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Thursday, September 19, 2019

Question from my 5 year old. Would Gatorade keep you hydrated better than water?

Question from my 5 year old. Would Gatorade keep you hydrated better than water?


Question from my 5 year old. Would Gatorade keep you hydrated better than water?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:33 PM PDT

He has older brothers and one of them explained that you can live much longer without food than water and he's been interested in this topic (for the last week at least). So I think what he is asking, when compared 1:1, water vs Gatorade, would Gatorade keep you hydrated longer than water in a situation where resources are sparse? I guess I'm also interested in the aspect of 'better'. Is there a 'better' in a situation like that? Would Gatorade keep you in better health if you had one a day in that situation? I'm guessing you wouldn't want to overdo it? Climate would play a big role I assume? In a hot climate, Gatorade would help you replenish electrolytes lost due to sweating? I would probably also assume a person of average health since my guess is certain health conditions would impact this as well.

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AskScience AMA Series: We're Janne Seppänen, Denis Bourguet, and Thomas Guillemaud here to discuss new ideas and solutions to peer review for unpublished research for part 2 of Peer Review Week, ask us anything!

Posted: 19 Sep 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Janne Seppänen (/u/JanneSeppanen): I am Janne Seppänen, founder of peerageofscience.org , once upon a time a behavioural ecologist, now also research support team lead at University of Jyväskylä Open Science Centre, Finland. Firm opinions, loosely held, about peer review, scientific publishing, role of start-up companies in that arena: ask me anything!

Denis Bourguet (/u/denisbourguet): I'm Denis Bourguet, a researcher in ecology and evolutionary biology at Inra, France, and I co-founded with Thomas Guillemaud and Benoit Facon the Peer Community in project (https://peercommunityin.org). I'm here to answer questions about how peer-review can be self organized by scientists.

Thomas Guillemaud (/u/tguille1): I'm Thomas Guillemaud, a researcher at Inra Institute, France, working in evolutionary biology. I'm also one of the Peer Community In founders with Denis Bourguet and Benoit Facon.

Janne will be online from 9 AM ET (13 UT) onwards for 5-6 hours relatively constantly, the others will stay for the furst couple of hours and then all will return tomorrow morning to answer more questions. Ask them anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Where and how is gravitational potential energy stored?

Posted: 19 Sep 2019 04:04 AM PDT

Why are physicists searching for a graviton particle when gravity is largely accepted as just just space being bent?

Posted: 19 Sep 2019 01:48 AM PDT

I saw lots of references to the theorised graviton and apparently lots of physicists are searching for ways to detect it; a graviton should exist if gravity is one of the fundamental forces, at the same time gravity is defined as just space being bent, so why is gravity classified as a fundamental force when in fact it's not a force but rather a consequence of the fact that space is being bent ? The way I understand it, gravity's force is just an illusion, space's bent and mass is falling towards the biggest object responsible for the space curvature, so why should a graviton exist in this case?

submitted by /u/anotherthrowawaykek
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Can someone explain time crystals and what they mean for the future?

Posted: 19 Sep 2019 12:13 AM PDT

In laymen's terms I understand but I'd really like more information that is hard to find.

On top of that question I would also like to know.

  1. Can time crystals exist on large scales? (Such as large enough to hold in the palm of your hand)

  2. Wouldn't the existence of time crystals break the law of conservation of energy?

  3. Doesn't time crystals existence mean the fourth dimension could theoretically be proven? Or has the fourth dimension already been proven?

I am very excited about this topic and would like to thank anyone in advance who can shed some light on this subject!

submitted by /u/DiiaxOffical
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Why do astronauts experience changes in their metabolism when they travel to outer space?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 06:03 PM PDT

Do the mantle, inner, or outer cores experience tidal effects? If not, why not? And, if so, why don't we constant volcanic eruptions?

Posted: 19 Sep 2019 05:00 AM PDT

Is it better to "push" an asteroid to alter it's trajectory, or "slam" into it?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 09:34 PM PDT

With the recent news of AIDA (Asteroid Intercept and Deflection Assessment) - I wondered... Is it more effective to slam into an asteroid at the greatest velocity+mass you can manage or would it be more effective to LAND on the asteroid and anchor rockets to it and PUSH it over time to deflect?

