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Tuesday, December 24, 2019

What is the smallest known object that still occupies space?

What is the smallest known object that still occupies space?

What is the smallest known object that still occupies space?

Posted: 23 Dec 2019 07:00 PM PST

So my understanding is that, according to the standard model, the fundamental particles are all point particles that occupy no space (or atleast, it is meaningless to talk about them having a size).

But if I wanted to identify a "physical object" (I know that gets a bit fuzzy at these scales) that occupies some physical space, it must be some form of hadron, no? From looking online, it appears protons have a diameter of roughly 1e-15m, but is there anything smaller than that? I thought at first mesons might be, as they are composed of only two fundamental particles, but Wikipedia says that they are actually larger than protons. That leads me to believe that maybe more quarks lead to smaller objects, but that now gets in a territory that I know absolutely nothing about.

So, is there a widely accepted "smallest" thing? Something that still has an accepted or measured (or even predicted size) that isn't a concept like the Planck length.

submitted by /u/ChrisGnam
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Why do massages and stretching feel so good? What is happening on a physiological and biological level?

Posted: 23 Dec 2019 04:40 AM PST

I know this question sounds silly but I just got a massage today and I was wondering why they are so beneficial to our body. Do they increase blood flow or reduce lactic acid buildup? Does the action produce endorphins and dopamine in our brain? Why do our muscles get sore anyway?

submitted by /u/anixetea73
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Do the hearts of animals with multiple hearts synchronize at the time or a particular pattern ?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 08:01 PM PST

What’s the temperature inside a cavitation bubble?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 08:47 PM PST

What is the temperature inside a water cavitation bubble? My employer gave me a pump operator class where I remember it saying it was hotter than the surface of the sun. I'm now in a heated debate with a coworker who insists otherwise. Neither of us can find a solid answer on the web. Please help.

submitted by /u/earthtoedward
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What stops your lungs from inhaling water from a humid environment like a sauna or a shower?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 05:22 PM PST

What are signs of damage to the medulla?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 03:53 PM PST

And can you have damage to the medulla without knowing it?

submitted by /u/funnel_out
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What is emf and voltage and what's the difference between both of them?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 03:29 PM PST

Why are so many dinosaur fossils from laramidia and not appalachia?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 05:58 PM PST

And why are so many of laramidia fossils from the eastern coast of the continent?

submitted by /u/iLoveClassicRock
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How far up will helium travel?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 04:07 PM PST

Will helium continue up and disappear into space or will it stay somewhere in the atmosphere? If it stays in the atmosphere, how far up?

submitted by /u/nicfris
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Do rutting mammals, or dinosaurs such as pachycephalosaurus, suffer from brain damage the way football players do? Such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 01:59 PM PST

Why does caramelising sugar make it bitter rather than more sweet?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 02:04 PM PST

Is the human body "better off" fighting non-life threatening infections, which the body is able to eventually overcome on its own, using its own immune response or is it better off receiving external aid, like antibiotics?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 01:35 PM PST

That is, from a perspective of longevity and the "best course of action" for the body's immune system, when ailing from a non-life threatening infection - say, the common cold or a viral infection that manifests as a fever, which the body is able to eventually "defeat" on its own - is the human body better off tackling it using its own immune response or is it better off receiving external aid (like antibiotics)?

If the body is left to tackling the infection using its own immune response, and the temporary bodily discomfort notwithstanding, is an otherwise healthy immune system able to fully recover from the damage caused by such an infection? Further, if it is able to recover, is such recovery to status quo, or does the immune system recover to be "stronger"?

P.S. Please excuse the verbosity.

submitted by /u/_Veni
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Could other animals develop Tinnitus or is it something "special" to us?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 01:32 PM PST

And if they cannot develop it why would that be?

submitted by /u/Brookies1976
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The SIRT6 protein has been identified as very important for multiple health reasons - but how is it made or how can one stimulate its production through diet? Can it be ingested?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 04:15 PM PST
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Monday, December 23, 2019

How are mountains formed in non-tectonic planets?

How are mountains formed in non-tectonic planets?

How are mountains formed in non-tectonic planets?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 04:14 PM PST

What causes the global cooling after a Milanković cycle?

