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Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Is dark energy in any way related to the inflation that took place in the early universe or are they completely different processes?

Is dark energy in any way related to the inflation that took place in the early universe or are they completely different processes?


Is dark energy in any way related to the inflation that took place in the early universe or are they completely different processes?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 04:29 PM PST

Basically the title. I want to know what part, if any, dark energy played in the inflation of the universe.

submitted by /u/4169726f6e
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 20 Nov 2019 07:08 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Whats the relation of entropy in physics and entropy in information theory?

Posted: 20 Nov 2019 06:01 AM PST

In thermodynamics entropy seems to be a measurement of stored enery per volume(or mass? or per system?) and in infromation theroy entropy is a measurement of information density. Both formulas seem to be very similar(an intergal/sum of all posible states) but ive never bee able to make the connection in meaning. Thermodynamic enropy incrases over time, can the same be said about informational entropy or is there an analogy in information theory for this increase?

submitted by /u/McMasilmof
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Is there genetic drift in organisms that clone themselves?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 10:43 PM PST

Specifically, the Pando Aspen tree colony is said to be single organism sharing a single root system; If an organism like this happened to grow its way around a large lake, would the two far distal ends of it be genetically identical? There must be some genetic drift. Could it become a ring species with two distinct genotypes at the far ends?

submitted by /u/monkey_foot
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Can chronic hepatitis B affect growth of children?

Posted: 20 Nov 2019 06:05 AM PST

If I were to launch a trebuchet on Earth and the moon straight up, since gravity is affecting both the potential energy on the weight and the force pulling the stone down, would there be a difference in final height?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 08:13 PM PST

Are anti-inflammatory foods immunosuppressive? Or can anti-inflammatory events in the body still happen without affecting the immune system?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 10:41 PM PST

Does the brain "discard" of a lot of the information that it receives from the retina? How exactly does it "discard" it? Why exactly does it discard it?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 09:05 PM PST

Someone said this to me:

The brain is just slow. It doesn't work fast. It works quite slowly. And there's many domains in which that's the case. In many ways the most striking one is vision. If you look at the visual system, the cells of the retina are actually responsive to single photons of light. They give you a maximal amount of information. The brain doesn't want all that information. It'd just be way overloaded if it ever got that kind of information inside. So whatever the visual system is doing, the first step is throwing out almost all the information that's coming from the retina. And apparently every sensory system is like that. The first thing it does is throw away just about everything. And try to get down to something limited enough so this slow brain up here can deal with it somehow.

Does this "information discarding" happen in the case of other senses? What about hearing, touch, taste, smell, etc.?

submitted by /u/PlatoHadA200IQ
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Why is lead the go to element when it comes to radiation shielding? If its to do with the density of the element, why aren't denser elements used?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 11:07 PM PST

How do they plumb large radio and/or large transmission towers?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 06:15 PM PST

I'm putting up a 50' tower for a wind generator, and that has been a challenge to plumb perfectly. Towers are generally tapered so there's no perpendicular edge as a reference. For that matter, how do they plumb anything tapered, like a telephone pole?

submitted by /u/Buzzloudly
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What is the ‘curvature of spacetime?’

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 02:59 PM PST

In General Relativity, gravity is the curvature of space time, and it makes sense to me how objects can move as a result of the curvature of space, but I'm having a hard time (hah) seeing how time gets into the picture. Specifically, what does it mean to say that time 'curves'? Curviness is a spatial property, by definition. Is it a metaphor for something deeper? Or am I totally missing the point of general relativity?

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A speech pathologist claims she trained her dog to talk by pushing buttons that play words. Does this really count as "speaking" according to science?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 11:25 AM PST

This video from CNN features a dog named Stella that's been trained to push buttons, and when the buttons are pushed, a spoken word is played. The owner, a speech pathologist, claims she has taught her dog to speak. There's several more videos on the owner's YouTube channel and blog. Scientifically speaking, does this actually count as speech? What are the accepted criteria for an animal possessing and using language and/or speech?

submitted by /u/DrJoeHanson
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How does a ribosome find the start codon?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 01:03 PM PST

In my biology class we are learning that the ribosome has to begin on a start codon in order to begin the process of translation. My question is how does the ribosome find the start codon, is the mRNA read one base at a time in the ribosome, or groups of three, or is there some other molecule that positions the mRNA correctly in the ribosome to begin with?