[https://phys.org/news/2019-09-aida-collaboration-highlights-case-planetary.html]

submitted by /u/welle417
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Is there a way to cut an equilateral triangle in such a way that every piece would be a square?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 11:36 PM PDT

This is assuming a triangle of any size and with an infinite amount of cuts available.

submitted by /u/fidofetch1
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Since all code is eventually translated into machine language, how can you get performance improvement by switching higher-level source ?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 11:08 PM PDT

Inspired by https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_(web_browser), last paragraph of the History section.

"In June 2019 Brave started testing new ad-blocking rule matching algorithm implemented in Rust that Brave claims is on average 69 times faster than the previous implementation in C++. The new algorithm is inspired by uBlock Origin and Ghostery algorithms."

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A couple universe related questions from a layman - can you explain any of these things?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 08:42 PM PDT

I might have done some thought gymnastics to come to weird ideas regarding this, so please bear with me.

If energy is finite, wouldn't the universe be finite?

If energy is infinite, wouldn't the universe be infinite?

If energy is finite, wouldn't matter be diluting as an infinite universe expands?

If the universe expands, there's more space with every single second passing. More space would require more matter, since an absolute negative pressure/vacuum isn't possible (iirc). Respectively, since "regular" matter doesn't really seem to be filling these massive voids, something else would be filling it, which (from my understanding) would be dark matter. So how does dark matter not dilute as the universe expands? If the universe was somehow generating more dark matter as it expands, wouldn't there also be a possibility that it would keep generating just as much "regular" matter?

If the universe came from nothing, and all energy can be neither created or destroyed, just changed, then the universe would contain a total energy of zero. If light, "regular" matter, etc. are considered positive energy, what is actual negative energy?

And what use is there for the universe in particles and anti-particles constantly nullifying each other everywhere, all the time?

submitted by /u/SG_Nightman
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In a spinning black hole, what's actually spinning?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:44 PM PDT

Is the singularity spinning? If so does it even matter considering it's dimensionless?

Is everything inside the event horizon spinning? Can we consider the matter that hasn't yet arrived at the singularity actually even moving in a direction that isn't directly straight to it?

I understand that a black hole has a mass but it's hard to visualizing it as actually spinning given it's basically just a value more than a physical piece of matter somewhere, or even sometime

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Can somebody explain MWI to me in layman’s terms ?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 03:50 PM PDT

I understand that an electron can be in superposition. The act of observing the electron causes the universe to be split in two where one observer sees spin up, the other spin down.

I understand the Schrödinger's cat experiment that the cat can be both alive and dead until the moment of opening the box.

What I CAN'T get my head around is how any of the quantum observations has anything to do with me or any other macro scale object in the universe. How does the superposition of an electron mean that there is a universe where I had cereal for breakfast and one where I had toast?

I thought that quantum mechanics does not interfere with classical physics?

Or is MWI simply stating that whenever two or more options is possible, all exist in some state. Does that mean everything in the universe is in superposition?

Totally lost.

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This has probably been done before but I couldn’t find it so here goes. How do earbuds get so tangled in our pockets?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 07:25 PM PDT

How is it that all computer code is not effectively "open source", since binaries can be read?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 11:17 AM PDT

Computer code is usually written in a "higher-level" language such as C and compiled into the binary machine language that computers actually understand. This machine code can presumably be read by anyone with the know-how and access to the machine running it.

