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Tuesday, December 10, 2019

What makes gold so much more malleable than other metals?

What makes gold so much more malleable than other metals?


What makes gold so much more malleable than other metals?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 10:42 PM PST

Gold is extremely ductile and malleable. One gram of gold can be stretched into a microwire hundreds of meters long. Low-tech traditional "gold hammering" readily produces gold leaf that is just a few thousands of atoms thick.

This doesn't seem to be possible with most other metals. What is it that gives gold its high malleability?

submitted by /u/iwanttobepart
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Why is Supercritical Water Non-Polar?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 01:22 PM PST

Edit and Answer Based off the Comments:

The individual molecules of water in SCW are still polar. However, in bulk, SCW behaves as if it is non-polar. This is likely (not 100% certain) because with the increased kinetic energy of the molecules, the effect of hydrogen bonding is weakened. Furthermore, the molecules may conglomerate in ways that cancel out the individual molecules' dipoles. Ultimately though, there is still more research needed on this topic.

Thank you to everyone who answered and commented. I really appreciate it. Happy Holidays!

submitted by /u/Aijol10
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Can you actually tell the difference between artificial gravity generated by centrafugal force of a space station vs real gravity?

Posted: 10 Dec 2019 04:29 AM PST

If you are on a space station generating 9.8 m/s² by spinning, is there going to be any instinctual or tactile difference that would enable you to tell that it is artificial gravity if you close your eyes

submitted by /u/Thanhtacles
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I recently read in my anatomy textbook that recent studies have found that there is no correlation between cholesterol in the diet and serum cholesterol levels. How did we get this wrong for so many years and what causes high serum cholesterol then?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 09:15 PM PST

Why can't bacteriophages infect eukaryotic cells?

Posted: 10 Dec 2019 03:09 AM PST

I've wondered this for a while but never been able to find an answer.

submitted by /u/1stAndLastPost
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Why do low pressure areas form at warm places if pressure is directly proportional to temperature?

Posted: 10 Dec 2019 02:54 AM PST

How does ethanol in E-diesel reduce tailpipe emissions in vehicles?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 10:14 PM PST

Title says it all.

submitted by /u/DrGregoryHouse2
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What is particle X17?

Posted: 10 Dec 2019 02:48 AM PST

Can someone explain displacement current?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 05:48 PM PST

I am having trouble with the basic concepts of displacement current and what it exactly is. I cannot find a solid explanation I truly grasp on the internet or in my ohysics book.

submitted by /u/Headlama
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Can the stimulation of different senses from the same source improve the clarity of said source?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 06:35 PM PST

I was doing some reading on the Argus II retinal prosthesis, and out of curiousity I was wondering. If, while the user sees an object with the Argus, and they also receive a stimulus from a video to audio device/software, does that somehow improve the image resolution or general perception in the brain of the user as opposed to if they just had the Argus alone?

So basically adding an audio component to do some sensory substitution to somehow overlay two inputs to create and overall inproved perception. Is there research on this topic?

submitted by /u/eejt
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How does grain growth work?

Posted: 10 Dec 2019 01:58 AM PST

Just like the title say. How does it work?

I couldnt find any useful or direct answers about it.

submitted by /u/Wezeltje99
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How did we discover the amount of ATP and NADH that are made from cellular respiration?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 03:18 PM PST

Basically the title but how does one discover that, yes, glycolysis creates a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH and some for the Citric acid Cycle? Do we just isolate each reaction separately? I feel that would be hard too.

submitted by /u/jamelord
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Would you find less fungal spores in the air during colder temperatures compared to warmer temperatures?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 02:29 PM PST

I work in the environmental field and unfortunately due to situations at my work place, I have no one to ask this that would know/couldn't find an answer on google.

I recently did some air monitoring and I am suspicious about the results I got. My ambient/outdoor spore counts seem extremely low. I looked at some results that I did in October and the results I got back from the beginning December. The Oct test gave a count of over 5000 spores while the December result gave a count of around 60.

The only thing I can think that would be different is the air temperature. It was a warmer day in the October testing, while the December testing would have been below freezing on and before the date. Would this lower spore count be due to the below freezing weather? I didn't have to take many biology type classes for my degree so this stuff is a bit of an unknown for me. The only other thing I can think of would be something was wrong with my pump.

submitted by /u/rolosmith123
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Why is carbon in the soil important for plant growth if plants get their carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 07:33 PM PST

The biological molecules of plants are mostly composed of carbon, an element that is acquired from carbon dioxide in the air. Plants also need a series of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), other micronutrients (zinc, iron, manganese, etc.), and water, which is all acquired from the soil.