submitted by /u/RemoteSpot
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What have we learned from the Parker Solar Probe so far?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 06:36 AM PST

I just watched the documentary "Mission to the Sun", about NASA's Parker Probe, designed to get close to the Sun and learn about the solar environment. The documentary came out before Parker's first pass, and according to NASA's blog ( https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe ), it has now made 3 passes and data from the first 2 have been made public. What insights have we learned from the mission so far?

submitted by /u/fn2187tk421
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How are “bits” stored in computer memory?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 01:31 PM PST

How are "bits" stored in computer memory?

Surely a memory isn't a vault where 0s and 1s are locked. So what IS memory exactly?

Additionally, memory-as-abstraction is understandable but how do tape, CD (metal), and "solid state" store anything?

Please humour me here as I am really perturbed. I have understood basics of Panpsycism but not computing.

I don't do well if I do not get an expansive bird's-eye view, and I haven't got one in electronics and computing.

So further additionally, 1. Is "Computing" and "Computer Science" a hard-science or rather a technique/ heuristic/ culture/ convention/ framework/ art? Was computing/ computer science "invented" or "discovered"? 2. Is there a book that explains - even if superficially - EVERYTHING about computers - from voltage, to bits, to memory, to assembly, to code, to machine learning, and now biological and quantum computing? 3. Can computers be coded in binary - or rather by taking a switch and turning it on and off with a certain rythem? 4. What are assemblers? 5. How were programming languages made? If programming languages are made on preexisting programming languages then how were those preexisting programming languages made? 6. Can new computer architecture be made? 7. Why is Silicon so special? 8. Why is computing and coding so English-heavy?

Many thanks!

submitted by /u/FulkOberoi
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How come dogs can be so different in size and weight while still being the same species (breedable when physically possible)?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 04:47 AM PST

Do this happen in nature with other animals as well?

submitted by /u/cimocw
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Why are some people immune to certain anesthesia?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 04:49 AM PST

I wanted to know scientifically why some anesthesia (Propofol) have no effect on people while another one does?

submitted by /u/O2jayjay
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How do humans and other animals keep track of time?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 04:36 AM PST

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

How strong is human skin relative to other animals?

How strong is human skin relative to other animals?


How strong is human skin relative to other animals?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:19 PM PST

How do amoebas know not to fuse with other amoebas with the same genes?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 04:26 AM PST

When they extend their pseodopods they sometimes engulf some stuff, which requires them to reattach two pseodopods around the stuff. So assuming an amoeba meets another of the same species, maybe even it's own sister, what mechanisms stops them from fusing into one cell?

submitted by /u/shinarit
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Why is the middle of the electromagnetic spectrum unable to penetrate solid materials?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:43 PM PST

So at the lower frequency side you have Radio Waves, and those can easily penetrate materials, hence our cellphones work indoors.

At the higher frequency side, the ionizing radiation portion (so x-rays, gamma rays), the radiation is able to easily punch through materials again (for example needing say large amounts of lead to shield you from them).

But in the middle around visible light, infrared, and UV it is blocked by solid opaque objects.

Why is this?

submitted by /u/Izerpizer
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If the solubility of CO2 drops with increased temperature, why are the oceans then acidifying?

Posted: 19 Nov 2019 01:37 AM PST

The amount of CO2 that can be dissolved in water falls with increased temperature and the same holds true for other gases, but of course at different rates. When CO2 is dissolved some of it will be converted into the carbonic (IV) acid, thus lowering the pH of the ocean (I know it is slightly basic).

But since the temperature of the earth is increasing and especially that of the upper layers of oceans (who are most responsible for CO2 intake, I presume), how are the oceans acidifying? And why isn't CO2 released from water into the air?

Kind regards,

Lux

submitted by /u/LuxKop
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Do earthquakes affect the planet's orbit?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:14 PM PST

Wouldn't Newton's third law suggest that no amount of planetary wriggling could cause it to move in space?

submitted by /u/ProtoZone
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Why is TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) so short at altitude, compared with time one can hold one's breath at the sea level?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:13 PM PST

I can hold my breath for 45 seconds, maybe one minute at sea level, and while I couldn't do any strenuous activity without shortening my apnea performance, during that minute I can remain conscious and (it seems to me) capable of good judgement, and of reacting to external stimuli competently.

