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Saturday, November 2, 2019

Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?

Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?


Humans use titanium dioxide for so many things, what will happen when we run out of it?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:40 PM PDT

From my research it doesn't seem like it's a renewable resource, at least not at the rate we use it? Aren't we going to run out of it at some point?

submitted by /u/Del_Phoenix
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Combustion requires heat, oxigen and fuel. With that said, could I put out a fire if I threw fuel, lets say gasoline, that is cold enough?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:16 PM PDT

When an object absorbs a liquid, is energy lost?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:36 PM PDT

Take a towel for instance. When it absorbs water it moves mass but doesn't appear to generate heat. It also seems to be completely reversible, i.e. you can squeeze the towel enough and have a puddle of water and a dry towel.

submitted by /u/WallyReflector
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Is it ok to harvest wind energy?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:24 PM PDT

If Saharan dust feeds the Amazon plants, I imagine convection currents play a huge role in ecosystems. Is it ok to harvest this energy?

submitted by /u/dilbas
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Does everything in the universe pull on everything else in the universe?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:46 PM PDT

My high school physics teacher told my class that we all pull on everything in the universe. Today I was curious how long it takes for gravity to travel to objects and I looked it up on google and was told that it moves at the speed of light. But I also have been told that space is expanding faster than the speed of light. So I'm wondering if it is true that everything pulls on everything else in the universe?

submitted by /u/Raptorlegend
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Are sterile neutrinos responsible for the discrepancies in Hubble constant measurements and are sterile neutrinos and heavy neutrinos the same thing?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:55 PM PDT

So I was watching PBS Space Time and neutrinos was a topic and the presenter Matt O'Dowd said that physicists have only discovered left handed neutrinos and right handed antineutrinos. Since neutrinos have an incredibly tiny mass compared to other particles, does this mean that sterile neutrinos, which are the opposite of normal neutrinos, are the same thing as heavy neutrinos as they're opposite so the opposite of a tiny mass particle is a heavy mass particle. Also, I also learnt that the value of the Hubble constant has conflicting data taken from 3 different sources, each being the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation, the afterglow of the Big Bang, Type 1a Supernovae, when a white dwarf takes matter from a larger star that it in a binary pair with it until it explodes, and Quasars, black holes with extremely bright accretion disks. He said that this shows that, if all the results are taken properly, this shows that the Cosmological Constant is increasing over time. He also said in another video that the cause of this could be unknown physics such as a fast moving particle such as sterile neutrinos. In a third video, he says that if more neutrinos exist, such as the sterile neutrinos, then it's evidence that the early universe would've expanded faster than current observational data assumes. So does this mean that sterile neutrinos are the answer to this discrepancy and if not then what is?

submitted by /u/MetaPyro
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Is there a connection between PPP and schizophrenia in women? How do therapists determine which diagnosis is correct for a specific woman?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 03:51 PM PDT

Basically women tend to develop schizophrenia later than men, in their mid to late 20s. This is also around the time that a lot of women start their family's. How do therapists determine if it is PPP (postpartum psychosis) or schizophrenia (or something else)? Plenty of women with PPD (postpartum depression) don't get diagnosis or treatment until quite a while after they have given birth so I don't think the time frame of the illness is necessarily a reliable indicator of which the woman is suffering from.

Do you think there is a lot of misdiagnosis? How does treatment vary between the two illnesses? If the PPP is resistant to therapy does the diagnosis get changed to schizophrenia? Also if a woman has a history of schizophrenia in her family is she more prone to PPP?

Have any official studies been conducted into this, and if not what is your opinion?

submitted by /u/LokixCaptainAmerica
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Can you harvest the spin energy of an object? Can objects be spun up in 0 gravity to serve as batteries?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 10:35 AM PDT

An object that is in motion stays in motion right, so if you were to spin a huge object really fast, and then use a machine to harvest that rotational momentum when energy is needed, could you not spin up an object in space and leave it spinning for as long as you want until you're ready to use its energy? Could spinning objects serve as simple batteries? Is it viable to harvest energy from a spinning object?