Posted: 23 Dec 2019 03:47 AM PST

Hey,

I'm reading about the climate change, and one prominent argument is the connection between global CO² concentration and temperature. Afaik the temperature increases periodically because of Milanković cycles, which causes the CO² levels to rise, which in tern increases the temperature further.

The question I can't seem to find an answer to is this: If the Milanković cycle only kicked of the feedback-loop between temperature and CO² and both are at very high levels, what causes them to decrease again after a certain amount of time?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/niggo372
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Why are Ice and Diamond slippery but Glass and dry ice not?

Posted: 23 Dec 2019 03:43 AM PST

I understand that ice has a surface layer that's much more mobile (though not really liquid water) which makes it very slippery. This, so I am told, is due to it being a polar covalent molecular solid. Fair enough.

What I don't understand then is why Diamond is even more slippery, when it is a monatomic non-molecular, non-covalent crystalline solid.

It can't be simply smoothness. Optical quality glass isn't remotely slippery, yet rough, sharp, opaque ice created from freezing rain is still slippery even against other ice. Why is rough ice slippery, diamond slippery, but glass not?

And how about dry ice? It's not nearly as slippery as water ice as long as the thing touching it is also cold.

What about metals? Aluminium (with the oxide layer) isn't slippery. Nor is gold, steel, copper, Zinc, Lead, Alkali metals, etc.

So what makes ice and diamond slippery and other smooth, solid surfaces not? Is there some kind of rule for what materials will be slippery?

submitted by /u/pds314
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At wich point a sound wave becomes classified as a shock wave?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 08:38 AM PST

Did life on Earth originate from a single location?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 09:47 AM PST

Since all galaxies are moving can we theoretically map and trace back their paths to find a common point of origin (i.e. big bangs’ “ground zero”)?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 04:48 AM PST

Why are the rings of Saturn streaked?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 07:21 AM PST

The rings are made from rocks and gasses, so I would think it would look like a cloud of brown rocks flying around, are the gasses colored? How is it so flat?

submitted by /u/superbrian111
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Is intelligence inherited or environmental?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 11:08 PM PST

What causes flesh to rot?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 07:52 AM PST

Is the cause internal, external, a chemical reaction?

submitted by /u/de420swegster
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Do the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems utilize different nerves? Are they made of distinct structures?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 08:59 PM PST

Which plant have the highest oxygen production to size ratio ?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 03:03 PM PST

How does recharging a battery work?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 11:05 PM PST

Since matter cannot be destroyed where do the spent atoms go. I may have a misunderstanding of how chemical bonds are used but I don't really understand the concept of how recharging something that is based off of chemical reactions. Can you simply redo the reactions that produced the energy by adding more electrons?

submitted by /u/FuriousFighter13
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Sunday, December 22, 2019

How exactly do measle viruses infect the T-cells?

How exactly do measle viruses infect the T-cells?

How exactly do measle viruses infect the T-cells?

Posted: 22 Dec 2019 04:25 AM PST

There is examples of apes learning sign language to communicate with humans, but has there been experiments where primates use sign language to communicate with each other?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 12:50 PM PST

We have been able to teach chimpanzees, gorillas and other apes so they can communicate with us, however it seems these experiments have been with isolated animals.

I was therefore wondering what would happen if we for example took two newborn chimpanzees and taught them sign language, that would be the only language they know of then, right? They would communicate with both each other and humans through sign language (and probably instinctive sounds and gestures).

If they then get offspring, would they then learn sign language from their parents? If so, does this mean we over time could generate generation after generation with the ability to have basic communication with humans through sign language?

submitted by /u/LilG55
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How is the heat of a fever generated?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 11:29 AM PST

How much force would I really need to push a steel rod that is 1 light-year long, on a distance of 1 m?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 10:37 AM PST

Such a long rod would have an astronomic mass, that seemingly would be impossible to move with human-accessible forces.

However, as the movement would take a very long time (50 000 years according to this interesting take by /u/chrisbaird of another question).

So according to my understanding, I could push the rod with a much lower force, as my extremity of the rod would not "know" the rod is so heavy. It seems the part of the rod that is several light-minutes away would not affect my push. Am I right?

What would happen eventually? Would the rod gradually bounce back the whole meter? Or only half of it?

