, and back. As I grew into my late 20s, my knuckles/neck/back wouldn't crack as often or as well as they did before. When I was around 31 I got "put-under" to have my wisdom teeth removed. When I awoke, and for several days after, I was able to crack all of my knuckles, neck, and back as if I had never cracked them before. It was wonderful! :) But as the weeks went on after, that ability slowly left me. This has left me wondering what the hell happened when I was put under compared to muscle-relaxers, which I have been on before but never experienced that effect.

So, on a muscular level, what are the differences between a muscle-relaxer and a general-anesthesia?

submitted by /u/agent_uno
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Would a Pangaea world be a flat giant swamp?

Posted: 11 Jan 2020 02:20 AM PST

If Pangaea is 1 giant tectonic plate then there wouldn't be any hills or mountains as there wouldn't be any plates pushing against each other. Because there are no mountains then rain just collects on plains possibly creating swamps? (i dont know if that is how it works). Would the landmass just eventually sink under erosion assuming there is no division?

Anyway i would love to see a discussion about this and find the idea fascinating as many sci-fi movies portray planets as only having 1 biome and the possibility of this being scientifically plausible is cool.

submitted by /u/Eddie_gaming
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I would like to learn about this cancer. What makes it have such a bad prognosis? (Glioblastoma)

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 09:21 PM PST

Thank you!

submitted by /u/pavlovslabrador
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How/why are the boundaries between geological epochs (Jurassic, Pliocene etc.) defined?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 11:39 PM PST

PBS Eons channel on YouTube got me thinking about it.

First off, why are there two "scales" of distinction, e.g. Paleozoic|Mesozoic at a larger timescale and then as a subset of the latter, Triassic|Jurassic|Cretaceous?

I know of a thing called the "Permian extinction" which marked the end of the Paleozoic/Permian periods... is that a coincidence?

submitted by /u/almostambidextrous
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[chemistry/physics] How hot would Hydrogen gas need to get in order for the average speed of it's molecules to experience relativistic effects?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 08:01 AM PST

According to kinetic molecular theory, temperature is actually a measure of the average speed of molecules in a given sample. It makes sense then, that at some outlandishly high temperature, enough of the molecules would be moving at a significant percent of c. What is that point and what would happen?

submitted by /u/Clutchdanger11
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Why is Xenon able to form a compound?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 08:46 PM PST

As we all know, Xenon is a noble gas. It is part if group 8/18 of the periodic table.

On a lower level, we learn that Noble gases cannot form compounds as they have full octet.

However, on higher levels, we learn that Xenon can form Xenon Fluoride with Fluorine.

So my questions are (TL;DR) 1) Which other noble gases can form compounds 2) Why can these noble gases form compounds 3) How does these noble gases form compound

submitted by /u/RandomStalkerDude
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Friday, January 10, 2020

Why haven’t black boxes in airplanes been engineered to have real-time streaming to a remote location yet?

Why haven’t black boxes in airplanes been engineered to have real-time streaming to a remote location yet?


Why haven’t black boxes in airplanes been engineered to have real-time streaming to a remote location yet?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 01:09 PM PST

Why are black boxes still confined to one location (the airplane)? Surely there had to have been hundreds of researchers thrown at this since 9/11, right?

submitted by /u/systemctl_status_me
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If I stand 5ft away from a mirror and look at my reflection, do my eyes focus on an object that is 5th away, or 10ft away?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 08:14 PM PST

Obviously the mirror is 5ft away, but does the illusion of depth cause one's eyes to focus on their own reflection as if it is twice the distance that they are from the mirror?

submitted by /u/stankywank
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Is the sun just gas or does it have a solid surface?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 02:08 PM PST

Why is Iran so heavily forested in the north?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 11:41 AM PST

Looking at google maps, Iran seems to have a stark change in it's climate and ecology just north of Tehran. What causes this?

submitted by /u/Gaussinator
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Is satellite (and satellite debris) overcrowding in orbit around Earth a serious cause for concern in the not too distant future?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 05:54 AM PST

Scientists seem to disagree about the rate of the expansion of the universe, it is possible that the rate is different depending on location?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 06:45 AM PST

When something explodes, seemingly not all matter is ejected at the same rate. Since the Big Bang was the literal mother of all explosions, would this observation also apply and instead of the universe expanding unformly as a sphere, it would take an irregular shape with different parts expanding at a different rate?

submitted by /u/DraconesIqnis
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How does a neutron turn into a proton and an electron when the atom is releasing beta rays?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 02:06 AM PST

I understand that a neutron is built up by quarks and that the quark configuration can change into a proton, but how does it also turn into an electron? I thought electrons weren't made of quarks?

submitted by /u/Chappel999
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Coffeemug + spoon: why does the pitch keep rising?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 07:34 AM PST

So me and my dad have been wondering for some time now why the pitch of the spoon ticking keeps rising and rising until we rinse the cup and start over again. Please watch the video for better understanding of my question. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-hN8tKj7fSq0FO0WHo9a4CmxxGrduMtl/view?usp=sharing

I personally think the molecules inside the ceramic structure keep getting excited more and more thus creating higher frequencies, but I'd love to hear your theories.

submitted by /u/Arkasa
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Why does alcohol/drug tolerance significantly increase with regular consumption of it?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 12:03 PM PST

What's the difference between a nebula and a supernova?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 07:55 AM PST

Why do some places only have 2 tidal changes per day as opposed to 4?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 01:21 PM PST

A friend of mine stays in thailand at the moment, and told me, that high and low tide only occured once per day.

