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Thursday, September 12, 2019

Does a fully charged cell phone have enough charge to start a car?

Does a fully charged cell phone have enough charge to start a car?


Does a fully charged cell phone have enough charge to start a car?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 08:11 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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What is the orientation of the Earth on a galactic scale?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 01:34 AM PDT

Most classic depictions of the Earth in space show it in a North up orientation revolving counterclockwise around the sun, assuming the sun is also revolving counterclockwise around the center of the galaxy is this north up orientation accurate? I'm wondering because most pictures I see of the Milky Way from Earth shows it cutting across the sky at a bit of an angle.

submitted by /u/DanFntastic
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How did ancient humans get sodium?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 06:55 AM PDT

Humans need ~2000mg of sodium each day. These days that's easy to get because of table salt and because salt is added to most foods but how did ancient humans who ate plants and meat found In nature got any sodium?

submitted by /u/Tromster
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Do electrons actually move around the nucleus?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 04:35 AM PDT

What does it mean for an electron to have a "probability cloud"? I understand that's the probability of finding it at every point in space, but does he move? just appears ad disappears? Is it just a mathematical cloud of probabilities that collapses when measured? Or does the electron just moves around the nucleus in some way that we don't understand yet?

submitted by /u/Aradarbel10
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What happens to the CsCl lattice as it decays to BaCl2?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 07:06 AM PDT

CsCl is used as a radiological gamma ray source for various applications. Cesium beta decays to Barium, but the two have different crystal structures. The radioactive salts are contained in a vacuum sealed tube.

CsCl has an 8-coordinate "interpenetrating" primitive cubic structure (below ~450C), while BaCl2 can either have an 8-coordinate cubic Fluorite or 9-coordinate orthogonal structure.

Additionally, Barium would need to pull a second chloride from somewhere to stabilize its charge.

Assuming you have a large lattice of these CsCl salts, as the Cesium begins to decay, does the entire crystal structure fall apart due to the crystal structure change and charge imbalance?

submitted by /u/THE_BIGGEST_RAMY
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Theoretically, if you had a chunk of dark matter and put it on Earth, what would it look like?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 03:32 AM PDT

Would it have a certain colour? Would it reflect light like a mirror? From my extremely limited knowledge, I think that dark matter is able to bend light due to its gravitational field. Does this mean that its ability to bend light depends on its mass? Using what we know so far, what would give the best visualisation of what dark matter looks like to the naked eye (which then poses the question, would we be able to see dark matter with the naked eye)?

submitted by /u/Peeping_Cat
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Do post-lead elements retain their unstable-ness even after forming compounds? If so, why?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 04:09 AM PDT

Hi, title really says it all. I tried searching online for an answer but I'm taking my GCSEs next year, and so far my teacher hasn't gone through anything about it as far as I could recall. Could I request that the answer and reasoning be simplified for me to understand? Thanks!

submitted by /u/ZephyrFlewAway
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How does/would time dilation effect hunger or the need to eat?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 09:42 PM PDT

So I was reading on Wikipedia about intergalactic travel and noticed it would take millions of earth years to travel to Andromeda.

However they stated that due to time dilation for passengers on the ship (if it were going light speed) it would only be a few decades.

So my question is probably really stupid but how would this effect the humans on board? Would they need to store enough food to last them for the decades it would "feel" to them, or would they actually need millions of years worth of food?

With zero knowledge on this stuff I'm guessing they would only need decades worth but then again if it's only that time seems to go by faster does that mean it actually does in reality?

Sorry if this is just a dumb question but I was just wondering. Thank you all!

submitted by /u/Risenzealot
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What is the neurochemical system involved with awareness or presence of mind?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 06:16 AM PDT

There's a neurochemical pathway involved with dopamine for the reward system, etc. But I haven't found any research involving physical manifestation of the pathway for mindfulness, etc. Which might provide information about how to exercise that pathway.

submitted by /u/BYRDMAN25
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What is happening on a molecular level in our lungs/heart/muscles etc when we improve our fitness or cardio endurance?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 05:05 AM PDT

