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Sunday, November 3, 2019

What is the base of a mountain?

What is the base of a mountain?


What is the base of a mountain?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 11:34 AM PDT

The Wikipedia article on mountains says the following:

  1. "The highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest"
  2. "The bases of mountain islands are below sea level [...] Mauna Kea [...] is the world's tallest mountain..."
  3. "The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars..."

What is the base of a mountain and where is it? Are the bases of all mountains level at 0m? What about Mauna Kea? What is the equivalent level for mountains on other planets and on moons? What do you call the region or volume between the base and peak?

submitted by /u/miscalibrated
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How does general anesthesia render you unconscious?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 11:06 PM PDT

I've been trying to find an answer to this question but the explanations online range from "nobody knows" to "quantum vibrations in microtubules" and none of it seems to make much sense. What does the anesthetic actually do in the brain to affect consciousness?

submitted by /u/throwaway673246
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When Ice Melts Does It Increase The Water Level?

Posted: 03 Nov 2019 02:52 AM PST

I'm curious. If an iceberg (fresh water) melts does the level of the body of water its in (salt water) rise at all? Basically what I mean is since part of an iceberg is above the water line shouldn't more volume be added to the surrounding water as it melts or is the volume of water it displaces going to be exactly the same? Also for example let's say I take a half submerged ball in a kiddy pool and I press down on it. The water rises correct?

submitted by /u/Erick726
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Why is it (presumably) more efficient to make orbital adjustments at apogee and perigee then another points in an orbit?

Posted: 03 Nov 2019 03:14 AM PST

I read something somewhere that implied this. Can anyone explain the science?

submitted by /u/perryurban
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How are the compositions of Asteroids determined?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 04:03 PM PDT

I know a little about asteroids, like how we use "spectography" in order to say what an asteroid is made of.

I'm curious how this process actually works. How does seeing the color and wavelength let us determine what the asteroid is made of? Also, isn't this essentially just telling us what is on the outside? How could we know what is inside the asteroid? Surely an asteroid is not simply a homogeneous mass of the same mineral.

submitted by /u/genericQuery
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How does the brain tell the heart to beat?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 11:14 PM PDT

I just saw a clip on r/medizzy where a heart is shocked back into the correct rhythm during surgery. My question is, how does the heart know to beat? I know that the brain controls all of this but how is that info sent to the heart? I would guess that nerves might have something to do with it but I am the farthest thing from a doctor (industrial refrigeration operator) so searching google gives me explanations that I cannot comprehend at all. I hope the question is understandable because I'm having a hard time explaining what I don't know.

submitted by /u/Drugslikeme
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Could particle interactions generate very weak, microscopic gravitational waves?

Posted: 03 Nov 2019 01:55 AM PDT

Obviously we'd have no way of detecting them since we can only just detect large scale gravitational waves. However, is it possible that insanely small gravitational waves are constantly generated all around us from particles passing eachother, etc?

submitted by /u/prestigeworldwyd
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Do tall people have more vertebrae? Or just longer bones?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 04:29 PM PDT

How do tablets get dispersed into our body?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 06:25 PM PDT

So tablets that require oral ingestion. We swallow, they hit our stomach and dissolve and go into the blood stream but actually how? Surely our stomach acid would melt everything down before it can be useful especially in such tiny pills etc so how does it actually work?

submitted by /u/ajperry1995
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If the universe is infinite, does it still qualify as a closed system with regards to the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 03:26 PM PDT

I haven't heard anything about this so I assume the answer is yes. Once we knew there wouldn't be a Big Crunch, everything I've read says there will eventually be a heat death.

submitted by /u/Nanite77
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What exactly happens when a dvd is microwaved?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 01:29 PM PDT

Why does biological matter make good fertilizer?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 12:09 PM PDT

Now hear me out. I'm not stupid. I really love learning and I know that when biological matter, like feces, breaks down, it releases alot of chemicals and elements that are good for plants. I also know that most, if not all, life on Earth need these chemicals and stuff to survive.

My question is why? Why are these chemicals released by our waste and why are they so good for plants and things?