If that is the case, couldn't all software be de-compiled back to a higher-level state where it could be analyzed and understood? Does this not effectively make all software "open source" regardless of whether or not the original creator releases the source as written in a higher-level language?

submitted by /u/quick_Ag
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Does a female express/pass on epigenetic changes in their germ cells?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 06:44 PM PDT

I understand that males can pass on some of their epigenetic changes through their germ cells, but I don't understand why I haven't seen something about females doing this. Is it because females are born with a complete set of eggs, whereas men continue to produce sperm? Or is it because females can already incite epigenetic changes during pregnancy? Does a female express/pass on epigenetic changes in their germ cells? If so, how? (Putting all of this in the title would be too much, so I only used the last line.)

submitted by /u/TheQuickTheFast
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What are the subatomic particles emitted from evaporating black holes and how is it that they decrease the mass of a black hole?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:06 PM PDT

Do these subatomic particles have their own mass? And as the universe approaches its heat death after only black holes exist, what happens to these particles? Do they evaporate too? My dad and I have been struggling to understand this for a while now and can't seem to figure it out. Nothing on google seems to be providing an answer either. All the articles state that this process happens and that these particles are called Hawking radiation, but nothing describes it in terms of what I've asked above.

Edit: spelling

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How did the video aspect ratios come to be?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 08:59 AM PDT

I mean specifically why did we end up on 16:9. Was it just because it looked nice? I know previous ratios were smaller, but specifically why not something like 2:1?

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Is the distance of protons, neutrons, and electrons from their nucleii, relative/proportional to the distance of planets from a sun?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 06:16 PM PDT

In other words, if you zoomed way in on an atom, would things be sized proportionately to a solar system, like a scale model? With vast distances between the tiny protons and the nucleus? (They say matter is mostly empty space).And if you zoomed out far enough, would all the quadrillions of solar systems/galaxies resemble atomic structures? Or are the distances vastly unproportional?

My uneducated guess is NO, distances between planets and their suns are far greater (I'm talking in relative terms, I'm aware that planets are bigger than atoms :p) But I also wonder if the cosmos and molecular level don't look pretty similar on vastly different scales. It would seem to make sense that the universe self-organizes itself in similar ways across the spectrum of "scale". (There should be a word for this spectrum)..I've always wondered what it would look like if you just kept zooming in further and further, smaller and smaller, beyond the atomic level, and conversely, if you just kept zooming outward and outward until the galaxies were a speck...what you would see..I'll save it for my next post, if I don't get banned for not posting this in r/Explainlikeimfive

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Do negative and positive electro magnetic charges have any distinct differences?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 12:51 PM PDT

For example, would an anti matter/negative charge version of our universe have any differences other than reverse charges? If not, does that mean an anti matter universe is indistinguishable from its matter equivalent without the other one for comparison (sorta like how you don't know what a superposition is)? If a counterpart universe is even possible on the quantum math level, like in the no cloning theorem, which would make sense if they had distinct differences because if scientists in the other universe had opposite results on the charge of their universe, then they can't be virtually identical, unless its a moment of time that's not the instant the method of discovery is used or something like that. And the same question about color charge and up-down?

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Wednesday, September 18, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We're James Heathers and Maria Kowalczuk here to discuss peer review integrity and controversies for part 1 of Peer Review Week, ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're James Heathers and Maria Kowalczuk here to discuss peer review integrity and controversies for part 1 of Peer Review Week, ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're James Heathers and Maria Kowalczuk here to discuss peer review integrity and controversies for part 1 of Peer Review Week, ask us anything!

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:00 AM PDT

James Heathers here. I study scientific error detection: if a study is incomplete, wrong ... or fake. AMA about scientific accuracy, research misconduct, retraction, etc. (http://jamesheathers.com/)

I am Maria Kowalczuk, part of the Springer Nature Research Integrity Group. We take a positive and proactive approach to preventing publication misconduct and encouraging sound and reliable research and publication practices. We assist our editors in resolving any integrity issues or publication ethics problems that may arise in our journals or books, and ensuring that we adhere to editorial best practice and best standards in peer review. I am also one of the Editors-in-Chief of Research Integrity and Peer Review journal. AMA about how publishers and journals ensure the integrity of the published record and investigate different types of allegations. (https://researchintegrityjournal.biomedcentral.com/)

Both James and Maria will be online from 9-11 am ET (13-15 UT), after that, James will check in periodically throughout the day and Maria will check in again Thursday morning from the UK. Ask them anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do blood vessels have a "preference" in where (or how) they develop?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 11:02 PM PDT

In the context of development of a person's circulatory system due to exercise (aerobic or anaerobic if the context is different): do blood vessels develop in higher frequency on the outside of muscle tissue than the inside? Are there factors that dictate the locations in which these vessels develop? In the context outside of exercise, are there factors that would drive certain organs to have better vascularity?

submitted by /u/Ipresi
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The universe is expanding at 70 (km/s)/Mps (explanation below). Is this number increasing, decreasing, constant, or we don't know?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:09 AM PDT

The expansion has been measured at about 70 km/s per megaparsec.

