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Thursday, December 19, 2019

Is there any intuitive way to visualize the symmetries of the standard model?

Is there any intuitive way to visualize the symmetries of the standard model?

Is there any intuitive way to visualize the symmetries of the standard model?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 12:09 PM PST

U(1), SO(2), SU(3), SO(3,1), i keep seeing these again and again when trying to learn about physics, but I have no idea of how to picture these visually as anything other than a bunch of matricies that I don't understand because I don't have a way to picture them. is there any sort of intuitive way to understand then?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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How is it that shockwaves can occur in space?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 01:13 PM PST

My understanding is that shockwaves need an atmosphere to "shock" or distort.

Referring to the supernova that the Hubble telescope caught that is circling on Reddit.

submitted by /u/theGmanAssi
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Can a person with the flu vaccine still spread the flu?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 10:37 AM PST

I was just wondering if you are vaccinated and you are exposed to one of the strains of virus the vaccine covers, and your body fights it off, is it possible in the period of time that your body is fighting it off for you to spread the virus to others?

So I guess I'm wondering at what point you become contagious?

i know viruses hijack your cells and eventually lyse your cells once they have used it's machinery to replicate, is it at this point at which you become contagious? Once the viruses reach a certain "dosage" from replication within your body?

submitted by /u/princesspeach109
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Why isn’t RAM replacing the hard drive at this point?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 06:21 PM PST

It seems like RAM has be increasing with more space and at a quicker rate. It's always been like that. But it seems like we are getting to a point where RAM will be capable of handling average peoples storage needs. Then grow after that. My question is, what is stopping us from creating a RAM only machine and having it serve our needs without an SSD.

submitted by /u/amppedup
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How do power stations know how much electricity they need to produce?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 04:44 PM PST

Why do languages have irregular/special case verb conjugations?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 11:43 AM PST

Why does the cold make your nose runny?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 10:53 AM PST

Not having a cold, but being in the cold

submitted by /u/Pappu_Franku_BS
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Does nicotine by itself have any proven health risks other than addiction if moderately consumed?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 07:33 AM PST

Why is the ocean level equal to continental height?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 02:09 PM PST

If the ocean level were 1km lower, we would be on a plateau 500 meters high with steep edges. So is it just a coincidence oceans have exactly that height or is there some process behind that?

submitted by /u/SVlad_667
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What's stopping our sun from crashing into another Sun?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 08:57 PM PST

Hey, so I just had an edible, so sorry if this question seems obtuse. I understand that our sun is constantly moving across the galaxy, just as our planet is constantly moving around the Sun. Throughout all this movement, is there any scenario where our Sun crashes into another neighboring Sun sometime in the near or distant future? If not, what's stopping that from happening?

submitted by /u/GuyFuxx
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Why is leukemia contagious between cats but not between humans?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 10:51 AM PST

Why doesn't Deuterium spontaneously form from most Hydrogen neutron collisions?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 10:05 AM PST

As I understand it, in nuclear rectors, Uranium releases neutrons which collide with water molecules to slow down. Since there are a bunch of neutrons bouncing around, presumably some are colliding with some hydrogens in H2O. The binding energy of Deuterium is ~2MeV, and neutrons start out at around ~2MeV but slow down to much less than that, so it doesn't make sense to me that the neutrons are going too fast to make the reaction favorable. There shouldn't be any repulsive force when the neutron gets close to a proton and they should actually attract each other when they are close enough for the strong force to be in effect. So why don't these collisions result in deuterium production?

submitted by /u/titouan00
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What does the term "phosphorylation" refer to in Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS)? More specifically, referring to the Electron transport chain and the Mitochondria?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 11:01 AM PST

In oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), I get how complexes I-IV in the mitochondria play a major role in respiration via their various redox reactions, coupled to the passing of electrons, and pumping of protons into the intermembrane space.

