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Wednesday, November 27, 2019

How do CO2 scrubbers work?

How do CO2 scrubbers work?


How do CO2 scrubbers work?

Posted: 27 Nov 2019 03:58 AM PST

Why do we use three phase instead of two phase?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:20 PM PST

I understand why we use three phase electricity instead of 4,5,6 etc but why don't we use 180 degree shifted two phase systems? Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/Hopp5432
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 27 Nov 2019 07:09 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Do leaves keep photosynthesising after the fall of the tree if they are still green?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 05:04 PM PST

A few weeks back I got curious and read an article about what frequencies of light plants use in photosynthesis and where that evolved from. With fall coming ever so slowly to my home in Denton Texas I've noticed many of the leaves i see on the ground are still green and so presumably still absorbing those same frequencies of light they use in photosynthesis. Does this mean that these leaves are still, if only partially, photosynthesising or are they just holding on to the chlorophyll?

submitted by /u/BurAMG
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How does CRISPR target specific genes?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 08:50 PM PST

How does CRISPR technology target one specific gene out of the roughly 30,000 genes in the human body? I just can't wrap my mind around how this is possible. And in my research and I can't seem to find a straightforward answer.

submitted by /u/nago7650
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If a object perfectly encircled a source of gravity, equidistant on all sides, would it ever fall in?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 05:59 PM PST

I had this thought when reading about stellar constructs.

Say I build something like a Dyson sphere, if it encompasses the Star perfectly and on all sides was equidistant, if it started to drift, wouldn't the stars gravitational pull slowly correct it again to be equidistant?

submitted by /u/CrypticSympathy
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Why are the elements between polonium and actinium (84-89) so much less stable than heavier elements?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 12:18 PM PST

It seems like there's a gap where isotopes with mass numbers around 210-220 where everything is ridiculously unstable. See this table and the circled area. What causes that massive dip in instability? It's like there should be some stable isotopes in this area but there aren't.

I'm guessing this has something to do with these being just after lead which has a closed proton shell in the nucleus. But if that is the case why is bismuth also (mostly) stable? And why does it not happen to elements after tin too?

EDIT: This answers the question https://www.quora.com/Why-are-elements-84-89-so-unstable-Uranium-and-Thorium-are-so-much-more-stable-despite-being-of-higher-atomic-number

submitted by /u/Quackmatic
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Does atmospheric pressure affect synaptic re-uptake of neurotransmitters?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:41 PM PST

I've noticed a personal correlation between how I feel and the local atmospheric pressure reported on https://www.wunderground.com/. Low pressure seems to correlate with a high-energy, almost manic, state of mind, whereas high pressure seems to be often accompanied by lethargy.

This could simply be correlation and not causation, or some kind of placebo. But I was just curious whether there are any studies on the effects of ambient pressure on synaptic function.

submitted by /u/Shloosh
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Why doesn't plants seem to have an age limit?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 09:41 AM PST

I have the impression that plants have no built-in age limit like humans and many animals. If perfect conditions persist indefinitely, it looks like plants can also live indefinitely. I am primarily thinking of trees, but I've read about herbaceous plants that can re-sprout annually, apparently without limits.

In humans I've been told that telomeres partly determine the life-span. They reduce in length every cell division, and when worn away, genetic material deteriorate from the edges of the chromosomes. Does plant chromosomes have telomeres? How is genetic material preserved in plants for such long time periods?

Does the age of (viable) seeds determine life-span of plants? Some seeds may stay viable for decades and longer, are there any notable differences between two individuals of a species who have sprouted from very differently aged seeds?

submitted by /u/MingoMash
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When birds migrate in a V formation, does the same bird always lead?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 01:55 PM PST

If the moon was stationary, would it “fall” towards the Earth at 9.8 meters per second?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 10:07 PM PST

A feather and a hammer fall at the same rate. Wouldn't this be false at larger scales?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 09:48 PM PST

Galileo posited that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass. But if we were to scale this up to planetary size, for example; The Earth, The Moon, and an Asteroid, this shouldn't hold up.