I posted this yesterday BTW and got 0 replies. AskScience is dying I think, or maybe just over-moderated. I'd be open to suggestions to alternative boards.

submitted by /u/pupskip
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The universe is expanding, but is it measurable within the scope of a single galaxy?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 06:34 PM PDT

So from my understanding, the universe is expanding, and the rate of expansion is increasing. Are we able to observe this expansion on the scale of a single galaxy? Like, is the space in between the stars in the milky way observably expanding? Or is it only visible at a much larger scale? Thanks.

submitted by /u/Dankeygoon
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If two black holes colliding can create gravitational waves, can smashing two objects on Earth create smaller waves?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:21 AM PDT

Does a single photon propagate as if it were a thin shell of an expanding sphere? Or as a vector with a single direction?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:20 AM PDT

Does an increase in Carbon Dioxide levels cause a decrease in cognitive ability directly or is it because of the subsequent drop in Oxygen levels?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 07:49 AM PDT

I watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Nh_vxpycEA&t=285s by Tom Scott on how 'stale air' which was marked by an increase in CO2 levels caused certain health problems in individuals. Is this directly because of the Carbon Dioxide molecules themselves, or is it because an increase in CO2 levels implies a decrease in O2 levels?

submitted by /u/Quezoo
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With the advancement of science, technology, medicine, and shelter, humans are living longer. Is this the same for household pets?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 08:31 AM PDT

I'm assuming their food is getting better too along with medicine. For example a Great Danes life expectancy is 8-10 years. Has that risen over time / will rise in the future?

submitted by /u/moon_d0g
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What, scientifically, makes hills suboptimal locations for farming?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 02:41 PM PDT

When I read about history, it seems clear that hills are not very good for farming compared to flat land. Especially in Europe, hills and mountains seem to be reserved for tribes or poor populations who were not wealthy or powerful enough to occupy better farmable land for themselves.

I tried searching on Google about what exactly makes uneven land so bad for farming, but all I found were articles about modern hill farming and terrace farms, none of which really answers what I want to know.

So in short, what physical characteristics of hills makes them bad for farming crops? Does this apply to all crops, or just the most profitable types? Does it have to do with uneven sunlight, bad soil, rocks, water flow...?

submitted by /u/Bouncing_Cloud
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How do scientists account for differences in time when analyzing the interaction between celestial bodies?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 09:53 AM PDT

When a scientist looks through a telescope, no matter what type it is, they aren't seeing a current snapshot of anything. The light from the objects that are observed are arriving at different times depending on how far away the object is. Since these objects are all out of sync, how do astronomers and cosmologists make predictions about how the objects are interacting with each other when its impossible to view them together in the same time? How do they account for this when making predictions about things like gravitational influence, etc.?

submitted by /u/dmelt253
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Why VX nerve gas poisoning Is treated with atropine?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 03:17 PM PDT

I red that nerve gas poisoning is treated with pralidoxime, diazepam and atropine subministration. Wasn't atropine the main active alkloid in Datura stramonium? The one that causes hallucinations, spasms and paralysis? Why would you give something that paralize to a paralized patient? How does It works?

submitted by /u/arclightshroom
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Friday, November 1, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are researchers studying biological rhythms and we want to 'lock the clock' to permanently end daylight saving time - ask us anything!

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:00 AM PDT

We are from the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR), an organization of international scientists, clinicians, and industry experts who promote basic and applied research in all aspects of biological rhythms. We are dedicated to advancing rigorous, peer-reviewed science and evidence-based policies related to sleep and circadian biology.

Daylight saving time (DST) in the USA ends this weekend and we support the campaign to permanently end DST for better health. You can read more about this in our position paper titled "Why Should We Abolish Daylight Saving Time?" that was published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms earlier this year.

Our team for today is:

  • Dr. Laura Kervezee - SRBR public outreach fellow & researcher at Leiden University, Netherlands (shift work, circadian disruption and human health)
  • Dr. Allison Brager - Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Author of Meathead: Unraveling the Athletic Brain (sleep, circadian rhythms and behavioral neuroscience)
  • Dr. Jonathan Cedernaes -Northwestern University, Illinois & Uppsala University, Sweden (sleep, circadian rhythms, metabolic disorders)
  • Dr. Louise Ince - University of Geneva, Switzerland (circadian rhythms and immune function)
  • Dr. Emily Manoogian - Salk Institute, California (circadian rhythms, time-restricted eating)
  • Dr. Celine Vetter - UC Boulder, Colorado (circadian rhythms, sleep, and chronic disease epidemiology)

You can also find us on Twitter at @SRBR_Outreach.