My questions is what exactly is the "phosphorylation" part of the term OXPHOS referring too? Is it referring to Complex IV where oxygen gets turned into water? Or the coupling of complexes I-IV? Thanks for the help.

submitted by /u/HeyThere201
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Why wasn't the universe, immediately after the big bang, a huge black hole unable to escape its event horizon?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 07:17 AM PST

How does paper get recycled?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 08:38 AM PST

(Note that this is tagged as biology since I'm not sure what else to tag it as, but biology seemed the closest)

I've always seen that paper, glass, plastic, etc., is supposed to be recycled, and I get how most things are: they get melted and reformed into something with a different shape and purpose. but paper? that stuff can't melt. how does it get recycled?

submitted by /u/smushedtomato
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Was there a specific criteria for constellations to be officially recognized by the IAU?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 06:34 AM PST

There are some really interesting constellations (e.g. Quadrans Muralis) that aren't included in IAU's 88 official constellations. I'm wondering if there was any criteria that had to be met for a constellation to be recognized among those 88.

submitted by /u/MJYW
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Are our memories 3D or 2D?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 11:41 AM PST

I got confused while trying to think if I remember flat pictures only or actually full stereoscopic 3D objects. Did I spend too much time in front of a 2D screen?

submitted by /u/xmaxdamage
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Wednesday, December 18, 2019

If implemented fully how bad would SpaceX’s Starlink constellation with 42000+ satellites be in terms of space junk and affecting astronomical observations?

If implemented fully how bad would SpaceX’s Starlink constellation with 42000+ satellites be in terms of space junk and affecting astronomical observations?

If implemented fully how bad would SpaceX’s Starlink constellation with 42000+ satellites be in terms of space junk and affecting astronomical observations?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 12:53 AM PST

Why didn’t the Big Bang produce heavy elements?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 02:32 PM PST

So I'm a big fan of the history of the universe. I've watched as many videos on YouTube I can find from PBS Space Time to Crash Course.

One thing that always pops up though is that in the beginning the universe only created hydrogen atoms. Then as the first stars formed all the heavier elements fused and were created.

But if the Big Bang was a singularity why did it not release atomic configurations for any of the heavy elements right off the bat. By definition a singularity that contains all the matter of the universe will be denser than any stars and thus fusion of all kind should have happened. So why did this process only happen after stars formed?

submitted by /u/Cilarnen
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Do we know if our solar system is from a first or second generation star that previously exploded? Also, where did the hydrogen come from that formed our solar nebula?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 12:05 AM PST

The Earth was formed around 4.543 billion years ago along with the other planets from an existing solar nebula. Where did the material come from? Was it from the death of a first or second generation star? Do we know anything about the type of star that provided the building blocks for our solar system?

Also, where did all the hydrogen come from? Wouldn't the prior stars have exhausted the supply of hydrogen leaving only heavier elements?

Finally, if the oldest rocks on Earth are 3.8 billion years old, how do we know the Earth is over half a billion years older than that?

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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How can Google search thousands upon thousands of pages almost instantly, when it can take me a while to get a single one to load?

Posted: 18 Dec 2019 04:45 AM PST

Why does a damp cloth pick up more dust than a dry one?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 04:02 PM PST

Is it surface tension? Or is the water acting as a solvent? Or does the water loosen the fibers or otherwise change the mechanical properties of the cloth at a microscopic level? Or... I'm stumped, here! It dawned on me today as I was wiping up some dust, that I don't actually know the physical reason behind this.

submitted by /u/myself248
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Where do the upper layers of dirt come from?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 02:28 PM PST

In archeology, generally the deeper something is found in the ground, the older it is. This indicates that as time progresses, soil is deposited ontop of the ground, burying bones, artifacts, etc. Where does this new dirt come from? Does the ground level rise as this deposition process continues?

submitted by /u/ghrew
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How much do the tectonic plates weight?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 01:30 PM PST