However, for high altitude flight (decompression and exposure to external pressure), the FAA publishes a table of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_useful_consciousness where the TUC at 37,000 feet is 30 seconds to 1 minute; half that much if there were a rapid decompression.

At higher altitudes, all the way out to space, the TUC is only a handful of seconds.

Why?

Intuitively, I completely understand that the loss of partial O2 pressure will make my breathing inefficient, but even assuming the worst case that I can't receive ANY new oxygen from the atmosphere, I should be able at least to match my apnea performance at sea level using the oxygen I already have in my bloodstream.

Since TUC is way shorter than that, I must assume that there is another factor at play, specifically that I must be effectively losing some of the oxygen that was already in my body.

What is the physiological mechanism that underlies that?

submitted by /u/cazzipropri
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[Particle Physics] Can a particle have internal energy stored as anything OTHER than mass?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 04:35 PM PST

A question states that a particle splits in two pieces that go away from each other at high velocity. According to definitions and properties of particles in particle physics, is it necessary that the energy to accelerate those two pieces comes from mass (i.e. E = mc^2)? Or is it possible for there to be internal energy stored within the original particle in a form OTHER than mass?

This is not a homework question - I'm just wondering because, in my current course on modern physics, these problems always assume that the energy to accelerate the pieces comes from mass and nothing else.

submitted by /u/Aedificatus
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What are the rates of decay of intermolecular forces?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 07:08 PM PST

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_(Zumdahl_and_Decoste)/16%3A_Liquids_and_Solids/16.01%3A_Intermolecular_Forces

The website claims:

"the attractive energy between two ions is proportional to 1/r, where r is the distance between the ions"

"the energy of the interaction of two (permanent) dipoles is proportional to 1/r3"

"London was able to show with quantum mechanics that the attractive energy between molecules due to temporary dipole–induced dipole interactions falls off as 1/r6"

Are these statements true? If so, why don't these forces follow the inverse square law since they are electrostatic?

submitted by /u/lurker4011
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What is the ultimate source of nitrogen and nitrates in aquatic ecosystems?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 10:17 AM PST

Nitrogen fixation obviously isn't an option underwater. I know that aquatic plants get nitrates from animal wastes and decomposing animals, but where did the nitrogen in their bodies originate, and at what point if any did it move from the atmosphere to the water?

submitted by /u/UnluckyDouble
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What determines the size of a sonic boom? Is it how loud the aircraft is, or its size?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 11:13 AM PST

Are there any components of blood which are unique to blood?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 07:30 AM PST

I'm a fantasy writer, and am trying to explain vampires. Aside from drinking blood purely for the reason of including a Virgin Maiden in the story, is there anything in blood which can't be obtained any other way that would warrant the drinking of it? It doesn't have to be anything that could realistically sustain a person, jut a unique substance or else extremely rare in the natural world. From looking at a list of what makes up blood, I am both floored at how much is in there an hopelessly lost, but so far I'm thinking some kind of hormone or insulin makes the most sense. I'd there's anything better, please let me know.

submitted by /u/the_god_of_none
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Why are there fewer polyatomic cations than anions?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 10:44 AM PST

I was looking through the tables of polyatomic ions and I noticed that they usually only give ammonium and hydronium as examples of cations. Wikipedia gives some extra but obscure examples of polyatomic cations such as phosphonium and fluoronium. The list of polyatomic anions seems to be much more diverse. Why is that? Something to do with increasing electronegativity and valence electrons as we go across the periodic table?

submitted by /u/AzoMage
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Can ionized atoms/molecules ionize other atoms/molecules through contact?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 10:07 AM PST

Can ionized atoms/molecules ionize other atoms/molecules through contact?

submitted by /u/Lightning_bolt360
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How does gravity work under time reversal and CPT reversal?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:41 AM PST

According to the idea of CPT symmetry a charge, parity and time reversed universe should be indistinguishable from our own. However, I don't really understand how gravity fits into this reversal. It seems like gravitational interactions wouldn't be effected by charge or parity reversal.