(So, from our perspective, objects 1 megaparsec away are going away from us at 70 km/s. And objects 2 megaparsecs away, 140 km/s. And so on).

When we say "The expansion of the universe is accelerating," we only mean that objects 1 megaparsec away (traveling 70 km/s away from us) will soon be a bit further away and so will be traveling 71 km/s away from us. And their velocity continues to increase as they travel away.

This rate of 70 (km/s)/Mps is called the Hubble "Constant." My question is: Is this rate increasing, decreasing, or constant? If our devices aren't precise enough to measure empirical evidence to answer this question, do physicists have some guess?

If this number were for some reason decreasing, and would eventually vanish, could the "big crunch" then be possible after all?

submitted by /u/DerekYeeter69420
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How Does a Forest Start or End? When and why do trees just stop growing so much?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 07:58 PM PDT

This might be a silly question, but I've never really seen a forest end or begin, aside from man-made frontiers.

Is there a shift between "forest" and "non-forest," and how/why does that transition happen?

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I recently watched One Strange Rock and Our Planet on Netflix. OSR states that diatoms produce 50% of the world O2 and OP states its phytoplankton. What actually produces 50% of the worlds oxygen?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 04:04 AM PDT

How did Ra-226 and Uranium get into mined coal?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 03:51 AM PDT

can quantum entangled particles only ever come in pairs?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 09:44 PM PDT

how many particles can be entangled together?

I only hear of binary quantum entanglement? if you can have more than just to particles entangled together: in what way would measuring one photon affect (n) entangled partners, would they all collapse to the opposite?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Does it make a difference for my eyes if I read text on a high PPI screen (black text on sepia, individual pixels aren’t visible), e-reader or printed paper?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 12:15 AM PDT

How immediate is the vacuum of space?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 07:31 PM PDT

So let's say that you are in a space craft that has a normal oxygen, nitrogen atmosphere, at a livable pressure for humans. This spacecraft is massive and each deck is like a kilometer long. If there is a hull breach on one end of the ship, and you were on the other, how long would it take to feel the explosive decompression? Would the pressure around you maintain as the air escapes or would everything in the corridor start moving at once?

submitted by /u/violinfiddleman
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How does time dilation work without a privileged reference frame?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 08:52 PM PDT

If a traveler is moving at near light speed when he comes to a stop he sees that we have aged and he hasn't. But aren't we the ones moving according to his reference frame so when we stop why isn't he the one that's aged and we haven't?

submitted by /u/betelguese1
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Is there a “size” to an electron orbital’s node?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 09:37 PM PDT

I've only taken general chemistry so my knowledge on the subject is basically zero.

So we've learned that an electron can be observed within a probability area determined by a wave function. We learn that there are "nodes" where the electron will have zero probability of being found within this area - but does it have a physically meaningful size? I'm imagining it like it was a sine graph - I can move just .0000000000000000001 (units?) away from the node where y=0, and now I have a nonzero chance of observing the electron. But is there any margin where this distance is physically insignificant and be the same as if I was still "looking at" the node? If I had the tech to look at an increasingly smaller margin just next to a node - is there a "distance limit" where I'm still having a zero chance of observing an electron?

submitted by /u/eva2121
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What gives prescription painkillers (like opioids) their antitussive affects? And does acetaminophen (the OTC pain reliever found in Advil and cough medicines) mimic this in anyway? (If not why put it in cough medicine?)

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 05:56 AM PDT

So the title says it all, basically, the knowledge I have is that opioids have antitussive effects (basically, cough suppressing effects) and I can't figure out if acetaminophen has this as well? The more important question is what gives them their effects?

P.S. why know pharmacology or psychopharmacology flair :O

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Why does soap need water to make bubbles?