Are There Certain Types of Stars that have more Asteroids in their Solar Systems than others?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 02:46 PM PST

So, what I want to know is this:

Are there, among the different types of star-types (Gs, Ms ((like red dwarfs)), Fs, Ks, etc.), certain kinds of stars that can hold a more abundant asteroid-belt, like our Sun, or have more asteroids in them than others?

submitted by /u/Broncattus
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Doesn't chemotherapy/radiation make it easier for cancer to grow as well?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 07:34 AM PST

Ok, so first of all this is just a random question I asked myself a while ago. I'm not medically trained or whatever so my reasoning might be very much off. As far as I know treatment for cancer focusses on destroying the cells that went rogue, but I always wondered if this doesn't also make it easier for them to grow. I mean, not only the "bad cells" get destroyed but some good ones will go with them, correct? Doesn't this make the other cells around the tumors more vulnerable to also start doing weird things making them higher risk of also mutating to cancercells? Or do they just get destroyed en replaced by healthy ones? It might be a stupid question but I still want an answer haha. Obviously looking at the amount of times this treatment is used it's probably not the case, but how does that work then?

submitted by /u/velociraptor__
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Any ideas how to make calcium oxide from green mussel shells?(long post ahead)

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 03:39 PM PST

Not sure if this is possible but do y'all know how to extract or make calcium oxide from green mussel shells? We need it for our research but we've tried different methods and none have worked so far.

So we first tried putting the shells over an open flame from a gas stove. We placed them on top of a grill so we wouldn't have to hold them. What we got was a burnt shell that was very brittle and didn't look like calcium oxide. We also tried using a blowtorch on the shells for like, a direct contact with the flames or smth. The same thing happened, burnt mussel shells that are brittle. We planned to use calcium oxide as a water filter but every attempt we've tried so far has failed. Still can't think of an answer as to why it happened and how we can avoid it.

We've looked at past research papers for tips and they always included "The dried waste shells were calcined at 700–1,000°C in air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10°C/min for 4 h " and we can't understand what it means. We tried placing them outside so they get caught in the sun's heat but nothing has happened. Maybe you guys know what calcined in air atmosphere means? We really hit a dead end here and we can't come up with an idea to go past it.

submitted by /u/ChickenNoogers
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Is the measurement of calories on the side of products, in this case a bag of chips, accurate every time?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 06:04 PM PST

Because the calories is determined by combusting the product in a calorimeter, how can we be sure that a product that has obviously not been combusted has the same amount of calories?

submitted by /u/AWildAndWackyBushMan
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Does eating more fat (esp monounsaturated fat) prior to cold exposure help increase synthesis of brown adipose tissue?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 06:00 PM PST

more so than fasting + cold exposure?

submitted by /u/inquilinekea
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What are the factors that influence handedness in crabs?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 11:10 AM PST

How does ice build up in Antarctica?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 09:03 PM PST

Where does Antarctica, which receives so little precipitation that it's technically declared a desert, get all of its ice, in some places several miles thick, if not for a constant accumulation of snow? What is the mechanism of that accumulation?

submitted by /u/5icariu5
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Is there a limit to how big a star can be within the universe?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 04:35 PM PST
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Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Does HIV cancel out any allergies a person may have?

Does HIV cancel out any allergies a person may have?

Does HIV cancel out any allergies a person may have?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 05:26 PM PST

From my (admittedly limited) understanding, HIV causes your immune system to fail nearly completely

Allergies are an overreaction of your immune systems reacting to something that is not a threat to the body

If you were allergic to cats as an example, contracted HIV, and somehow came into contact with a cat, would your body still react to it in similar ways?

Edit: u/streeturchin1337 has said in a comment down there that they may have heard of leukemia and HIV essentially cancelling each other out in terms of white blood cell count. I too am interested in this so have popped it up here

submitted by /u/mexicanpenguin-II
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What exactly will happen when Andromeda cannibalizes the Milky Way? Could Earth survive?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 05:01 AM PST

Is there a threshold of how massive a star has to be so that it becomes a black hole when it dies?