If we "drop" the Moon onto the Earth from a standstill, shouldn't it hit the Earth quicker than an astroid dropped from the same distance, due to the fact that the Moon is also pulling the Earth toward itself?

submitted by /u/arod48
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What was the cause of the glaciation at the end of the Ordovican era?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 12:53 PM PST

There isn't really a lot to add to the question. It's self explanatory. There was an ice age in the late Ordovican period. How did the ice age happen? Did the poles shift? Also did it continue throughout the early Sulurian era? How did it end?

submitted by /u/CoffeeSlutt
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What specifically is a dirac sea?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 08:29 AM PST

Do Bones Get Stronger Through Constant Damage?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 09:52 AM PST

I've seen Shaolin monks been stricken with sticks to strengthen their bones. Does this much damage actually promote bone growth when done multiple times a week, or does it do more harm than good? How much is overdoing it and does it work for muscles as well?

submitted by /u/HuronDorado
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I’m aware that radiation exposure can cause genetic mutations within animals and humans. However I’m unsure about plant life... can someone please tell me what sort of an affect high radiation exposure has on flora ?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:23 PM PST

Are multivitamins effective at correcting vitamin deficiencies?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 06:23 AM PST

Critical care RN and consumer here. Routinely, I give PO multivitamins (usually through a DHT/NG/OG/PEG) to my patients and take a "One A Day" vitamin myself. My question is, does the multivitamin actually work at correcting/maintaining adequate (healthy) levels in the body? I know that it's a supplement (not medication), therefore it's not regulated by the FDA and I know that problems with absorption/distribution can be a factor. But, I haven't been able to find any papers or reviews providing data on whether or not these multivitamins work in a perfectly healthy human. Is it worth taking these vitamins? Do they actually do anything?

submitted by /u/brian31b
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What's the difference between a Polypeptide, a Subunit, and a Protein Domain?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 04:47 PM PST

I've looked through a few different textbooks, and they seem to use them interchangeably, but I've been told they're very different.

My understanding is that a polypeptide is a bunch of amino acids that are linked together, functional or not. When multiple polypeptides are combined to form a protein, each individual polypeptide is called a subunit. Where does Domain fall into this?

submitted by /u/bennettsaucyman
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Can a liver from an organ donor be shared and transplanted into two new recipients?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 09:12 AM PST

How do computers know what to do with the ones and zeroes? And how are different computing languages implemented?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 12:46 PM PST

Sunrise/sunset times: why don’t they get later at same rate as we approach the solstice?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 07:21 AM PST

Where I live, sunset is now about as early as it's going to get, and sunrise will continue getting later right up to December 21st. Why the variance?

submitted by /u/MnstrShne
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Tuesday, November 26, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We are experts on NASA's efforts to grow crops in space including a harvest just in time for Thanksgiving! Ask us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are experts on NASA's efforts to grow crops in space including a harvest just in time for Thanksgiving! Ask us Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are experts on NASA's efforts to grow crops in space including a harvest just in time for Thanksgiving! Ask us Anything!

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 04:00 AM PST

Since 2015, using NASA hardware, scientists and researchers have worked with astronauts on the International Space Station to conduct a series of experiments to grow, harvest and eat a variety of crops in space with seeds sent from Earth. The most recent experiment has the ISS crew growing Mizuna mustard using two different light recipes and multiple harvests, with the experiment's final harvest scheduled for later this week. This work builds upon decades of NASA and international research into growing plants in space.

These experiments are advancing the knowledge required to successfully grow a large variety of crops on long-duration missions, such as a crewed mission to Mars. Being able to crops grown in space provides many benefits including supplementing the astronauts' packaged diet with essential nutrients and combating diet fatigue.

Here answering your questions are:

  • Ralph Fritsche, Space Crop Production Project Manager, NASA's Kennedy Space Center
  • Jess Bunchek, Pseudonaut and Associate Scientist, NASA's Kennedy Space Center
  • Lashelle Spencer, Research and Development Scientist, NASA's Kennedy Space Center
  • Jacob Torres, Technical and Horticultural Scientist, NASA's Kennedy Space Center

We will see you at 2:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (19:30 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can an organ be replaced twice?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 05:41 PM PST

Like, the organ recipient dies unexpectedly after getting a new heart. Any reason the heart can't pass on again?

submitted by /u/VerticalYea
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How is it possible to reach points higher than 255 in an 8-bit game?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 04:49 AM PST

Considering 8 bits can only count to the number 255, how is it possible to be awarded more than 255 points in a 8-bit game? For example in Pac-man, the highest reachable level is 255, but you still get 400 points for eating a ghost. The game should not be able to count that high

submitted by /u/AlienFrogThing
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Can an elevated water tank be used like a battery?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 04:53 PM PST

Could electricity from say solar panels be used to power a pump that would put a bunch of water in an elevated tank, and then when the sun goes down, can that water be released to drive a turbine for power again?

submitted by /u/kellyedodge
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How is a bacteria immune to a virus without its corresponding spacer?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:45 AM PST

I just watched a documentary about CRISPR and Cas9 called Human Nature.