Posted: 18 Sep 2019 05:10 AM PDT

What are the limitations to the velocity of a projectile fired from a railgun in space/a vacuum?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 04:57 PM PDT

Railgun projectiles fired in an atmosphere heat up and start slagging off because of the friction from the atmosphere. I have heard that there is no theoretical limit to how fast a railgun-fired projectile can be propelled, but factors like the railgun tearing itself apart from the recoil and atmosphere act as limitations. So if we built an "indestructible" railgun say, 100 kilometers long in space and fired it, would other limitations prevent the theoretical velocity of the projectile being reached? Or are there diminishing returns occuring?

submitted by /u/ilkikuinthadik
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Are people with hypertension (high blood pressure) less likely to ever faint?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 06:07 PM PDT

I understand that hypotension (low blood pressure) can cause people to faint. Does that mean people who have high blood pressure are less likely to ever faint? Or is low blood pressure not completely essential for someone to suddenly lose consciousness?

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Is all oil and natural gas from dead organisms?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 03:28 PM PDT

I ask this because only 20% of Titan's (one of Saturn's moons) has ever been mapped. But in the region alone, there is hundreds of times more oil and natural gas than is found on all of Earth. I was under the impression that oil and natural gas formed from dead organisms. So if it's found on other places in the solar system, then isn't that proof that life once lived on these planets/moons?

submitted by /u/ShingekiNoEren
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What makes those meteorites which explode in the atmosphere do so? And what is the source of the released energy when they do?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 11:21 AM PDT

All that happens is they become surrounded by the heat generated from air compression. How does a massive rock of many tons get "cooked" sufficiently in a few seconds to shatter them?

submitted by /u/Identifier_of_Idiots
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What are the structural differences between the keratin inside cysts and the keratin in hair?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 10:40 AM PDT

They both contain keratin, but the keratin from cysts is gooey while the keratin in hair is solid. How does this work? Is the keratin in cysts a shorter polypeptide?

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Does the quantum model of the atom still have electron shells and how do they work?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 05:12 PM PDT

The Bohr model has very clear electron shells which can only have a certain number of electrons each. Does this still apply to the quantum model? I've read a bit about orbitals but it doesn't make sense to me that each one could only have a certain number of electrons if the position of electrons are purely probability. What restricts the number of electrons?

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What does ear wax do for us?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 11:00 AM PDT

Psychologically, what is this called?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 02:48 PM PDT

What is called when someone Keeps following a choice even if it doesn't work?

Here's a short story: A worker had the job to dig a hole with a bulldozer but it broke down. So, he decided to fix it and spent the whole shift doing so. Although there are 3 other working bulldozers he can use, he kept following his first choice. Psychologically what is this called?

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Tuesday, September 17, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: My name is Thankful Cromartie, and I led the detection of the most massive neutron star ever (to date). Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: My name is Thankful Cromartie, and I led the detection of the most massive neutron star ever (to date). Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: My name is Thankful Cromartie, and I led the detection of the most massive neutron star ever (to date). Ask me anything!

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hey AskScience! My name is Thankful Cromartie, and I'm a graduate student at the University of Virginia Department of Astronomy and a Grote Reber Doctoral Fellow at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, VA. My research focuses on a special class of neutron stars called millisecond pulsars.

Yesterday, a paper I led along with my colleagues* in the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) collaboration was published in Nature Astronomy. It details our measurement of what is very likely the most massive neutron star ever detected. The source, called J0740+6620, weighs in at 2.14 solar masses.

In short, this result was obtained by observing a general relativistic effect called Shapiro delay in a pulsar-white dwarf binary system with the Green Bank telescope, and combining that data with five years of NANOGrav observations of the pulsar. No other neutron stars have measured masses that exceed 2 solar masses outside their 1-sigma confidence intervals, so we're really excited about this result! The main motivation behind these kinds of measurements is to constrain the very poorly understood neutron star equation of state.

The paper can be found here, and here's a more accessible summary of it that I wrote for Nature Astronomy. You can find me on twitter @HannahThankful.