Posted: 17 Dec 2019 05:05 AM PST

How does a computer know how to do math?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 03:27 PM PST

I've been searching for ages for an answer to this question, but I haven't gotten an answer.

I know that a computer receives an instruction from memory, converts the instruction into numbers, then into binary 1s and 0s, and only does math as the base for everything, but how does it know every rule of math and how to solve math problems. After all, it's just a piece of silicon with semiconducting transistors that can hold or release current, all put together by wires known as clocks that make up the microarchitecture. How, how, does it know math?

submitted by /u/quickmade-acc
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When a tree (or other land plant) is immersed in water, what does it die of?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 06:25 AM PST

Let's pretend the water only just covers the tree/plant, so light is still available. Does it suffocate due to lack of oxygen? Does the water leach essential chemicals out of leaves? Both? Does the water just block enough light it starves?

submitted by /u/IAMA_Printer_AMA
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Does the effectiveness of the tetanus vaccine (in a vaccinated person) reduce with repeated exposure to C. tetanii?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 10:51 AM PST

put another way, does the (vaccinated) human body's resistance to the tetanus toxin reduce with each (or numerous) exposure events?

submitted by /u/roraparooza
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How to get a standard deviation greater than value for a nonnegative number?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 11:59 AM PST

I have seen in multiple presentations the author present a value of something that can't be negative (cost of healthcare, moles of product formed, survival time, etc) that will have a standard deviation that is greater than the value itself. While this isn't an issue for something that can be negative, what does this mean if you can only have a positive value?

submitted by /u/DeadGatoBounce
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Is there a point at which a binary number will use less digits than a decimal number of the same value?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 08:02 AM PST

The explanation of the Coriolis force that everyone gives about the relative difference between linear velocities on Earth. Is that correct?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 07:31 AM PST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIyBpi7B-dE

This is a video that gives the same explanation. Mind you, it's not the only one. Every video/article online that attempts to explain the Coriolis force uses the same logic. I have even had professional lectures on universities where they attribute the Coriolis force on the relative difference of linear velocities.

My question is simple: Is this explanation correct? From my experience and knowledge, it's not. The Coriolis force has nothing to do with initial linear velocities that are preserved due to inertia. It's a purely fictitious force that is a result of different observations from the perspective of a rotating frame of reference
In fact the explanation of the above video, can't explain why there is still Coriolis force when the object moves on the meridional direction, e.g. when it moves along a constant latitude.

I would like to know what are some of your opinions and if you agree with my statement. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/alerommel
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What makes the eyes lubricated?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 09:28 AM PST

Do they lubricate a fluid of their own or when you blink do you reapply a film?

submitted by /u/fortnitefan8
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Do we know of any systems with planets that formed from multiple protoplantary disks?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 11:26 AM PST

For example, could there be a system where satellites are orbiting 60 or 90 degrees off each other? I realize that collisions would be at greater risk, and even gravitational affects from it could tear things apart

submitted by /u/captcraigaroo
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What makes it so the eyes constantly stay in a moisturized state?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 04:44 AM PST

Does the eye itself produce a film or when we blink does it reapply something?

submitted by /u/mattmace8
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vào lúc No comments:

Monday, December 16, 2019

Is it possible for a computer to count to 1 googolplex?

Is it possible for a computer to count to 1 googolplex?

Is it possible for a computer to count to 1 googolplex?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 10:17 PM PST

Assuming the computer never had any issues and was able to run 24/7, would it be possible?

submitted by /u/PercyTheTeenageBox
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Why do we need IPv6?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 07:47 PM PST

So i get why IPv4 will be obsolete soon, we need more then 232 address spacess, sure, but why do we need a whopping 2128 addresses (basically billions of billions for every human).