Is it true that the brain develops new neural pathways for developing habits and skills (positive or negative)? So your brain is configured by what activities you do regularly?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 04:49 AM PDT

Most animals have relatively short childhoods and adolescences, lasting together at a few years at most. At what point in human evolution did we begin to have relatively longer childhoods and adolescences? What drivers were in place that necessitated this change in our life cycle?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 12:12 AM PDT

Why is it that when you dig a hole and put some water in it it disappears, but it doesn’t do the same with ponds?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 11:24 AM PDT

Does cognitive ability such as memory, processing decline as we age?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 02:56 AM PDT

I'm almost 30, and I've noticed my memory and mental math abilities are not what they use to be. I work in accounting and when I first started seven years ago, I could see a number like $244,891.33 and instantly memorize it as I minimize the window and open up some other application. Now, this is not the case. I'm also a lot slower at doing mental math. When I was in high school, I could answer in my head something like 84*32 rather quickly. Now it takes me much longer to figure something like that in my head if I even can at all.

I've tried googling and have not found any real answers. I'm wondering if this kind of cognitive decline is related to age, or if there are other possible factors.

edit: I'm not asking for personal medical advice, just stating the facts that made me consider this question. I know I am not the only who has experienced and am interested in hearing if there is any research in this area.

submitted by /u/spacejunk444
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I just watched a documentary that said that it took tyrranosaurus 18 years to become fully grown, how do we know that?

Posted: 12 Sep 2019 02:23 AM PDT

Since radio waves and visible light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation what happens to a radio wave when it passes through a normal visual telescope?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 05:04 PM PDT

I'm curious what the effect that a normal visible light telescope has on radio waves or any other form of non-visible light.

If there is a significant affect would that be the opposite with a microscope?

If there is an affect would that also mean that looking through a telescope/microscope changes the amount radiation direct exposure you could receive from radio or other electromagnetic rays?

I googled it and it seems no one has asked this before and the only results show me how large radio telescopes work.

submitted by /u/vangsvatnet
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At what point do we consider a single species to have split into two, separate species? How come species with common ancestors can't just reproduce normally?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 06:55 PM PDT

Also, any good links to papers or videos that explain this in depth would be appreciated! I'm having a hard time finding anything myself.

submitted by /u/AVerySaxyIndividual
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Does water in the atmosphere automatically indicate a strong magnetosphere when observing exo-planets?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 10:27 PM PDT

Just came across the exciting conclusion reached by the University of Montreal's observations surrounding K2-18b showing an atmospheric water signature. Given the planet's proximity to the red dwarf it occurs to me that the stellar wind would probably be brutal. Does the water discovery show that a strong magnetosphere is likely? Could water in the atmosphere be realistically expected without one? KIs there another method for ascertaining exoplanetary magnetic properties that I'm not thinking of?

submitted by /u/haydaldinho
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Can you get cancer if you eat cancer tissue of an animal?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 10:04 AM PDT

Why isn’t Kwashiorkor seen in more anorexia patients?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 11:54 AM PDT

As someone who's battled with anorexia for five+ years and has done some pretty deep dives into the medical and science of it, I'm surprised/confused that more people who suffer from it don't exhibit Kwashiorkor. Is there a reason for that?

submitted by /u/made-of-bees
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Carbon nanotubes: just carbon? Parallel tubes? Bond lengths?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 09:00 PM PDT

Hey y'all. Purely out of curiosity, these are my questions about carbon nanotubes:

  1. Are they made strictly out of carbon? I've seen an image of the weblike tube of bonded...cyclohexane rings I think. Is it just carbon, or are there strictly single bonds to, say, hydrogen radially outward from the axis of the tube?
  2. Or maybe carbon nanotubes are made together in parallel, and instead of something like hydrogen, they bond to a similar carbon in the next tube over. Is that how these are made, or are carbon nanotubes by and large singular?
  3. How long are the C-C bonds anyway? I want to do some geometry to calculate on my own how big the cross section is of a carbon nanotube.
submitted by /u/DatBoi_BP
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How does the genomic test Oncotype DX work?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 04:22 PM PDT

I get the uses of it for prognostics and the recurrence score associated with it, but I wish to understand the molecular biology behind it.

submitted by /u/acailips
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Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Do all caterpillars turn in to butterflies?