I'll be answering questions between 3:00 and 5:00 pm ET (19-21 UT). Ask me anything about pulsars, using them to detect gravitational waves, the neutron star equation of state, observational radio astronomy, astrophysics grad school, or anything else you're curious about!

*I want to especially highlight my close collaborators on this work: Dr. Emmanuel Fonseca at McGill University, Dr. Paul Demorest at NRAO Socorro, and Dr. Scott Ransom at NRAO Charlottesville.

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How far back in time would a modern English speaker have to travel before not being able to understand anyone? What about other modern language speakers?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 12:05 PM PDT

So, I'm from the US and I speak English natively. While English was different here 100 years ago, I could probably understand what was being said if I were transported there. Same with 200 years ago. Maybe even 300 years.

But if I were transported to England 500 years ago, could I understand what was being said? 1000 years ago? At what point was English/Old English so distinct from Modern English that it would be incomprehensible to my ears?

How does that number compare to that of modern Spanish, or modern French, or modern Arabic, or modern Mandarin, or modern Hindi? etc.

(For this thought experiment, the time traveler can be sent anywhere on Earth. If I could understand Medieval German better than Medieval English, that counts).

Thanks!

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How does fat encourage further fat storage in the body?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 06:56 AM PDT

I've often heard this, but never found a detailed explanation of it. The only thing I know is that adipocytes disrupt the hormonal balance, but not much else.

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Is there a general relationship between the ability of an electromagnetic wave to penetrate materials and its wavelength?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 04:06 AM PDT

I'm trying to understand if there is such a relation that would explain, for example, why WiFi in 2.4GHz is said to go farther than WiFi in 5GHz.

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Is very pressurized water turned into Ice ...5,6,7... cold?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 06:34 AM PDT

Imagine you have a planet that has the same temperature everywhere as we have here on earth. For example, 15° C. The gravitational pull of planet is high enough to create a layer of Ice 7 near it's core. Would it be cold if we touched it.

I understand that changes in pressure can cause changes in temperature. But is it possible to physically achieve a state of Ice 7 without change in temperature if we had ideal conditions? How?

I am not very good at physics, sorry for any inaccuracies.

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Are ant trail pheromones directional? If so, how does this work?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 03:12 PM PDT

So my understanding had been that ants find their way back and forth from food using pheromones. Today, a question occurred to me: Do the ants have a way of detecting which direction is homeward and which direction the food is along that trail? If so, how exactly does this work?

I can imagine a few possibilities. The first is that the pheromone starts weak and gets stronger (or starts strong and gets weaker). The second is that a series of three or more pheromones are used in a sequence: ABCABCABC and CBACBACBA are distinct; the first contains AB, BC, and CA, while the second contains none of these (and vice versa with CB, BA, AC), so by reading as few as two signals, the direction can be determined. I felt slightly clever to think of the second possibility, so if this method is used anywhere, I would be curious to hear about it.

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How much insulin is stored in the pancreas VS. made on-demand?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 05:53 AM PDT

When it's time to jump into action, does the pancreas just release stored insulin or does it kick into gear and make it as it's needed?

I'd it's a mix of both, what would you say the ratio is? What percentage is made as needed VS. released from storage?

If it's released from storage, how long does it take to recover the depleted supply?

Thanks!

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How do we know that the Ice on other planets consists of H2O?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 02:18 AM PDT

Watching another run of the mill "Colonize Mars" videos and I heard what I've heard hundreds of times before about there being ice underneath the surface. I remember hearing the same about there being ice on the Moon and even Pluto.

I never thought about it before, but how are we sure the frozen liquid we've found is H2O and will be useful in colonization or terraforming? Aren't there many other kinds of frozen liquids this could be?

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When did arachnids get their simple eyes?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 05:32 AM PDT

So, as far as I know a vast majority of arthropods have compound eyes, but that's not the case for arachnids, as they not only have simple eyes, but also have different number of these eyes. Are there any known transitional forms of these animals?

submitted by /u/mrCore2Man
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Is there a “cold” type of fire?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 05:45 PM PDT

I was just wondering if there is a certain chemical or substance that burns at room temperature, kind of like how a human hand can melt mercury, but with fire.

submitted by /u/nbryce
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Do animals need to learn how to move their eyes, or is this a skill that every animal is born with?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 04:51 AM PDT

For instance when moving your eyes around to look at or track certain objects it feels so fluent without even having to think about it. Could it be that this skill is something that every young creature needs to learn before it is able to properly use it (like walking for babies) or is it something that you just know how to do from the moment you are born, like breathing.