Basically, I know they need them, but I don't quite understand the exact reasoning.

submitted by /u/Classy_Maggot
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Why do weather reports use relative humidity instead of absolute humidity?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 07:21 AM PDT

100% humidity on a hot summer day feels clammy and unpleasant. 100% humidity on a cold winter morning is fine - the air is saturated, but because it's cold it can't hold much moisture. So why not report the absolute amount of moisture in the air? This is what people already understand humidity to mean.

submitted by /u/indistrait
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Why do animal cells die without oxygen?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 12:52 PM PDT

Do immune cells circulate in and out of the brain?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 12:25 PM PDT

Do immune cells circulate in and out of the brain? Or, do they only cross the blood-brain barrier during an injury? I've been looking around for an answer but can't seem to find one.

submitted by /u/ubt1082
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Why does 2nd harmonic (1st overtone) spike when a piano is played while the 5th harmonic spike (4th overtone) when a guitar is played?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 08:10 AM PDT

I was watching a video about why instruments sound different when in the video it was mentioned that the 2nd harmonic spikes when a piano is played while the 5th harmonic spikes when a guitar is played. It was never said why this is and I wondered if my fellow science loving redditors could figure out why.

submitted by /u/isakmybrother
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What is the difference between sound level and sound intensity?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 09:42 AM PDT

How did every planet become so perfectly round?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 09:14 AM PDT

How often does acid rain occur?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 03:08 PM PDT

How do Space Probes travel differently?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 06:43 AM PDT

What is the mechanism behind Space Probes like Voyager 1 being sent to fly-by the planets and off out into interstellar, compared with probes with Cassini which are meant to be captured in a planet's orbit to study that specific planet?

Are they sent at different velocities or are they sent on a trajectory closer to the planet in order to be captured by its gravity?

Apologies for the inane questions.

submitted by /u/burningmuscles
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Why do some people develop reactive arthritis after infection?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 02:08 PM PDT

Some people will have an autoimmune reactive arthritis triggered by certain infections. Why are some people prone to this autoimmune reaction while most are not? Are these individuals also prone to other types of autoimmune diseases?

submitted by /u/Desperate4answers1
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What happens to artificial sweetners after we ingest them?

Posted: 02 Nov 2019 01:38 AM PDT

Regular sugars can be broken down into glucose for example and participate in many metabolic processes in the body which yield energy or it can be stored as fat or glycogen, but manufacturers of artificial sweetners boast that their product is "zero calorie." Does this mean that artificial sweetners are simply never absorbed into the bloodstream? How physiologically or chemically can an artifical sweetener avoid winding up as a potentially unhealthy product like LDL, TAG or glycogen?

submitted by /u/lolwtftheyrealltaken
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Saturday, November 2, 2019

Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?

Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?


Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:40 PM PDT

From my research it doesn't seem like it's a renewable resource, at least not at the rate we use it? Aren't we going to run out of it at some point?

submitted by /u/Del_Phoenix
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Combustion requires heat, oxigen and fuel. With that said, could I put out a fire if I threw fuel, lets say gasoline, that is cold enough?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:16 PM PDT

When an object absorbs a liquid, is energy lost?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:36 PM PDT

Take a towel for instance. When it absorbs water it moves mass but doesn't appear to generate heat. It also seems to be completely reversible, i.e. you can squeeze the towel enough and have a puddle of water and a dry towel.

submitted by /u/WallyReflector
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Is it ok to harvest wind energy?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:24 PM PDT

If Saharan dust feeds the Amazon plants, I imagine convection currents play a huge role in ecosystems. Is it ok to harvest this energy?

submitted by /u/dilbas
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Does everything in the universe pull on everything else in the universe?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:46 PM PDT

My high school physics teacher told my class that we all pull on everything in the universe. Today I was curious how long it takes for gravity to travel to objects and I looked it up on google and was told that it moves at the speed of light. But I also have been told that space is expanding faster than the speed of light. So I'm wondering if it is true that everything pulls on everything else in the universe?

submitted by /u/Raptorlegend
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Are sterile neutrinos responsible for the discrepancies in Hubble constant measurements and are sterile neutrinos and heavy neutrinos the same thing?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:55 PM PDT