Do all caterpillars turn in to butterflies?


Do all caterpillars turn in to butterflies?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 03:20 PM PDT

Why bad HDMI connection causes pink lines on a screen?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 01:47 AM PDT

So when you use a bad/broken HDMI cable there are sometimes pink lines or some colour get replaced by pink flicker. Why is that? (from a technical standpoint)

submitted by /u/t0bn
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Why is precipitate hardening preferred to work hardening for the strengthening of aluminium?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 12:07 AM PDT

Does continental drift affect tunnels and bridges?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 01:12 PM PDT

Hi,

I just saw in r/worldnews about a potential bridge between Northern Ireland and Scotland.

This made me wonder if continental drift would eventually affect this, which made me wonder if the same thing could happen to the channel tunnel.

Could anyone help me with this?

submitted by /u/rocketpeace1
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We take out salt from the sea water by evaporating the water,which leaves salt and other substances behind,so the steam that goes in the atmosphere is relatively clean,Then why dont people solve the water crisis just like that?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 01:06 AM PDT

Does atom exists inside of a blackhole?

Posted: 11 Sep 2019 12:28 AM PDT

I'm trying to imagine what it would look like if I somehow could take a spoon of things from inside blackhole (I know, not ever possible?). Is it possible to separate them (whatever I've found inside) from their collapsed state? Let me rephrase that, suppose we could run experiments with blackhole material with some super fictional machine. What sort of experiments we could run with this machine?

submitted by /u/pussyonachainsaw
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What would the shadow of a black hole look like; a perfect sphere, blobby, or something different?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 08:08 PM PDT

What could we do to teraform Venus to allow life to exist on the surface?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 11:49 PM PDT

We often hear about theories of varying levels of craziness for how to restore Mars' atmosphere to make it habitable. What are some theories to strip the atmosphere from our sister planet to make it more hospitable to life?

submitted by /u/Jimmy-TheFox
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Why do we need a CMOS battery on the motherboard when we have permanent storage solutions like hard drives or SSDs?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 12:54 PM PDT

Why do younger main sequence stars tend to be bigger? Is there a mathematical function that relates the temperature of a main sequence star with its (approximate) radius?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 09:15 PM PDT

How can a place like San Diego maintain nearly the same temperature all year round?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 08:19 PM PDT

I always hear people talking about the weather out in San Diego, La Jolla was the specific place we spoke of. All this time I figured it still got hot in the summer but was simply more moderate in the winter. I searched the monthly weather averages and it fluctuates between a low of the 60's in the winter and mid 70's in the dead of summer. How is this possible?

submitted by /u/ChipBailerjr
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In polling, and other surveys, how can such small sample sizes be accurately extrapolated to a whole population?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 08:31 AM PDT

This example on the front page has a sample size of n=1,680 and the authors extrapolate the survey results to a population of 327 million (the current approximate population of the US). The surveyors/pollsters are only collecting data from 0.00005% of the country, how can meaningful results be extracted from such a small relative sample size?

submitted by /u/belortik
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If there is so much dark matter, shouldn't it form objects?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 11:37 AM PDT

IIRC over 80% of all matter is dark matter. Shouldn't there be objects mostly or completly consisting of dark matter or even dark matter solar systems and galaxies?

submitted by /u/Mognakor
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Why is it easy to either completely close or open our eyelids, but takes effort to keep them half-open?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 03:15 PM PDT

If the control of our eyelids was performed simply by a set of muscles, why would there be any difference in effort required to maintain the position?

submitted by /u/theYogiB
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What is the difference between temperature and pressure?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 12:24 PM PDT

As I understand them, in a gas temperature is related to the kinetic energy its atoms and pressure is how hard those atoms hit their container. These seem to both be based on the speed of those atoms. So what I don't understand is how those two are distinguishable although I know they can and are measured separately.

submitted by /u/messierobjectm31
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Do ligaments and tendons get stronger the more you workout?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 06:48 AM PDT

How would the world change if our atmosphere were lower?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 09:20 AM PDT

I recently read something that said that atmosphere is about 300 miles away. I assume it's thick (layers so to speak) and is closer than that to a point. But what would happen if the furthest part of our atmosphere were 200 miles away? 100? 50 even?