We will be online at 3pm ET (19 UT) on Friday November 1st to answer your questions. Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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when in colonies, how do bats use echolocation without getting confused?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:05 PM PDT

I recently visited a location in Austin, Texas in which 100,000 bats live under a bridge. I could hear all of them squeaking at the same time but was wondering how they can use their echolocation without being confused by other bats squeaks. is there a way they can find their own squeak?

It seems comparable to trying to distinguish someone's voice in a room full of people talking, but maybe echolocation works completely different. thank you :)

submitted by /u/Nathan_Inbar
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If transistors are so small (like a few atoms) then how do we build them and put all of them on a CPU?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 04:47 AM PDT

When millipedes walk, does their wavelength of motion depend on size/individual? Is there a benefit to shorter/longer wavelength?

Posted: 01 Nov 2019 12:02 AM PDT

Hi,

I saw this post on the front page of a millipede walking and saw that it has a pretty much constant wavelength to the motion of his legs.

I was wondering why would it use that specific one? Does it depend on length or number of legs? Do all millipedes use the same wavelength?

Would using a shorter one mean walking faster?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/pando93
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How Exactly Does Prion Disease Kill?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 03:18 PM PDT

My friends and I were talking about cannibalism the other day and Kuru came up. I've looked around and haven't found anything that plainly states how exactly the disease kills. Same with Mad Cow. I know prion disease is the prion converting normal proteins into prions but why exactly is that lethal? What does that do?

submitted by /u/Wolf_Bad
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Why Einstein Rings are blue?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 11:50 PM PDT

What makes an electron or proton negatively or positively charged? What defines that?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 02:24 PM PDT

I just had science class today, and we are talking about the inner workings of atoms, and I couldn't get this question out of my head.

submitted by /u/Scythixx
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Why do you float to the surface despite when deep in the sea there is a great pressure on you?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:53 PM PDT

How did the southern United States accent come to be?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:17 PM PDT

The southern accent in the United States is very distinctive. How did it come to exist, and for that matter any of the other strong regional accents, like New York and Boston?

submitted by /u/dstarh
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Why does a standing wave appear in this rope?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:39 PM PDT

It appears not the be the Mould effect, and is different than the fountain effect. rope standing wave Especially towards the end of the video

submitted by /u/funfu
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How have fish adapted to fishing?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:51 PM PDT

Is there any evidence of selection for those who don't eat certain bait? Maybe they're more skiddish?

submitted by /u/aubman02
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Do all parts of a super fast rotating star go at the same speed?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 03:07 PM PDT

So I was just reading about a star that rotates at 25% the speed of light. That has me wondering, how does the whole star go that speed? Since stars are a "fluid" do they obey traditional fluid dynamics where the equator goes faster than the poles and that's what we're able to measure? Alternatively, due to the super strong magnetic fields, that forces the whole mass to go the same speed? Bonus: How do we measure the rotation of an object that far away?

submitted by /u/tmmtx
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Is anything described by the Schrodinger equation besides quantum mechanics?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:44 PM PDT

The wave equation shows up in a zillion different places. So does the heat equation. Try finding something that spring equations aren't useful for approximating. Same for almost everything I learned in my physics degree, with the conspicuous absence of the Schrodinger equation, but I'd expect that's just my ignorance showing. Are there any neat examples of systems outside QM that can be described by the Schrodinger equation? Or other things that can be quantized in analogous ways?


edit: I should say I'm curious about applications outside of physics, like how heat and wave equations show up in places like traffic and population dynamics and stock market modeling, and even hamiltonian dynamics aren't limited to being useful only for physical systems.

submitted by /u/t4YWqYUUgDDpShW2
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Why once I'm "locked on" to a internet signal for say a music streaming service does it continue working in an elevator, but if I try to initiate one once in, it generally doesn't work?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 11:43 AM PDT

How abrupt was the average temperature change that occurred in the younger Dryas?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:21 PM PDT

I'm finding lots of different claims on this: some say it was rather gradual and happened at a few tenths of a degree/century, other sources I've found state that the YD actually started and ended very suddenly, to a rate that is very much comparable to that of the current anthropogenic global warming (one whole degree in just a few decades).