Wouldn't it be enough to have 264 possible addresses and therefore they are still relatively readable and it will still last for a few thousand years from now, or am I missing something out?

submitted by /u/sergi42o
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Why does smooth water from a faucet ripple and fold when interrupted?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 04:06 AM PST

Here is a video of what I mean.

Pretty sure it is physics related. Maybe water tension? But I'm so lost trying to find an answer.

submitted by /u/videovillain
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Why do all the planets in our solar system lie approximately in a plane?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 02:50 PM PST

Is it possible for a fish to get dehydrated?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 04:43 PM PST

Why does earth have so fewer visible craters than other celestial bodies?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 02:24 PM PST

Why are ion disorders like hyper/hypo kalemia, calcemia and natremia only associated with skeletal muscle issues and not altered brain function?

Posted: 16 Dec 2019 03:13 AM PST

Wouldn't these ion disorders affect excitability / synaptic transmission in all neurons? Why do we only see noticeable physiological effects with skeletal muscles?

submitted by /u/Gonorrhea_NoduIe
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How is insulin purified after E. coli produces it?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 08:55 PM PST

Obviously, insulin can be made by genetically engineered E. coli. But how is it separated from the bacteria? I know that the bacteria produces it, but how does it travel from 'in the vat' to 'in this solution you inject into yourself'?

submitted by /u/Accelerator231
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What's stopping the bacteria that breaks down dead bodies to break down bodies of someone that is alive?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 10:18 AM PST

And side question, is it technically possible for that bacteria to become resistant to whatever stops them?

submitted by /u/Knightmare25
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Can a bioengineered rubisco enzyme with improved enzyme kinetics be a potential solution in helping to mitigate carbon overproduction, climate change, and help with food yields?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 08:36 PM PST

I am not a plant physiologist or a biochemist, but I do know a little bit about biology. I understand that rubisco is an enzyme found in plant chloroplasts that catalyzes the incorporation of atmospheric CO2 into ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). RuBP can then enter the rest of the Calvin cycle reactions.

I've learned that rubisco has one of the slowest enzyme kinetic profiles, and considering that this enzyme facilitates atmospheric CO2 incorporation into organic molecules, wouldn't it be important, in terms of climate change and food yields, to genetically engineer an enzyme with faster kinetics?

It seems like such a good solution but almost too good to be true or possible.

submitted by /u/Practicals
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Question regarding lightspeed and perception of it’s effects?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 07:46 PM PST

Random question popped into my mind. Say you are floating far enough away from our solar system to see all planetary bodies therein, but the sun is "off" (no light emitted), so you see none of it. Now say the sun turns on; what is the order of things you see, as you see them? Would you just see the sun appear, then slowly each planet in succession as the sunlight reaches them?

submitted by /u/Borkso
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What is the metallurgical difference between hard-cast and soft-cast lead?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 08:36 AM PST

Why does moving in a hot bath make the water feel much hotter than remaining perfectly still in a hot bath?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 05:56 AM PST

I assume its to do with my body actually cooling the water around me down?

The difference is so severe that the temperature seems to go from reasonable to searing when moving.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Societyinflames
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Is the Bohm Pilot Wave Model deterministic?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 05:08 PM PST

Why are electrical wires not placed below ground?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 02:11 PM PST

Less chance of disturbance, I would think. Can't be that much more expensive than erecting poles and fixing lines. Much more aesthetically pleasing...

submitted by /u/squidjuggler
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Why does soda (carbonated beverages) taste different when they go flat?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 10:19 AM PST

I assume that the carbonation does not have much flavor (if any) so why does it taste very different after you open a can/bottle and it sits for a while?

submitted by /u/motzel
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How does bone marrow create blood? Doesn't it run out?

Posted: 15 Dec 2019 01:47 PM PST

Sorry if I sound stupid, This is a question I'm too scared to ask in person!

submitted by /u/IgglePiggleGavemeHIV
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