This came from me overthinking the term "the sky fell"

submitted by /u/AndrewASFSE
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Why are there so few continental shelves?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 11:18 AM PDT

Hello everyone,

I was just wondering why there are so few continental shelf regions. On most coasts there seems to be a direct correspondence with continental plate to oceanic plate boundaries.

My idea was, that shelves that are newly formed by a sea level rise will be relatively rapidly filled up with sediments and thus "disappear". Is this actually the case or is it just a coincidence?

submitted by /u/RevertedTrain
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Is there a temperature point in ceramics when softening begins to occur?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 06:08 AM PDT

There are so many indicating points in materials science that can act as gatekeepers for processes. Some of the easiest ones are that of phase transitions, but there are so many more when you did deeper. Off hand, I know there is the Curie point, Sintering point, isoelectric point, etc.

Is there a point in the heating of materials where softening begins to occur? I realize that this is more complicated than just the words in the sentence because softening is not sintering and liquid/viscous phase sintering can appear as softening, but that's kind of what I want to see. If you heat a ceramic above it's burnout/firing temperature, it will begin to shrink, but not fail. This could be an effect of sintering. But if you keep going, I would think there is a point (like the yield point on a stress strain diagram) where properties begin to drop off exponentially. I guess this would be the point in application where people call it the "maximum use temperature" but I can't find any ASTM or DIN standard for maximum use temperature of high temperature ceramics.

Any leads would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/AgentG91
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At what speed does voltage travel? (Not current)

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 06:06 AM PDT

Suppose you'd connect a wire to the hot terminal of a battery. The wire runs all the way to the other side of world and it's resistance is neglectable.

Will there be a time delay (no matter how small) between connecting the wire to the battery and me being able to read a voltage between wire and ground at the other side of the world?

How fast does voltage travel?

submitted by /u/UnicornRider123
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Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Why do nearsighted people need a prescription and a $300 pair of glasses, while farsighted people can buy their glasses at the dollar store?

Why do nearsighted people need a prescription and a $300 pair of glasses, while farsighted people can buy their glasses at the dollar store?


Why do nearsighted people need a prescription and a $300 pair of glasses, while farsighted people can buy their glasses at the dollar store?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 05:12 AM PDT

How does a new mole start and develop?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 06:54 PM PDT

Does a new mole start out as a baby(meaning small bump/freckle like) then become bigger until it stops at its grown size? Or does it show up one day fully grown?

submitted by /u/MissApril2018
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When a nutrition label says '100mg sodium' does that equate to 100mg or ~300mg of table salt (Sodium chloride)?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 10:59 PM PDT

This is more asking what the label means by "sodium". If they do only measure the sodium amount, why is that? Do we care more about the amount of sodium ions than the total amount of salt substances?

submitted by /u/jebward
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How are medications manufactured to such precise levels?

Posted: 10 Sep 2019 02:33 AM PDT

When you see medications that include an insanely small amount of something – say 25μ grams – how do drug manufacturers measure and add such a small quantity of that substance to a single pill or dosage of liquid, like a vaccine?

submitted by /u/floppy_eardrum
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Does there exist a perfect, fundamental system of units for mass, time, length, etc. that would eliminate the need for constants?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 01:17 PM PDT

The Universal Gravitational Constant and Plank's Constant only need to exist because our calculations in physics and other fields are all done with (essentially) man-made arbitrary units of measurement that need to be adjusted inside a formula for the formula to work with our units.

It would make sense that the universe has its own fundamental units that it "uses" in its calculations and therefore has formulas without stuff like 6.673 X 10-11 in the middle of it. For instance, imagine that the universe has its own units such that F = (m1m2)/d2 without the need for the G that we use; the units would be foundational to what the universe considers "1 mass" or "1 time".