Why then is carbon in the soil important for plant growth? What function does having a good amount of organic matter in the soil provide for the plant (with a large amount of soil carbon) that is not otherwise provided by a soil with no organic matter but highly fertilized with all necessary macronutrients and micronutrients? After all, the carbon in the soil is not "absored" by the plant, as that carbon is already acquired from atmospheric carbon dioxide, right?

submitted by /u/invinciblepenguin
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If cracking our knuckles are air bubbles escaping the joints, then where does that air come from and where does it go?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 04:46 AM PST

Are we just constantly popping the same air bubbles in our fingers, or is the air coming from reactions within our body? I have nowhere to start on this question and pondering it is grossing me out so a concrete answer would be nice!

submitted by /u/sloposaurus
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How does satellite communication work in space?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 01:23 PM PST

So I understand we communicate with satellites via radio waves. But in the vacuum of space, what particles do the transmitters emit, and then, doesn't the spacecraft lose mass in sending a signal?

submitted by /u/topvek
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Is the tangent basis and dual basis always orthogonal?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 10:54 AM PST

It seems like they must be because one is tangent to surfaces and the other are orthogonal to the surfaces. However, Mike Guidry writes, "However, for non-orthogonal coordinate systems the two bases generally are not equivalent and the distinction between upper and lower indices is relevant."

submitted by /u/GoldenSummerVictory
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How does our body deals or tries to deal with toxic substances such various poisons and specifically heavy metals?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 02:11 PM PST

For example, it is said that phagocytes ingest various foreign particles within our body. Does that include toxic substances?

When we know what lethal dose is, does that mean that generally speaking anything lower is somehow "dealt" with, or do these substances freely circulate within our body on their own?

submitted by /u/juizer
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What is the maximum amount of atmospheric pressure a human can withstand?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 04:16 AM PST

Title. Wondering if there is a measure of how much pressure a human can take before getting harmed.

submitted by /u/NBT_Fartsparkle
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Monday, December 9, 2019

Does heat from a spaceships engine radiate away in space?

Does heat from a spaceships engine radiate away in space?


Does heat from a spaceships engine radiate away in space?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 02:12 PM PST

Say I built a nuclear powered spaceship in my back garden, and could fly around Earth just fine. Would the engines / reactor cook me inside the cabin once I reached space, as the heat generated has nowhere to go?

edit. This post really took off (ha!) Appreciate all the replies and discussions it's generated!

submitted by /u/Chris_RandomNumbers
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How big can the "Goldilock" zone be and can multiple planets inhabit it to the point where the planets are similar?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 08:41 PM PST

What in rubber's structure allows it to stretch?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 08:01 PM PST

What is natural rubber composed of on a molecular level that allows it to stretch?

submitted by /u/al1628
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What for us Earthlings is different when our planet is in the leading vs the trailing edge of the heliosphere?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 06:45 PM PST

I have a question about Deer Breeding, can a Whitetail Breed with a Reindeer?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 08:46 PM PST

As stated in the title I would like to know if it's possible, I don't know what they use them for or what their point is, but I know a Deer Breeder and although I may pop the question in a few months when I see them I would like to know if they are at least compatable since both technically live in Canada.

Edit: and yes I know there are sub species, only three species of Whitetail live in Canada. I'm just asking as a whole.

submitted by /u/brookhal
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How are gasses weighed?

Posted: 09 Dec 2019 12:04 AM PST

I tried searching it up on Google but all the answers were just saying to weighing it in a container. If you try to weigh something like helium surely this wouldn't work because it would just be floating in the container right?

submitted by /u/projectaskban
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Is there a tendency for planets or large stellar bodies to rotate clockwise or anti-clockwise? If so why?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 07:01 PM PST

If you had a plank or a rod of some sort 1 light year long, and you pushed it, wouldn't you have caused information(movement of said plank or rod) to move faster than light?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 10:37 PM PST

What happens to the heavy elements created during a kilonova?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 11:54 AM PST

That is, when it's expelled at great speeds, where does it go? What happens to it? Are there chunks of metal just flying through the vast expanse of space, endlessly? Are these considered asteroids?

submitted by /u/MaelstromNyxus
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Could I use non-newtonian fluids in my Bong pipe?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 04:59 PM PST

In a thc filled moment, I was wondering if, for instance, starch water could be used in my bong instead of water. Would it still work as a pipe? would it filter anything?
I theorized it would make it easier to keep clean and, given the viscosity of the mix, would almost eliminate splash and return of water outside the pipe.
I have been looking online to no avail. I do not possess the ability to understand "Turbulent Pipe Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids"( the only work I found on the subject) and also do not want to make an experiment that might damage the only Bong I own. Any information is appreciated.

submitted by /u/Espadajin
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Sunday, December 8, 2019

Can someone who has photosensitive seizures have a seizure by blinking really fast?