So I was watching PBS Space Time and neutrinos was a topic and the presenter Matt O'Dowd said that physicists have only discovered left handed neutrinos and right handed antineutrinos. Since neutrinos have an incredibly tiny mass compared to other particles, does this mean that sterile neutrinos, which are the opposite of normal neutrinos, are the same thing as heavy neutrinos as they're opposite so the opposite of a tiny mass particle is a heavy mass particle. Also, I also learnt that the value of the Hubble constant has conflicting data taken from 3 different sources, each being the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the afterglow of the Big Bang, Type 1a Supernovae, when a white dwarf takes matter from a larger star that it in a binary pair with it until it explodes, and Quasars, black holes with extremely bright accretion disks. He said that this shows that, if all the results are taken properly, this shows that the Cosmological Constant is increasing over time. He also said in another video that the cause of this could be unknown physics such as a fast moving particle such as sterile neutrinos. In a third video, he says that if more neutrinos exist, such as the sterile neutrinos, then it's evidence that the early universe would've expanded faster than current observational data assumes. So does this mean that sterile neutrinos are the answer to this discrepancy and if not then what is?

submitted by /u/MetaPyro
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Is there a connection between PPP and schizophrenia in women? How do therapists determine which diagnosis is correct for a specific woman?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 03:51 PM PDT

Basically women tend to develop schizophrenia later than men, in their mid to late 20s. This is also around the time that a lot of women start their family's. How do therapists determine if it is PPP (postpartum psychosis) or schizophrenia (or something else)? Plenty of women with PPD (postpartum depression) don't get diagnosis or treatment until quite a while after they have given birth so I don't think the time frame of the illness is necessarily a reliable indicator of which the woman is suffering from.

Do you think there is a lot of misdiagnosis? How does treatment vary between the two illnesses? If the PPP is resistant to therapy does the diagnosis get changed to schizophrenia? Also if a woman has a history of schizophrenia in her family is she more prone to PPP?

Have any official studies been conducted into this, and if not what is your opinion?

submitted by /u/LokixCaptainAmerica
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Can you harvest the spin energy of an object? Can objects be spun up in 0 gravity to serve as batteries?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 10:35 AM PDT

An object that is in motion stays in motion right, so if you were to spin a huge object really fast, and then use a machine to harvest that rotational momentum when energy is needed, could you not spin up an object in space and leave it spinning for as long as you want until you're ready to use its energy? Could spinning objects serve as simple batteries? Is it viable to harvest energy from a spinning object?

I posted this yesterday BTW and got 0 replies. AskScience is dying I think, or maybe just over-moderated. I'd be open to suggestions to alternative boards.

submitted by /u/pupskip
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The universe is expanding, but is it measurable within the scope of a single galaxy?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 06:34 PM PDT

So from my understanding, the universe is expanding, and the rate of expansion is increasing. Are we able to observe this expansion on the scale of a single galaxy? Like, is the space in between the stars in the milky way observably expanding? Or is it only visible at a much larger scale? Thanks.

submitted by /u/Dankeygoon
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If two black holes colliding can create gravitational waves, can smashing two objects on Earth create smaller waves?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:21 AM PDT

Does a single photon propagate as if it were a thin shell of an expanding sphere? Or as a vector with a single direction?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:20 AM PDT

Does an increase in Carbon Dioxide levels cause a decrease in cognitive ability directly or is it because of the subsequent drop in Oxygen levels?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:49 AM PDT

I watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Nh_vxpycEA&t=285s by Tom Scott on how 'stale air' which was marked by an increase in CO2 levels caused certain health problems in individuals. Is this directly because of the Carbon Dioxide molecules themselves, or is it because an increase in CO2 levels implies a decrease in O2 levels?

submitted by /u/Quezoo
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With the advancement of science, technology, medicine, and shelter, humans are living longer. Is this the same for household pets?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:31 AM PDT

I'm assuming their food is getting better too along with medicine. For example a Great Danes life expectancy is 8-10 years. Has that risen over time / will rise in the future?

submitted by /u/moon_d0g
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What, scientifically, makes hills suboptimal locations for farming?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 02:41 PM PDT

When I read about history, it seems clear that hills are not very good for farming compared to flat land. Especially in Europe, hills and mountains seem to be reserved for tribes or poor populations who were not wealthy or powerful enough to occupy better farmable land for themselves.

I tried searching on Google about what exactly makes uneven land so bad for farming, but all I found were articles about modern hill farming and terrace farms, none of which really answers what I want to know.