This system of measurements could shed light on some of our fundamental questions about how our universe works and why it is the way it is. Does such a system exist?

submitted by /u/MudStuffin66
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When dropping a nuclear or hydrogen bomb, does height matter? Does a longer drop cause a bigger explosion?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 07:48 AM PDT

From my basic understanding of those weapons, it's about a chain reaction that happens at the atomic level. I assume this is triggered by an impact, but it doesn't matter how hard the impact is.

In other words: I assume that no matter if the chain reaction is dropped from the sky or started in a building, the explosion would be the same.

Is that correct?

submitted by /u/palmfranz
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Why are the noble gases gases and not some other state of matter?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 08:31 PM PDT

I understand that the noble gases are unreactive because they have full valence shells. I was wondering why elements with a full valence shell tend to be a gas rather than a liquid or solid when in their pure state. Or for that matter, why the elements tend to move from solids to gases as you move from left to right across the periodic table.

submitted by /u/ChaosLocoInk
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Are there "quark orbitals" in the nucleons analogous to electron orbitals in the atom?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 04:13 PM PDT

So the main change in the quantum mechanical model of the atom as opposed to its previous visualizations is that the electrons are no longer depicted as little balls orbiting around the proton and instead as wave functions "trapped" in a spherical enclosure with a limited number of vibrational modes.

What confuses me is that every single video I've watched about quarks shows them as little marbles wiggling around. Shouldn't the same logic of confined particles being standing waves also apply to quarks?

submitted by /u/Swingfire
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How can the rock/mineral distributions seem so stark in the same mountain ranges?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 08:19 PM PDT

I could be totally off on this observation. But I am a rock climber from Salt Lake City and we have two main canyons near the city for outdoor climbing - Big Cottonwood Canyon and Little Cottonwood Canyon. The climbing in Big Cottonwood Canyon is almost exclusively on quartzite. There may be other rocks to climb on there, but I have never climbed on anything other than quartizite in that canyon. However, Little Cottonwood Canyon is about a ten minute drive from Big Cottonwood, yet it is almost exclusively granite. They're close enough that if I wanted to, I could walk over the mountains on the north side of Big Cottonwood and end up on the south side of Little Cottonwood. Yet the difference in rock composition seems so evenly distributed, with quartzite kept in Big Cottonwood and granite kept in Little Cottonwood. How is that distribution so stark and noticeable when they are so close to each other and part of the same mountain range? To add even further, I could drive 45 minutes west of these mountains and climb on completely limestone mountains in the Stansbury Mountains. It just seems odd to me that each rock seems to conglomerate into a specific canyon when the canyons are so close to each other. Hopefully this isn't a stupid question, but I was thinking about it today.

submitted by /u/Y___
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Is it possible for vaccines to spread like normal colds/flu? (Through coughing or sneezing)

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 10:35 AM PDT

Does glyphosate cause cancer?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 08:11 AM PDT

Not being a professional scientist, it is hard to evaluate the credibility of studies and articles on that subject that seems highly controversial. Wikipedia's conclusion (which generally manages to avoid propaganda) differs depending on which language you read the article in.

What is the consensus among profesionnal scientists on the question?

submitted by /u/FriddaBaffin
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Is race really relevant for a medical diagnosis?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 05:02 AM PDT

On r/AskDocs one of the required infos is "race". I've been wondering which illnesses have anything to do with race. It would make more sense to me to ask for the country that the person lives in, because then they would actually know what diseases are more widespread there etc. So is there anything I am overlooking? I really don't understand why it's supposed to be relevant info.

submitted by /u/LadyShihita
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Would a bridge made of ice get stronger as it got colder?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 03:51 AM PDT

Does the solidifying of ice strengthen as it continues to cool, does it become more brittle or is there a plateau where it can't get stronger?

submitted by /u/Dogfoodburger
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Are removing CH4 and CO2 the only ways to combat global warming?

Posted: 09 Sep 2019 04:59 AM PDT

Are there any other gases we can realistically work on? Removing water from the atmosphere can only be done by modifying the temperature, right? Adding a salt to the ocean to make it evaporate less isn't really realistic.

Are there any thoughts on making more of the earth reflective, or adding particles to the atmosphere that are somewhat possible and worth considering, or are we stuck with reducing those two gasses?

submitted by /u/DennysDindo
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