Also, would it be correct to guess that there wouldn't be notable differences between pushing a rod 1 light-year long, and a rod that goes up the way to Andromeda galaxy?

submitted by /u/bloub
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How do scientists collect so much data on planets that are hundreds+ light years away?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 08:38 AM PST

I'm reading about exoplanets hundreds of light years away and scientists know the size, density, and composition of the planet (IE: earth like, gas, etc) how in the heck can they estimate these things with accuracy? Can telescopes see hundreds of light years away with clarity enough to see what the planet looks like? Also, how can they tell how old a star is??

submitted by /u/Ecuadorianunicyclist
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Do fruit flies eat when they leave the larvae phase?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 09:07 AM PST

I have some questions about fruit flies, as they are amazing. As soon as is a bit warm they spawn in the hundreds!

  • I know that they eat rotten foods when they are larvae, but do they eat afterwards? I would say yes because one can "trap" them with some sort of sweet fluid that works as a trap.
  • How is their average life span once they leave the larvae phase?
  • Do they drink afterwards? I never see them near source of water.
submitted by /u/pier4r
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Why do metals feel colder than plastics even if put in the same conditions ?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 07:04 AM PST

Why does rate of reaction not change when you add product?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 08:26 PM PST

According to Le Chatelier, wouldn't the rate of the forward reaction slow down if product was added?

submitted by /u/o___k___a___y
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Saturday, December 21, 2019

Do women with big boobs have more estrogen?

Do women with big boobs have more estrogen?

Do women with big boobs have more estrogen?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 05:38 AM PST

Why are the cracks on glass opaque?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 07:00 AM PST

If the air is see-through, and the glass is too, why are cracks not?

submitted by /u/nanaro10
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What is the correlation between Adrenal Glands and Central Nervous System?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 06:30 AM PST

From what I understand, the psychological symptoms of anxiety come from neurotransmitter imbalances in the Central Nervous System, whereas the physical symptoms (such as increased heart rate and shakiness) are due to stress hormones (Adrenaline and Cortisol) being released by the Adrenal Glands when the Central Nervous System sends out the required signals to do so.

Does the overproduction of Adrenaline and Cortisol occur? If so, is it possible for the Adrenal Glands to overproduce these hormones on its own? How does this affect the Central Nervous System?

Is the central nervous system necessary for the release of Adrenaline/Cortisol, are there ever exceptions? Does the Central Nervous System control the production (quantity etc...) of Adrenaline and Cortisol, or only the release?

In what ways can malfunctioning Adrenal Glands affect the Central Nervous System?

Is there a connection between the excess production of Adrenaline/Cortisol and them being released at random, unnecessary times? If so, could this be a cause of the panic attacks that come with General Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder and other stress related conditions?

submitted by /u/AceCurrentRL
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What is a double prion?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 06:25 AM PST

In a recent article describing a possible experiment to show that gravity is quantized, it is mentioned "levitating micro diamonds trapped by light". How can this be possible?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 06:32 AM PST

Do all metal salts taste salty or is it just sodium chloride?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 03:10 AM PST

At what point does a population get so small, that it can no-longer make a comeback?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 11:49 PM PST

Does velocity of sound waves in a medium vary by the frequency?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 01:43 AM PST

Different frequencies of light have different velocities in a medium, is the same true for sound?

submitted by /u/boozy_hippogrif
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Does the release of adrenaline/cortisol affect the central nervous system, and can they cause the mental symptoms of anxiety or does it only work the other way round?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 01:52 AM PST

If one's adrenal glands are overly sensitive, would it be considered clinical anxiety? If one naturally overproduces both cortisol and adrenaline (or uncontrollably produces them at the wrong times), would their central nervous system be altered by this?

Can the adrenal glands produce adrenaline and cortisol in excess on their own? Or would the excess production of the 2 hormones only be the result of a faulty central nervous system? The central nervous system (made up of nerves, in brain) is the root cause of anxiety's mental symptoms e.g such as racing thoughts, lower mood. But it also signals the Adrenal glands (organs, located in body) to release adrenaline.

Does the excess production of the two hormones play a role in anxiety?

Is it possible that the central nervous system can detect that there's a high amount of Adrenaline/Cortisol, and which results in it purposely using them up?