So in short, what physical characteristics of hills makes them bad for farming crops? Does this apply to all crops, or just the most profitable types? Does it have to do with uneven sunlight, bad soil, rocks, water flow...?

submitted by /u/Bouncing_Cloud
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How do scientists account for differences in time when analyzing the interaction between celestial bodies?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:53 AM PDT

When a scientist looks through a telescope, no matter what type it is, they aren't seeing a current snapshot of anything. The light from the objects that are observed are arriving at different times depending on how far away the object is. Since these objects are all out of sync, how do astronomers and cosmologists make predictions about how the objects are interacting with each other when its impossible to view them together in the same time? How do they account for this when making predictions about things like gravitational influence, etc.?

submitted by /u/dmelt253
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Why VX nerve gas poisoning Is treated with atropine?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 03:17 PM PDT

I red that nerve gas poisoning is treated with pralidoxime, diazepam and atropine subministration. Wasn't atropine the main active alkloid in Datura stramonium? The one that causes hallucinations, spasms and paralysis? Why would you give something that paralize to a paralized patient? How does It works?

submitted by /u/arclightshroom
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Friday, November 1, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:00 AM PDT

We are from the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR), an organization of international scientists, clinicians, and industry experts who promote basic and applied research in all aspects of biological rhythms. We are dedicated to advancing rigorous, peer-reviewed science and evidence-based policies related to sleep and circadian biology.

Daylight saving time (DST) in the USA ends this weekend and we support the campaign to permanently end DST for better health. You can read more about this in our position paper titled "Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?" that was published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms earlier this year.

Our team for today is:

  • Dr. Laura Kervezee - SRBR public outreach fellow & researcher at Leiden University, Netherlands (shift work, circadian disruption and human health)
  • Dr. Allison Brager - Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Author of Meathead: Unraveling the Athletic Brain (sleep, circadian rhythms and behavioral neuroscience)
  • Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes -Northwestern University, Illinois & Uppsala University, Sweden (sleep, circadian rhythms, metabolic disorders)
  • Dr. Louise Ince - University of Geneva, Switzerland (circadian rhythms and immune function)
  • Dr. Emily Manoogian - Salk Institute, California (circadian rhythms, time-restricted eating)
  • Dr. Celine Vetter - UC Boulder, Colorado (circadian rhythms, sleep, and chronic disease epidemiology)

You can also find us on Twitter at @SRBR_Outreach.

We will be online at 3pm ET (19 UT) on Friday November 1st to answer your questions. Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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when in colonies, how do bats use echolocation without getting confused?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:05 PM PDT

I recently visited a location in Austin, Texas in which 100,000 bats live under a bridge. I could hear all of them squeaking at the same time but was wondering how they can use their echolocation without being confused by other bats squeaks. is there a way they can find their own squeak?

It seems comparable to trying to distinguish someone's voice in a room full of people talking, but maybe echolocation works completely different. thank you :)

submitted by /u/Nathan_Inbar
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If transistors are so small (like a few atoms) then how do we build them and put all of them on a CPU?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:47 AM PDT

When millipedes walk, does their wavelength of motion depend on size/individual? Is there a benefit to shorter/longer wavelength?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 12:02 AM PDT

Hi,

I saw this post on the front page of a millipede walking and saw that it has a pretty much constant wavelength to the motion of his legs.

I was wondering why would it use that specific one? Does it depend on length or number of legs? Do all millipedes use the same wavelength?

Would using a shorter one mean walking faster?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/pando93
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How Exactly Does Prion Disease Kill?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 03:18 PM PDT

My friends and I were talking about cannibalism the other day and Kuru came up. I've looked around and haven't found anything that plainly states how exactly the disease kills. Same with Mad Cow. I know prion disease is the prion converting normal proteins into prions but why exactly is that lethal? What does that do?

submitted by /u/Wolf_Bad
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Why Einstein Rings are blue?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 11:50 PM PDT

What makes an electron or proton negatively or positively charged? What defines that?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 02:24 PM PDT

I just had science class today, and we are talking about the inner workings of atoms, and I couldn't get this question out of my head.

submitted by /u/Scythixx
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Why do you float to the surface despite when deep in the sea there is a great pressure on you?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:53 PM PDT

