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Thursday, August 8, 2019

The cosmological constant is sometimes regarded as the worst prediction is physics... what could possibly account for the difference of 120 orders of magnitude between the predicted value and the actually observed value?

The cosmological constant is sometimes regarded as the worst prediction is physics... what could possibly account for the difference of 120 orders of magnitude between the predicted value and the actually observed value?


The cosmological constant is sometimes regarded as the worst prediction is physics... what could possibly account for the difference of 120 orders of magnitude between the predicted value and the actually observed value?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 02:59 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I am a scientist whose research could greatly increase black bean yields in Haiti - AMA!

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 04:00 AM PDT

My name is Franky Celestin - born and raised in Haiti - I will receive my master's degree this weekend from the University of Florida's Soil & Water Sciences Department.

My preliminary field work in Haiti shows the right soil management practices can increase black bean yields. (The average yield for the crop in Haiti is one of the lowest IN THE WORLD!) The next step is to conduct the research on a larger scale in Haiti beginning this fall.

I'm here at 3pm ET (19 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How we know or discern the nutriant values in the nutritional facts on foods?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Why is cancer in the colon so much more likely than in the small intestine?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 01:32 PM PDT

Does a hot object in a vacuum with an emissivity gradient self propel?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 10:29 AM PDT

Imagine a spherical object with mass existed in empty space with no other mass, with the object initially at rest. If this object has one side of it with a higher emissivity than the other side, and it is at some non zero temperature, will it self propel due to its radiation being biased to one side?

submitted by /u/easyleezy
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the meaning of the wave-vectors?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 04:56 AM PDT

I'm reading a paper by Belov, Tretyakov and Viitanen. In this paper they discuss the dispersion properties of a wave travelling through a parallel wire medium. [ https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed7a/869d4a0f71c24c7ba4ba40332259417a513d.pdf ]

In the paper they start by solving for the electric and magnetic field in this infinite periodic structure as a result of current amplitudes that has a plane wave term: I_(m,n) = I exp(-j (q_x am + q_ybn + q_z z)Then the analysis continues. As I understand it the wave modes in the medium will have the wave vector q. So far so good. They solve for a dispersion equation and at some point they add floquet mode wave vector k. I don't know what they mean by this because I assumed that the wave vector q from the dispersion equation will already be the Floquet wave vector but appartently it isn't.

I don't understand what specifically wave vector q and wave vector k represent individually. Normally with these band gap materials or in waveguide problems one has a wave vector that represents the wave vector that corresponds to the frequency: k=2*pi*f/c. And then you have a wave-vector of the geometry as a result of dispersion which can represent a slow wave. For waveguides this is k=sqrt(k_0^2 + eigen modes).

But in this material they evantually have: q^2 = k^2 - k_0^2 where k_0 is an equivalent to the plasma frequency.

So how should I go about understanding these wave vectors q and k?

This gets especially confusing since in another paper that builds on this work, they use wave vectors β , β_h, β_p, k, k_inc. And I have no clue whether in this paper k = q or β = q.

Thanks :)

submitted by /u/vgnEngineer
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Why is pelmatozoa no longer a classification of echinodermata?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 04:10 AM PDT

Does our moon have moons?

Posted: 08 Aug 2019 06:25 AM PDT

What’s the core of the moon like?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 12:26 PM PDT

Does angular velocity of an object influences the gravity it generates? If yes than how?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 12:41 PM PDT

For animals that groom themselves, do larger individuals spend more time grooming?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 02:20 PM PDT

The surface area that needs to be groomed is going to increase with the size of the individual. So it seem logical that they may need to spend more time on the task to stay clean.

For example, do large felines like tigers/lions spend more time grooming themselves than house cats due to their size?

submitted by /u/dagit
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Since we have built a "planet-sized telescope" to directly image a black hole, would it be possible to get an even higher resolution image by sending up several spacecraft equipped with the same telescopes and use the same method to create an effective size of millions of kilometers?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 06:05 PM PDT

sub question: Is there an upper limit to how large we could make a telescope using this method?

submitted by /u/Stupid_question_bot
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Can an occluded artery affect its parent-artery?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 02:14 PM PDT

Can an occluded artery cause any problems to the artery irrigating into it? Blood would attempt to flow through the occluded artery, then the clot (be a thrombus or an embolus) in that artery would stop blood from flowing, so what happens next? Will this blood be forcibly pushed back to its main artery? Does it overload[excuse my non-med background] the main irrigating artery and put it on risk of rupturing, or at least makes it deranged, consequently rupturing over time?

submitted by /u/aaqi2
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Is there voltage on the neutral wire when a circuit is closed? Current?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 03:43 PM PDT

I have a decent understanding of electricity, but a discussion with one of my coworkers today got both of us thinking.

We were discussing a neutral wire coming back from a load and going back to the main panel of the house. Obviously you need the neutral to make a complete circuit. But as I understand it, it is the load which draws amps through the circuit, and his point was that there was no current flowing on the neutral wire coming back from the load.