Can someone who has photosensitive seizures have a seizure by blinking really fast?


Can someone who has photosensitive seizures have a seizure by blinking really fast?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 05:49 PM PST

Do sound waves bend when they enter a different medium?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 03:25 AM PST

Does the temperature of the air affect the loudness of sound?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 11:58 PM PST

Say you fire a gun in a hot humid environment, will it be louder or slightly less louder?

What about firing a gun in a subzero environment? Will it be louder or the same?

submitted by /u/MrBig562
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Are stars closer to the center of our galaxy generally larger the ones farther away ?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 01:34 AM PST

Title basically.

Is it the same for other kinds of galaxies, wouldn't larger stars usually gravitate to the centre of all galaxies ?

submitted by /u/raggikomm
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How is the CMB be the most distant thing we can see when there is a cosmic horizon?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 10:51 PM PST

Hi r/askscience!

I'm watching the PBS Spacetime series on the Cosmic Microwave Backround and something's nagging at me that I was hoping you could resolve. I get the gist of the following facts:

  1. Because of the speed of light, when we look out into space we are actually looking into the past. So when we're looking at something that's a billion light years away, we're really seeing it as it was a billion years ago.
  2. The universe is expanding, and the further into the past we look, the faster the objects we see are moving away from us (Hubble's law right?). This creates a cosmic horizon; there are objects that are so far away, that they are moving away from us so quickly that their light will never have a chance to reach us, the universe is expanding too quickly for us to ever see them.
  3. The most distant thing we can see is the Cosmic Microwave Background, a frozen radio (err.. microwave?) emissions from when the universe was in it's infancy some 13.2 billion years ago (or whatever).

When I think about it, points two and three seem to be in conflict with each other. It seems like the CMB will always be the most distant thing we can see since the light it released was the first light ever produced in our universe. So a billion years ago the CMB was the most distant thing able to be detected, and a billion years from now the CMB will still be most distant thing view-able, since the the universe began releasing light more or less everywhere at once, and so we're seeing today the CMB at a distance of 13.2 B light years, a billion years ago one would be able to see it at a distance of 12.2 B, and a billion years from now one will be able to view it at a distance of 14.2 B light years.

But doesn't this contradict the idea of a cosmic horizon? If, in the future, we will actually be able to see less of the universe because it is expanding faster, wouldn't the furthest away objects we see actually be closer to us today than they will be (lets say) a billion years from now? Wouldn't the CMB "we" see in a billion have had to have been released from a point closer to us than the CMB we are seeing today since the universe is expanding and today's most distant objects will have fallen behind the cosmic horizon, and we would therefore have seen it already, and not a billion years from now? My apologies if I'm being a bit inarticulate, even speaking about this in a way that makes sense to me is difficult, so let me know if I can clarify any part of my question.

Please ELI've taken an intro to physics and a few calc classes, along with having watched some PBS Spacetime episodes.

Thank you all in advance!

submitted by /u/Confusedphilomath
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How is a breed of dog declared hypoallergenic? What causes certain breeds to be and others not?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 09:04 PM PST

I ask because according to Dr. Google, Yorkshire Terriers are hypoallergenic... however I have been around 4 yorkies in my life and all 4 times I've had awful allergic reactions - and I'm not allergic to (other) dogs. I have 1 inside dog currently, and had 5 dogs (3 indoor) at one point with all different types of coats; I never even had a sniffle. But the supposedly hypoallergenic Yorkies make me sneeze and itch and my eyes swell almost shut. My best friend just got one, and I can no longer go to her house without taking a Benadryl first. (I also am severely allergic to cats if that matters). So how do scientists declare a specific breed "hypoallergenic."

submitted by /u/friendispatrickstar
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How does a single propeller plane not roll?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 08:45 PM PST