For T-symmetry to work (hypothetically) wouldn't gravity have to be reversed? How does CPT reversal lead to normal gravity if this is the case?

submitted by /u/Anaklusmos
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Do thermochromic leuco dyes go from transparent to translucent or transparent to opaque?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 11:20 AM PST

I'm reading: https://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/thermochromic-dyes/

As it mentions here, in one state thermochromic dyes (both hot and cold?) are able to be transparent so that light can pass through them. (Is this true?)

Does the state of a thermochromic leuco dye go from transparent to translucent, or can it go fully opaque? (in colour)

So that no light is passing through?

As in - transparent to an opaque color, back to transparent.

submitted by /u/StinkyProfessor
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Why is Hepcidin released in case of inflammation, so all iron-ions are kept inside of mucosa cells due to degeneration of Ferroportin-Channels and even iron intake in other tissues is reduced due to degeneration of Transferrin-Receptors?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 10:13 AM PST

Monday, November 18, 2019

Why does Br2 have a higher boiling point than HBr, even though HBr is polar, and has dipole-dipole interactions that are stronger than the London dispersion forces in the non-polar Br2?

Why does Br2 have a higher boiling point than HBr, even though HBr is polar, and has dipole-dipole interactions that are stronger than the London dispersion forces in the non-polar Br2?


Why does Br2 have a higher boiling point than HBr, even though HBr is polar, and has dipole-dipole interactions that are stronger than the London dispersion forces in the non-polar Br2?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 04:56 AM PST

Does "Active Noise Cancellation" in audio products decrease ear damage by loud sounds?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 01:38 AM PST

I've always wondered whether or not those "Active Noise Cancelling" earbuds actually helped in reducing the stress exerted on ears by earbuds/over-the-ear headphones. I know that using these headphones allows a user to enjoy audio at a lower volume (because the desired audio is not competing with the ambient), but does the anti-noise also contribute to hearing damage wrought by audio hardware?

Also, on a separate note, can these "Anti Noise" frequencies be effective in a speaker format for a room or larger area?

Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/apoz11
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Why Is Epinephrine Used With Lidocaine In Local Anesthesia Rather Than Norepinephrine?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 08:18 AM PST

Maybe I'm just not understanding how the adrenergic receptors work. From what I read, beta-1 receptors are dominant in the heart, while beta-2 are dominant in vascular smooth muscle. Epinephrine works on both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, while norepinephrine only works on beta-2 (edit: actually beta ONE). I have two questions about this:

  1. When someone is given, say, epinephrine, how would you be sure that it binds to the correct receptors (in this case, beta-1)?
  2. I know epi is used in conjunction with anesthetics to cause vasoconstriction of the blood vessels, thus limiting the systemic spread of anesthetic. But how does this make sense? If epinephrine works on both receptors, and there are more beta-2 receptors in vascular smooth muscle, wouldn't the epinephrine cause vasoDILATION?

Just insanely confused about this. Maybe my info is wrong, or maybe I'm not understanding how chemicals actually bind at the synapses.

submitted by /u/lift_fit
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How does naloxone (Narcan) work so quickly?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 07:55 AM PST

Anecdotally, people who've used naloxone on someone who has overdosed on an opiate say that it wakes the patient up immediately. The same thing was a plot point on [Insert Spoiler Show Name] recently: [Insert Character Name] had been given an overdose of heroin, and [Somebody Else] showed up to administer naloxone (intranasally) and [Character Name] woke up.

I understand that opiate overdoses often kill by depressing respiration and perhaps heart rate, so I wonder:

How does intranasal naloxone get where it needs to be, if respiration and circulation are slowed? If respiration has stopped (but only recently), will naloxone still work? What about circulation?

submitted by /u/TwoNounsVerbing
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Why is it called the 'special' theory of relativity?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 02:21 AM PST

I realize it only applies to special cases, but what determines those cases? I have found some contradictory answers. Some say it's because gravity can be neglected, and some say it's because it only describes events that unfold in inertial frames of reference.

submitted by /u/21758102570
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Do other mammalian new born babies go through night feedings like human babies?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 04:45 AM PST

Or eat every few hours, or is it just humans?

submitted by /u/jangooni
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What makes an element radioactive or not?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:42 AM PST

I have a general idea, that the strong force is not evenly pulling the nucleons, but what causes the different types of radioactivity?