They explained that they looked at bacteria which were exposed to viral infections. While most of the bacteria died, a few survived. The surviving bacteria now had an altered genome. It had added a spacer corresponding to the virus' RNA acting as part of an immune system for the bacteria. You'd now have Cas9 in the bacteria, armed with a copy of that spacer protecting against that same type of virus.

However, they never explained how those surviving bacteria survived in the first place without the spacer already in place. Was it just chance? And if so, what was the random element?

submitted by /u/rizzon
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Why did all living organisms on earth descend from a single common ancestor? Could there be more evolutionary trees evolving in parallel?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:32 AM PST

In the distant past, when the first living cell on earth spontaneously emerged, why couldn't a different living cell emerge at the same time somewhere else on the planet? These two cells could then become roots to two unrelated evolutionary trees. Could a new evolutionary tree emerge today?

submitted by /u/BasomTiKombucha
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Could a single human spermatozoon break through the zona pellucida?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 03:16 AM PST

Could a single human spermatozoon digest 15μm of zona pellucida with its 1μm acrossome? It doesn't seem possible yet one of my biology teachers told me that it was. ( and another one told me that a multiple assault is required ) Are multiple acrossomes needed to get through? If so, could we say that they are, in some way, cooperating by digging their way in for another one to fertilize the egg?

submitted by /u/Spinner23
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If Commensal Bacteria in our microbiomes help us, why are they called commensals?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 02:36 AM PST

From my understanding a commensal organism is one that lives alongside a host benefiting from it without helping/harming it. However commensal bacteria in our microbiomes have many helpful functions:

  • Suppressing growth of pathogenic bacteria
  • Metabolise indigestible compounds
  • Stimulate development of immune system

So why are they classed as commensals?

submitted by /u/giingey
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What happens to the human mind and body when a projectile passes through the brain?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 06:55 PM PST

As an example, if you were shot in the head, what is the sequence of biological/neurological events that lead to body functions and consciousness to fail?

Does everything shut down immediately? What causes the mind to cease so quickly? Do some body functions continue for a time after being shot? What scenario would lead to someone being conscious after seeing brain trauma like that?

submitted by /u/Crestyles
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Why does rabies affect such a broad range of species with similar symptoms while other diseases, such as HIV, only affect one species?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 09:51 AM PST

How does stomachs of people living on IV cope?

Posted: 26 Nov 2019 01:49 AM PST

I mean do they produce bile and stuff? Do people not develop ulcers due to stomach being empty for a long time?

submitted by /u/jabhiram
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Why is lithium the best element to use for batteries?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 06:05 PM PST

Like what molecular properties make it the best? Or are there other elements or compounds that are just not being used?

submitted by /u/JoeyBobBillie
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Our irises retract to block more light and open to let more light in. Does this affect our field of vision?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 07:20 PM PST

How the very first code was created, since there were no ways to make a computer register a letter on the keyboard and no prior code?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 10:32 AM PST

How do eyeballs rotate?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 10:24 PM PST

Like how to your eyes turn on their own or look side to side? Is there some kind of muscle to move them, or is it something else?

submitted by /u/Clever_Name_17
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Location of Atolls, Atlantic Vs Pacific? And several other Atoll related questions

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 11:42 AM PST

Hello I've recently been creating a fantasy map and was looking up Atolls and I've several questions about them.

The first, is why are there so few Atolls in the Atlantic (only off the coast of Belize) while the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are chalk full of them. I presume this is due to lack of Volcanic activity in the Atlantic ocean in area where reefs can form but then that leads to another question about the lack of Volcanic hot-spots in the Atlantic.

The second question I have is the removal of the former Island that the coral reef rings around. How does this precisely happen? I recall watching a video where it was stated that the weight of the reef somehow has something to do with it, or is it more to do with Erosion (wouldn't a barrier reef prevent erosion to a degree)?

And the last question I have is concerning the make up of islands. Since New Caldonia (>40MYA) is older geologically speaking than Midway Island (27MYA) and the two are completely different (one is an Atoll the other is a proper island). Which is a roundabout way of asking, is the geological makeup of an Atoll more prone to erosion than a "regular" island?

submitted by /u/Wilco499
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Can a sedimentary rock transform directly to an igneous rock without transitioning first to a metamorphic rock?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 02:52 PM PST

I'm seeing resources that either show all three rock types freely transform into one another OR that sedimentary rock has to become a metamorphic rock before transforming into an igneous rock. Which interpretation is correct? Thanks.

submitted by /u/sturmeagle
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Do herbivore animals have plants with special prefered taste like sweets for humans?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 10:03 AM PST

Biology taught me that cells proactive aerobic respiration by default. This means every individual cell needs oxygen. I know that blood is carried by red blood cells, but how does the oxygen from the blood get into a single cell?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 02:39 PM PST

Are there little tiny blood vessels that branch into every single cell? This doesn't seem likely because otherwise the tiniest cut would bleed which isn't what I've observed when getting small surface cuts.