Is the central nervous system solely responsible for signalling the Adrenal glands to release adrenaline/cortisol, or does it encourage the production of stress hormones also?

Do adrenaline/Cortisol themselves have a direct impact on one's thoughts? OR, is the central nervous system alone the cause of change in thought process? I.e Is it the stress hormones being released that cause the mental symptoms of anxiety, or does the central nervous system do something else?

If so, is it possible that the release of Adrenaline and Cortisol cause one to experience negative thoughts/worry due to the association the mind subconsciously creates when you experience day-to-day stress followed by the release of the stress hormones; or could it be that the release of the 2 hormones directly result in impacting one's thoughts? To what extent?

If the release of cortisol/adrenaline themselves do directly impact one's thought process, how would a professional distinguish the difference between anxiety fuelled by a imbalance of neurotransmitters (chemical), and anxiety caused by an excess production of the stress hormones (physical)? Is it possible for a person to have one or the other?

Also, to what extent does the excess production of adrenaline/cortisol correlate with the irrational (random) release of the 2 hormones? Irrational as in there being no environmental triggers: think having panic attacks during random times of the day for no real reason.

Can the irrational release of Adrenaline/Cortisol occur when one has a perfectly functional central nervous system, yet faulty adrenal glands? What about vice versa?

Neurotransmitters: (Hypothesis)

If I'm not mistaken, the central nervous system signals the adrenal glands to release adrenaline/cortisol, and the neurotransmitter serotonin regulates the intensity of signals between neurons; meaning that being deficient in serotonin effects the intensity of the signals sent from one's central nervous system to their adrenal glands, resulting in the quantity of adrenaline/cortisol released to be flawed. This would mean that serotonin deficiency leads to elevated or reduced anxiety sourced from the flawed intensity of relevant neuron signals. Is my hypothesis correct?

Can the flawed intensity of released neuron signals also cause the irrational release of Adrenaline and Cortisol?

submitted by /u/AceCurrentRL
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Hard and soft water have different interactions with other substances, e.g. the lather with detergents. Do ice and steam made from hard or soft water also have differences in the way they interact with the world?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 02:40 AM PST

What is a scientific consensus?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 07:20 PM PST

At what point is it recognized by the scientific community that there is a consensus or general agreement about a particular issue. Is it when 60% of scientists agree? 70%? I know that for issues like climate change, rent control, etc. there is a definitive consensus with more than 90% of specialists agreeing. However, I want to know when a consensus is recognized for less agreed upon issues.

submitted by /u/RandomUserAA
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Where did all the salt in the oceans come from?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 08:31 AM PST

What would happen to a planet with many moons if the total mass of all moons combined exceeded that of the planet?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 08:17 PM PST

Astronaut starts peddling a bicycle in LEO... how does the wheel motion factor into Kepler's law?

Posted: 21 Dec 2019 02:48 AM PST

Would the refector on the bicycle wheel start sweeping out a greater area between itself and the Earth's center, as it revolved around the wheel axis?

submitted by /u/rzyn
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What factors decide whether copper salts give a green or a blue flame?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 07:33 PM PST

Why do dioxins remove leaves but cause malformed babies?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 11:45 PM PST

How does smoking/curing something kill bacteria?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 04:03 PM PST

Why does the air above heaters wiggle?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 07:54 AM PST

Like above heaters and hot things the air kinda moves? Also why does this only happen with hot things, the air doesn't do anything noticeable in the cold.

submitted by /u/0404S0X
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When the area of a flowing liquid is changed thus either increasing/decreasing the velocity of the liquid, can this also increase/decrease the temperature?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 10:36 AM PST

Do overweight/obesse people’s bone structure grow thicker or does it stay the same as if they were average?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 04:09 PM PST

Has there ever been an adult that has changed his/her blood group or rh blood group over his/her lifetime?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 10:49 AM PST

Can gravity waves be amplified?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 07:59 AM PST

at least in theory? I understand that they may not interact with the things we use to amplify other types of waves, but is there something they do interact with?

submitted by /u/smokey5656
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I know its a rare disease we dont have much knowledge of but does polycoria (two pupils in one eye) allow the afflicted person to see from both pupils?

Posted: 20 Dec 2019 08:55 AM PST
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