What does the science say? Would a detailed century-to-century graph of the average temperature in that period show a gradual curve? Or would it show a sudden (almost vertical) drop, then a more or less stable period and eventually a just as sudden rise?

submitted by /u/Jesse_Mend
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[Medicine] Why do mechanically stressed podocytes have increased glucose uptake?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:15 PM PDT

I'm having a hard time explaining this line:

"In mechanically stressed podocytes, glucose uptake increased 2-fold in the LG and NG groups but increased 3-fold in the HG group."

Why does this happen? Or does further research need to be done to understand this mechanism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15673689

submitted by /u/InternationalBasil
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How do engineers determine whether a major fault occurred when dealing with destroyed mechanics?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 09:36 AM PDT

If an engine, for example, is completely destroyed, what's the process to determine if it suffered a fault?

submitted by /u/ypash
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Will a fighter pilot's height decrease due to the g-force they experience?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:44 PM PDT

Does the body adapt hearing based on the environment?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 02:03 PM PDT

Say I normally listen to my TV with volume on 30. I sounds clear and not too high that it bothers. Then a storm comes and I have to turn it up to 70 to be able to barely listen. If i turned up to 70 on a quiet night, it would be uncomfortable and likely damage my audition a little bit. Is the sound of the TV damaging my hearing during the storm on 70, the same way than on a quiet night? Similar to when turning your headphones volume up caught up on traffic.

submitted by /u/Hackerdude
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(How) do scientists know specific structures of cellular organelles, such as the number of tubules in the smooth ER of a plant cell?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 12:07 PM PDT

We have string theory than why are we still looking for the theory of everything?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 06:15 AM PDT

Or is String Theory wrong?

submitted by /u/curioussssssssss
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Why do some minerals have multiple crystal habits?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 07:32 AM PDT

For example how can pyrite be cubic, but can also be dodecahedral and octahedral? Shouldn't it always be cubic?

submitted by /u/NebulaTrinity
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Thursday, October 31, 2019

Why are some surfaces erasable after use of dry-erase (non-permanent) markers while some are not?

Why are some surfaces erasable after use of dry-erase (non-permanent) markers while some are not?


Why are some surfaces erasable after use of dry-erase (non-permanent) markers while some are not?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 01:41 AM PDT

What gives the surface of an object this quality? (Dry-erase markers being erasable from surface) Glossiness? Polarity? I am searching the internet but I can't find a certain answer

submitted by /u/pon_den
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How do tetanus vaccines (boosters) work?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 01:12 AM PDT

A vaccine causes an active immune response, which leaves behind memory cells and results in immunity. I understand the concept of getting a "booster" some time after to keep the immunity, but why do people need tetanus shots after getting a puncture wound. If the antigens are already in the body, is a response to the vaccine really going to help deal with a pathogen that has already breached the external defense? Or does the tetanus booster contain antibodies to help fight the infection?

submitted by /u/erjhgbnerbg
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Why does introducing Mg ions help prevent limescale buildup?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 05:34 AM PDT

I bought a new water filter that supposedly adds Mg ions to the filtered water. Do resin filters just remove too many ions? Is it just a gimmick?

submitted by /u/PHealthy
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In creating a nuclear missile, how much of the difficulty is due to the difficulty of refining and obtaining the U-235 needed for fission?

Posted: 31 Oct 2019 01:10 AM PDT

Were the Chernobyl operators just really unlucky in regards to the Xenon burnoff?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 07:06 PM PDT

We have all seen that tv scene, where Legasov explained what went on in the last seconds of reactor 4: The feed water was shut off, the uncooled water boiled away (increasing reactivity), the Xenon got burned off (increasing reactivity even more), and finally the insertion of the control rods let the reactor go promptly supercritical (i.e.: "boom").