submitted by /u/loudnon
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why did hepatitis B immunoglobulin efficacy decrease if given 12 hours after birth ?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 06:30 AM PST

so, according to WHO, all babies that born from mother with positive hepatitis B antigen, should be given hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in 12 hours after birth. why did it have to be administered in 12 hours after birth ? i read that if given more than 12 hours the efficacy will decrease, but i cant find why or how.

submitted by /u/mytouw22
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How do the brains of solitary animals compare with the brains of social animals? Are there any significant differences in how they function?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 11:53 AM PST

As the Earth rotates, is the top of a tall building going faster than something on the surface? If so, does this need to be accounted for when building a tall structure?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 07:19 PM PST

Does the movement of plates have any effect on the axial tilt of Earth?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 05:00 PM PST

Since the continental and oceanic plates are constantly moving across the Earth's surface, does their movement have any effect on the rotational axis of the planet? If not, what can affect the rotational axis, and can this change over time?

submitted by /u/the_shrinch
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If oysters and other bivalves are filter feeders, how are they not full of the more harmful pollutants that are present in many water sources, and how does this influence our consumption of them? Do they only absorb nitrogen?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 06:56 PM PST

Does Flash Really Damage Paintings? If So, How?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 10:47 AM PST

Photons are massless so how do they affect paintings.

submitted by /u/pediepew
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Do animals (such as snakes) that swallow their prey whole face any danger from their prey bursting from inside them?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 08:26 AM PST

I saw a video on a subreddit of a fish swallowing another fish (about the same size as him) whole. Is that predator in any danger of its pray killing it from the inside?

submitted by /u/Pjk125
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Why aren't astronomers seeing these asteroids?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 10:09 AM PST

We are always seeing on the news that some random space rock has passed closer to the Earth than our own moon, why are we only finding out about this as or after it happens. What is stopping scientists from seeing them ahead of time?

submitted by /u/Da_Time_Traveler
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Do high frequency waves interact more than low?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 08:41 PM PST

I've been reading that one of the largest hurdles in 5G distribution is that due to the high frequency the signal has a hard time navigating through walls, trees, people etc.

My understanding is that the higher the frequency in this situation, the higher rate of interaction with it's environment; however, I can't reconcile this with my understanding of the waves at the further extremes of the spectrum, x-rays, gamma, and the like, which need inches, potentially feet, of lead housing to handle.

Thinking about how the Earth's atmosphere seems to attenuate the high frequency radiations it makes sense that they in fact do interact more, but why then do we see the seemingly opposite effect with the necessity of lead boxes?

I don't understand the seeming duality.

submitted by /u/One-Lung
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How does the krebs cycle, electron transport chain, anaerobic and aerobic respiration work in both heavily technical and simple words?

Posted: 18 Nov 2019 03:11 AM PST

Why do lights become stretched and distorted when we squint our eyes?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 07:02 PM PST

Which isotopes commonly produced in nuclear accidents or bombs are primarily alpha emitters?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 06:51 PM PST

I've been reading about the most common isotopes released at Chernobyl, and have so far only seen mention of gamma and beta decay. What isotopes would be prominent alpha emitters, and would these tend to also give off significant beta/gamma?

submitted by /u/ppitm
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Are there any animals that consciously farm food similarly to humans?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 06:16 AM PST

Why is no electric car producer considering a drop-in battery?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 11:14 AM PST

Not sure if this got ask before, but with all the discussion about battery loading time, why don't we create a battery that can be pulled out of the car and exchanged for another one easily?

submitted by /u/pdsbecks
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What is this new way to measure gravity?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 10:46 AM PST

Found this article:
https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/scientists-find-new-way-to-measure-gravity

I'm having difficulty figuring out what it is about wave-particle duality they are measuring. What exactly are they measuring? How precisely? How big of a deal is this?

(Explanations up to anything short of actual GR equations welcome. Undergrad level?)

submitted by /u/martixy
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Why is strange matter supposedly infectious?

Posted: 17 Nov 2019 05:55 PM PST

From what I can understand, there's no evidence that strange matter exists or even could exist, so where do scientists get the hypothesis that if it did exist, it could infect regular matter and turn it all into strange matter? And why is it specifically strange quarks that supposedly have this property; why not charm matter, or top or bottom matter instead?

submitted by /u/nilpotentOperator
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