Maybe some animals are even better at controlling their eye movement and have much more precision than others?

submitted by /u/Raph0404
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How does orbital resonance really work? What causes them and why are some unstable?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 11:58 AM PDT

Reaction between table salt + plain water + superglue?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 06:13 PM PDT

Hello and good day. I watched a video on how to remove superglue where the demonstrator applied a drop of superglue (not sure the brand) between his thumb and index finger and let the fingers stick together.

After that he poured a teaspoon of table salt onto the affected area. Then he immersed the fingers in a bowl of plain water, rubbed the fingers, and the superglue seems to be solidified and fell off from his fingers.

Can someone explain the reactions between those 3? Many thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/RoundPanda92
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How do crab species that change shells know if a new shell is the proper size for them or not?

Posted: 17 Sep 2019 01:36 AM PDT

Why are some vaccines administered IM and some administered in the fat? What happens if an IM vaccine goes into the fat, or vice versa?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 11:29 AM PDT

Why is it unsafe to use a jumpstart battery to power something?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 12:33 PM PDT

Recently needed a portable battery supply to power my amateur radio. I looked into jumpstart battery devices which run at 12V, have a built-in charger and are much more compact than a car battery.

The user manual for such a device specifically excludes use to power something.

Why?

Example: https://www.jaycar.com.au/medias/sys_master/images/9298890129438/MB3757-manualMain.pdf

Quote:

Can I use the Jumper Clamps or Starter Port to power other things?

No, this should not be done. The Jumper Clamp port and clamps should only be used to jump-start vehicle with a minimum of 3 lights lit for the state of charge/capacity. Other uses such as powering other electronics through this port will ruin the device and could cause personal property damage, explosion or fire.

Not sure if this is Physics or Chemistry, tried to set flair for both, but failed.

submitted by /u/vk6flab
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In the northern hemisphere at the most northern point, during the summer it is daylight for almost 24/7. So would the stoma of a plant be open for all that time? Or would it have to close at some point?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 05:03 PM PDT

What causes a sore throat?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 09:00 AM PDT

I currently have a really sore throat, a precursor to my daughter's cold I've apparently caught.

For me it's the worst stage of a cold and it got me wondering what it is that makes it so uncomfortable.

I've tried Googling but the only answers are unhelpful articles stating "a sore throat is caused by a cold virus" etc. But how? What is it about a virus (or bacterial infection) that causes your throat to hurt so much?

submitted by /u/bunneeboo
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I was reading an article (link enclosed) which discusses the problem with the Hubble constant. Why there are discrepencies in calculating the value of the Hubble constant? And what is the importance of it?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 10:14 AM PDT

It's a Quanta magazine article:
https://www.quantamagazine.org/cosmologists-debate-how-fast-the-universe-is-expanding-20190808/

And why it is so important to find out how fast exactly the Universe is expanding?

submitted by /u/ombx
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Could I hypothetically install a video game onto my RAM and would that be the quickest way to play?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 06:52 PM PDT

I'm looking at making a new PC and I'm sitting on getting 32gb RAM, and I just thought about it - is it essentially an SSD, is it quicker than that, would it even work?

I don't really get how RAM works, how I understand it, it's empty on start-up and pre-loads information that is most likely to be needed next in the process?

submitted by /u/buggermetrumpwins
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Why are metals found in veins/lodes rather than all mixed together?

Posted: 16 Sep 2019 05:16 AM PDT

Liquid magma erupts from the mantle to become crust. Why isn't the crust well-mixed? Why are veins of precious metals, rare earths, actinides, etc, found in specific locations?

If these veins are actually remnants of meteorites, which are remnants of supernovae, same question. Why would they clump together by element (or by series) out of energetically churned plasma?

submitted by /u/fuubar1969
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