My question is: Why did the Xenon get burned off in just these crucial seconds? Xenon burnoff is proportional to neutron flow, which again is proportional to reactor power. Sure, reactor power did increase in these seconds, but even if we assume a reactor power of 10 GW during these 10 seconds, the total burnoff should have been the same as would have happened, if the previous level of 200 MW had been kept for an additional 500 seconds, i.e. eight minutes.

So, did the Xenon concentration by a stroke of ridiculously bad luck sink below some important threshold just during the power excursion? Or was the Xenon poisoning's importance simply that it forced the crew do conduct their test under otherwise extremely volatile operating conditions, and its contribution to the actual accident was negligible?

submitted by /u/3-headedmonkey
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How do spiders survive inside people's homes?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 07:19 AM PDT

I just don't see how there is enough food inside a clean house vs. outdoors, yet so many spiders still set up shop inside attics, basements, and living spaces. How do they not only survive with such a lack of food available, but also seem to grow and thrive?

submitted by /u/firesatnight
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What is the difference between "Newtonian" and "isotropic" in fluid mechanics?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 08:23 PM PDT

In my intermediate fluid mechanics course, the viscous stress tensor was introduced, with associated expressions for each shear stress. I realized that, just as with solid mechanics, the viscosity could vary with direction in an anisotropic substance; however, when I asked the professor about the possibility of Newtonian anisotropic fluids, I was told that that this normally does not occur (that is, "Newtonian" implies "isotropic").

However, this does not correspond with my understanding of the two concepts. My impression is that "Newtonian" implies a viscosity that is independent of the applied shear stress (that is, not having any description of spatial dependence), while "isotropic" implies that properties are invariant regardless of the direction of travel.

Which of these is correct?

submitted by /u/Armand_du_Plessis
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Can we figure out the properties of a material just by knowing how it is atomically structured?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 05:32 AM PDT

Given the atomic structure of an element, is there a way to deduct that elements properties? Can you theoretically figure out the color, bendablity, etc. of an element just by knowing how it is atomically structured? How could this be done?

submitted by /u/Kman14070
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Why do ashlayers get saved in the geological record?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 06:53 AM PDT

Shouldn't something need to be present on the surface of the ground for a very long period of time to be shown in rock or ice layers etc?

Like even if ash was a metre thick, wouldn't it have to sit undisturbed for like 100 or 500 years or something to leave a meaningful stain. Surely if it took like 100 years though, for example, it would just be so dispersed with dirt and whatever else to be virtually invisible.

Clearly that isn't the case though, as ash layers exist. So what is happening?

submitted by /u/lostduck86
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Did the Diplodocus actually knock down trees in their search of ferns?

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 05:45 AM PDT

I was just rewatching Walking With Dinosaurs, I probably haven't seen it in 10 years, it's fascinating. But there was one part in episode 2 where they claim that the Diplodocus would knock down trees with their astonishing weight in search of the ferns that grew in between the trees in a forest. I found that absolutely incredible, and I googled it to make sure it was an accepted fact but I couldn't really find a source. Can anyone help?

submitted by /u/RedBox2
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 30 Oct 2019 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What's the benefit of the giant Magellan telescope mirror size vs the large array of smaller mirrors on the European extremely large telescope?

Posted: 29 Oct 2019 08:40 PM PDT

Do animals generally have a dominant side/preferred side like humans do with our being left or right handed, for example?

Posted: 29 Oct 2019 07:25 PM PDT

Why can't we deduce the volume of a black hole in general relativity from it's mass ?

Posted: 29 Oct 2019 08:08 PM PDT

I came across this :

The shape of a Schwarzschild black hole is that of a sphere. We might be tempted to use our ordinary intuition about geometry, and deduce the volume of a Schwarzschild black hole This is, however, not necessarily the case. It turns out that the volume of a black hole is not a well-defined notion in general relativity. The reason is that general relativity is a geometric theory of a four-dimensional spacetime, that is, three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. In order to specify a spatial volume, one has to specify a specific moment in time.
For example we can deduce Sagittarius A* Schwarzschild black hole volume from it's mass. What am i not understanding ?

submitted by /u/klyxindamind
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