I was very doubtful and suspected false observation (tidal change during night time or something like that), since i know from holidays at the sea that two high tides appear each day. But she was insisting her observation is correct, so I checked and apperently she is right:

Koh Chang, one high tide per day:

https://www.tidetime.org/asia/thailand/ko-chang-tai.htm

Kiel, Germany (a place I´m familiar with): 2 high tides a day:

https://www.tidetime.org/europe/germany/kiel.htm

Can someone explain this difference to me?

submitted by /u/Phyro-Mane
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How did the sr 71 fly at such high altitudes with air fed engines?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 08:19 PM PST

know a fair bit about planes but there is a very small amount of oxygen at the cruising altitude of the sr 71 so I was wondering how it could be able to fly at that altitude with air fed engines?

submitted by /u/reMEMEber_me123
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What happens to the light energy emitted from a light source, say a light bulb in a room? Where does it go?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 07:33 AM PST

What makes a dish microwave safe?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 07:14 PM PST

All of my dishes seem to me to be ceramic. Yet, some dishes in my cabinet handle the microwave great - the food gets hot, the dish doesn't. Other dishes get terribly hot in the microwave and I have to take precautions just to not burn my hands. Can anyone help me understand what's different about the dish in these two scenarios. What makes one so much better dealing with heat in the microwave while the other does terribly?

submitted by /u/_LouSandwich_
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Measuring Porosity for GDLs? Help!

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 04:15 AM PST

Hellow fellow nerds,

Not sure if this is the right place to post, but here we go. I have a lot of samples for a Proton Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, mainly the Gas diffusion layer (GDL) and the corresponding catalyst layer (CL). I have measured contact angles and morphology using SEM, at which I did a script that could calculate pores and porosity based on the morphology of a front view of the samples. However, the system is rather complex and I would need other types of microscopy methods to obtain better results, so I disregarded this method.

I read about using a densitometer, but it is not available on site. Then I thought if it is possible to find the porosity using a normal weighting scale. First dry the sample and record the weight (m_dry). Then submerging the sample (of known volume) into a hydrophobic liquid, let it saturate and then blow away any liquid that resides on the outside. Then weight this again, record the weight as m_tot. Finally, the weight of the liquid residing in the pores should be

m_liq = m_tot - m_dry

This can be converted into the volume (V_liq) residing in the pores and finally the porosity (P) can be calculated as

P = (V_liq - V_dry)/V_dry * 100%

However, I am not sure if any liquid evaporates during transfer and weighting.

Is this idea totally off or does it seem reasonable? Thanks for your advice!

submitted by /u/madsslarsen95
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When a zygote is dividing, how is it able to tell which part of it will become the head and what part will become the bottom?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 04:47 PM PST

And to add to this, how does it know which cells will specialize into what?

submitted by /u/TheKnightWhoLaughs
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If the poles of the earth are so cold because they are the furthest from the sun, would that mean the earth would be to cold for life if it was one “earth” further away and to hot if it was one earth closer?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 03:10 AM PST

How much do we know about Ceres?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 07:12 PM PST

How are electromagnetic waves from WiFi able to penetrate walls when visible light waves can’t?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 04:58 PM PST

Both are just types of waves I was wondering how or rather why longer wavelengths are able to pass through walls when visible light range wavelengths are unable to.

submitted by /u/FaradaysFoot
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Question about municipal water supplies and waste - what percentage of initial supply is returned?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 02:00 AM PST

To clarify the question - take a city that uses a river for their water supply and returns treated waste water to the same river. Now for the purposes of my question let's take one household, an apartment. The apartment uses 100 gallons a day for drinking water and food prep, cleaning, showers, etc. Assume there is no landscaping or internal plantings, no car washing, etc that would contribute to loss of water. With usage of 100 gallons a day, what is the eventual return to the river following the progression through waste treatment cycle?

submitted by /u/K0rby
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How does software turn off a computer?

Posted: 09 Jan 2020 04:56 PM PST

What makes some pains require opioids or stronger, but others can be taken care of with Tylenol or ibuprofen?

Posted: 10 Jan 2020 01:04 AM PST

What is the difference between one pain and another?

submitted by /u/Fin745
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