So, suppose an airplane with a single propeller spinning in a clockwise direction. So, by the conservation of angular momentum, the body of the plane must spin in anticlockwise direction. How do plane resist that and fly straight.

submitted by /u/colddroid69
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Would an object that is vulnerable to oxidizing (Apple slices,copper,etc.) oxidize in liquid and solid oxygen like it does in air?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 06:03 PM PST

Follow up on "Why is glass transparent". Why are the energy gaps between energy levels different in sand and glass?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 10:34 PM PST

Glass is transparent as the energy needed to move an electron to a higher energy state is greater than visible light (UV light is absorbed), so visible light passes through, making glass transparent. However in sand, visible light is absorbed. Why are the energy gaps between energy levels of atoms different between sand and glass?

submitted by /u/redgreenballoondrop
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What would happen if two galaxies collided?

Posted: 08 Dec 2019 01:33 AM PST

Would it be an all out smash-fest with all the planets and stuff or would everything combine into a super galaxy?

submitted by /u/iEatBabyLegs
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Are plasmid origins of replication nonspecific?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 08:14 PM PST

For example, if I made a recombinant plasmid using a pAMP ori with a pKAN gene for kanamycin resistance, would it be transcribable?

submitted by /u/64145
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Are halogen ions (Cl-, I-) toxic to microbes or is it just the elemental forms (Cl2, I2) ?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 06:50 PM PST

For example, would iodized salt in a isotonic solution be very toxic to bacteria?

submitted by /u/JarJarAwakens
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How is the voltage controlled in a linear accelerator?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 08:56 PM PST

I've been wondering about this for a while, and I've tried looking it up but still don't understand it too well, so I was hoping someone here would be able to explain it in simpler terms to me. I think I understand the basic concepts of how a linear accelerator works:

  • Charged particles are separated (ie, the electrons are removed from hydrogen atoms to be left with protons)
  • The protons are attracted towards a negatively-charged electrode
  • Once the protons pass through that electrode, the voltage is reversed - the electrode they just passed through becomes positive, and the next electrode becomes negative. So they accelerate towards the negative electrode.
  • This is repeated through a series of electrodes. Each time, once they pass through, the voltage is reversed so they are attracted towards the next electrode, and each time, they speed up more.

My question is, how do they reverse the voltage between the electrodes at exactly the right time, considering how fast those protons must be moving and the fact that they are accelerating, not moving at a constant speed?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/skinny_bitch_88
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Do veins grow in the same configuration in most/all people? That is, will my neighbor's veins branch in the same places/same way as mine?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 11:29 AM PST

Obviously human bodies have variation, but most people are born with two eyes, two hands, ten fingers, etc. which are all in the same places. Does this apply to veins, too, or do they vary in the number of places they branch/particular places they branch? I guess this question can apply to other parts of the body, too, like the nervous system...

submitted by /u/HelloOrg
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Does every infinite sum of rational numbers have a rational solution?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 06:39 PM PST

So I am aware that every finite sum of rational numbers has a rational result and that every rational number can be expressed as an infinite sum of rational numbers, but I'm wondering if the inverse is true, does every infinite sum of rational numbers yield a rational result?

submitted by /u/Only_A_Friend
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A clinostat is generally used for experiments involving bacteria and plants. Could it be used to observe crystal growth or the molding of metal alloys in microgravity?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 02:14 PM PST

Can atmospheres be "wiped away" by solar wind on a planet with no electromagnetic field?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 01:16 PM PST

Do animals receive different treatment from their mother because of gender?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 10:55 AM PST

Why do dreams contain a sense of motion even though our bodies/minds/inner ear aren't moving?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 06:13 AM PST

Last night i had a dream i was on a jet with a crazy pilot who kept doing loops and flips and all kinds of manuevers. I could feel my stomach bottoming out, my body being tossed side to side with the G-forces of the turns and such. I distinctly remember focusing on the horizon and trying to orient myself with what I knew in order to fight the "upside down" sense.

How does the body/brain at rest recreate the feelings of motion in a dream?

submitted by /u/drummer_San
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Why do some cars have faster acceleration but lower top speed and other cars have lower acceleration and higher top speed?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 02:46 PM PST

Wouldn't a more powerful engine improve both?

submitted by /u/the_schlong_gorilla
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Are black holes hot? And do they emit any heat/heat radiation?

Posted: 07 Dec 2019 07:59 AM PST