Edit: title should say "practice"

submitted by /u/Tresky
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Do computers get slower over time?Why?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 08:46 AM PST

Monday, November 25, 2019

Does an obese person have more blood in their body than a person with a optimal body mass index?

Does an obese person have more blood in their body than a person with a optimal body mass index?


Does an obese person have more blood in their body than a person with a optimal body mass index?

Posted: 24 Nov 2019 08:51 AM PST

How did scientists think the sun worked before the discovery of nuclear fusion?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 02:46 AM PST

We often hear that we modern humans have 2-3% Neanderthal DNA mixed into our genes. Are they the same genes repeating over and over, or could you assemble a complete Neanderthal genome from all living humans?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 06:20 AM PST

Since it’s been getting cold, when I get in my car in the morning and turn my music on it seems like it’s playing 1-2 pitches lower and a tiny bit slower. The best theory I can think of is the cold. Do we perceive our senses differently in colder climates?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 07:01 AM PST

Is sociopathy developed over time through social interaction or is there a specific biological, congenital cause that's been discovered?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 06:50 AM PST

Put another way: is one born with the trait or could a non-sociopath develop the 'condition'.

Apologies for any incorrect use of terminology.

submitted by /u/I_Always_Talk_Shite
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Would a persons feeling towards a drug inhibit it’s ability to work, like a nocebo?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 03:51 AM PST

Does a medicine or tablet. E.g. panadol, have a lesser effect on a person if they are sceptical about it.

even though the drug works would the effect be felt less by the body depending on the persons feelings toward either the person who administered it or the drug itself.

Also if this has been studied what would the name of the effect be or would it just be referred to as nocebo

submitted by /u/4ouR__
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How would you calculate the true distance between LA and NYC, the straight line distance not including the curvature of the Earth?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 06:13 AM PST

I'm pretty sure this can be mathed out with numbers pulled off the internet, but was just curious as to what mathematical steps you would take to do so.

submitted by /u/Dayumnn_Daniel
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How does one induce a strong shockwave instead of a weak shockwave?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 04:37 AM PST

For a supersonic shockwave two solutions exist for a given angle; the strong and weak shockwave. Nature prefers the weak shockwave, but the strong shockwave is not impossible.( i think)

submitted by /u/nicecreamdude
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Does crenation affect red blood cells membrane structural stability?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 05:25 AM PST

From my understanding when a red blood cell is exposed to a hypotonic solution it bursts (so red cell lysis). I know that when exposed to a hypertonic solution they shrivel up as water leaves them via osmosis,so I was wondering if this shrivelling up has an affect on the red blood cells membrane.

submitted by /u/TheSecondBlueberry
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If a disease is eradicated by vaccination, does that mean that the pathogen is extinct by natural selection? Will I get the disease if I dont get vaccinated?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 03:01 AM PST

What is the difference between an alloy and a composite?

Posted: 24 Nov 2019 12:45 PM PST

Do sensory neurons at the top of our head send their messages straight to the brain or do the messages go through the spinal cord?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 12:50 AM PST

What percentage of salt in solution is needed for something to taste salty?

Posted: 25 Nov 2019 12:43 AM PST

I was not able to find anything on google that answered this for me.

Does normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl in water) taste salty?

If not, at what concentration of salt will the solution taste salty?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/holyvegetables
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Do magnets really harm computers?

Posted: 24 Nov 2019 07:33 AM PST

Why does hair change colors? Why does facial hair follow suite at a faster rate.

Posted: 23 Nov 2019 09:17 PM PST

So I was born with red hair. By 1st grade it had changed to a blond so pale it glowed in light. After that it's been darkening ever since. Starting in September I was finally able to start growing a beard. It's been growing a deep red but I noticed today that now it's almost 2inches thick......its turning blond..... it looks exactly like dyed hair and the roots growing undied...

Long story short- why did my hair change color and whys it doing it so fast on my beard?

submitted by /u/spartan8440
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To what extent is the housecat a product of human intervention?

Posted: 23 Nov 2019 02:03 PM PST

Did/do house cats as we know them live naturally in the wild?

submitted by /u/UdderTime
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How is there a river at the bottom of the Grand Canyon if it is below sea level and not flow to an ocean?

Posted: 23 Nov 2019 02:31 PM PST

I understand that most rivers flow the the sea, and that the grand canyon reaches below sea level. So where does the river flow to and could the river essentially keep eroding deeper and deeper?

submitted by /u/radiofreduk
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