How did the southern United States accent come to be?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:17 PM PDT

The southern accent in the United States is very distinctive. How did it come to exist, and for that matter any of the other strong regional accents, like New York and Boston?

submitted by /u/dstarh
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Why does a standing wave appear in this rope?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:39 PM PDT

It appears not the be the Mould effect, and is different than the fountain effect. rope standing wave Especially towards the end of the video

submitted by /u/funfu
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How have fish adapted to fishing?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:51 PM PDT

Is there any evidence of selection for those who don't eat certain bait? Maybe they're more skiddish?

submitted by /u/aubman02
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Do all parts of a super fast rotating star go at the same speed?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 03:07 PM PDT

So I was just reading about a star that rotates at 25% the speed of light. That has me wondering, how does the whole star go that speed? Since stars are a "fluid" do they obey traditional fluid dynamics where the equator goes faster than the poles and that's what we're able to measure? Alternatively, due to the super strong magnetic fields, that forces the whole mass to go the same speed? Bonus: How do we measure the rotation of an object that far away?

submitted by /u/tmmtx
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Is anything described by the Schrodinger equation besides quantum mechanics?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:44 PM PDT

The wave equation shows up in a zillion different places. So does the heat equation. Try finding something that spring equations aren't useful for approximating. Same for almost everything I learned in my physics degree, with the conspicuous absence of the Schrodinger equation, but I'd expect that's just my ignorance showing. Are there any neat examples of systems outside QM that can be described by the Schrodinger equation? Or other things that can be quantized in analogous ways?


edit: I should say I'm curious about applications outside of physics, like how heat and wave equations show up in places like traffic and population dynamics and stock market modeling, and even hamiltonian dynamics aren't limited to being useful only for physical systems.

submitted by /u/t4YWqYUUgDDpShW2
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Why once I'm "locked on" to a internet signal for say a music streaming service does it continue working in an elevator, but if I try to initiate one once in, it generally doesn't work?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 11:43 AM PDT

How abrupt was the average temperature change that occurred in the younger Dryas?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:21 PM PDT

I'm finding lots of different claims on this: some say it was rather gradual and happened at a few tenths of a degree/century, other sources I've found state that the YD actually started and ended very suddenly, to a rate that is very much comparable to that of the current anthropogenic global warming (one whole degree in just a few decades).

What does the science say? Would a detailed century-to-century graph of the average temperature in that period show a gradual curve? Or would it show a sudden (almost vertical) drop, then a more or less stable period and eventually a just as sudden rise?

submitted by /u/Jesse_Mend
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[Medicine] Why do mechanically stressed podocytes have increased glucose uptake?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:15 PM PDT

I'm having a hard time explaining this line:

"In mechanically stressed podocytes, glucose uptake increased 2-fold in the LG and NG groups but increased 3-fold in the HG group."

Why does this happen? Or does further research need to be done to understand this mechanism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673689

submitted by /u/InternationalBasil
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How do engineers determine whether a major fault occurred when dealing with destroyed mechanics?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 09:36 AM PDT

If an engine, for example, is completely destroyed, what's the process to determine if it suffered a fault?

submitted by /u/ypash
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Will a fighter pilot's height decrease due to the g-force they experience?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:44 PM PDT

Does the body adapt hearing based on the environment?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 02:03 PM PDT

Say I normally listen to my TV with volume on 30. I sounds clear and not too high that it bothers. Then a storm comes and I have to turn it up to 70 to be able to barely listen. If i turned up to 70 on a quiet night, it would be uncomfortable and likely damage my audition a little bit. Is the sound of the TV damaging my hearing during the storm on 70, the same way than on a quiet night? Similar to when turning your headphones volume up caught up on traffic.

submitted by /u/Hackerdude
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(How) do scientists know specific structures of cellular organelles, such as the number of tubules in the smooth ER of a plant cell?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:07 PM PDT

We have string theory than why are we still looking for the theory of everything?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 06:15 AM PDT

Or is String Theory wrong?

submitted by /u/curioussssssssss
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Why do some minerals have multiple crystal habits?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 07:32 AM PDT

For example how can pyrite be cubic, but can also be dodecahedral and octahedral? Shouldn't it always be cubic?

submitted by /u/NebulaTrinity
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