On one hand that makes sense, because it's the load on the circuit that's drawing the amps. And also it's called the neutral for a reason; obviously it carries no voltage when the circuit is open, but would it still read 0 volts to ground when the circuit is closed?

On the other hand, if current doesn't actually need to flow through the neutral wire in the first place, then why is it even necessary? Obviously you need a complete circuit, and I question my coworker because having no current flowing back through the neutral wire sort of makes it seem like that half of the circuit is useless; what's the point of a wire in a circuit if no current ever actually passes through that wire?

And unlike a ground wire, the neutral wire is insulted, which makes me think there's got to be current moving through it. Except that, as I understand it, all neutrals in a house actually tie back into a central ground at the main panel. So why would a neutral need to be insulted, but not the ground, when the neutral wires tie back to the ground anyways?

Basically, what the hell is the deal with electricity along the neutral wire? Is there current flowing, even if it's a minuscule amount? Is the voltage to ground on the neutral wire 0 even when the circuit is closed? I suppose it would have to be, considering that neutral's all connect back to the ground.

As I write this I get more confused. Is there any flow of electrons through the neutral wire? If not, why's it there?

submitted by /u/MaesterRigney
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Does the primordial sound exist?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 11:48 AM PDT

Reading about meditation sparked some interest in this subject. According to several reputable meditation centers, who don't care for the spiritually religious side of meditations, have stayed that the expansion of the universe makes a sound. This is referred to as the primordial sound and I would like to know if the actual scientific community has any backing to this idea this. TL;DR : Does the primordial sound spiritualists refer to exist?

submitted by /u/inamo1337
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What happens to the spectator ion in a precipitate reaction?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 08:01 AM PDT

So i'm going to try and explain it as well as i can but i might use the wrong terms and such since english isn't my first language sorry in advance

I was wondering during precipitate reactions what happens to the spectator ions. Since they do not participate in the reaction i wanted to know if they 1. Are still bonded with the other ion in the salt? 2. Regain the electrons that moved over to the other ion For example in the precipitate reaction between barium nitrate and sulfate, barium sulfate will form as a solid but what happens to the nitrate? is it still bonded with barium? Do the electrons go back to barium and bond with the sulfate?

Also as a side question what exactly is the bond between the electron and the positive ion? I know it's connected and the electron is over at the negative ion but what force is keeping them together?

submitted by /u/Stealbork98
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How do Colloids work?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 08:04 AM PDT

I understand that they are molecules that are used in mixtures to create a sort of "gelling" but is it because how they are arranged or due to specific bonds? How does its presence actually cause particles from not being able to settle?

submitted by /u/turtledick37
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Wednesday, August 7, 2019

When we take footage of the ocean floor that isn't reached by sunlight, are the lights used for filming harmful to the ocean life?

When we take footage of the ocean floor that isn't reached by sunlight, are the lights used for filming harmful to the ocean life?


When we take footage of the ocean floor that isn't reached by sunlight, are the lights used for filming harmful to the ocean life?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 05:50 PM PDT

Why are batteries arrays made with cylindrical batteries rather than square prisms so they can pack even better?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 08:38 AM PDT

When does cancer become terminal?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 02:27 AM PDT

People with cancer survive with an operation or some sort of medical treatment but when the doctor says it's terminal, when exactly does that happen and what does it mean? Is it possible to survive after the cancer has been termed as terminal?

submitted by /u/aT_1900
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Do male Lions hunt differently than female Lions?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 10:52 PM PDT

Why do shots tend to make the area around the puncture site sore?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 04:38 PM PDT

Why does pulling on the skin at the corners of your eyes blur your vision even though nothing is obstructing your field of vision?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 03:48 PM PDT

Does it have to do with thingies behind your eyes?

submitted by /u/me_llamo_jamon
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Is -5 minimal possible reduction state for an atom or a molecule?

Posted: 07 Aug 2019 12:43 AM PDT

As far as I understand, it is possible to strip a nucleus from all of its electrons and ionize it as far as to its proton number (+6 for C, +7 for N etc). My understanding is that nothing terrible will happen to the nucleus and it won't break apart or "generate" missing electrons from nothing.

But how far can you go in the opposite direction? I know it is possible to fill the outer electron shell of a nucleus, i.e. reduce boron to -5 or carbon to -4, but is it possible to go further, i.e. "wrap" an extra electron shell around a nucleus? Or at least go up to -6 or -7. Would extra electrons "fly away"? What exactly keeps electrons from leaving an anion with a full outer shell?

Edit: I guess the title should have been "for an ion"?..

submitted by /u/Momoneko
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When understanding whether a molecule is Polar or Nonpolar, does the Electronegativity value or net dipole take precedence in determining its polarity?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 11:53 PM PDT

For example BeCl2 is Nonpolar in terms of net dipole forces but its DeltaEN is 1.5 which would catagorize it as a Polar covalent bond. So is BeCl2 Polar or Nonpolar?

submitted by /u/Tunathechicken
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Roasting coffee - does it change caffeine levels?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 10:15 AM PDT

I understand that caffeine has a melting point of 455 degrees, (F) and as a coffee roaster I know that roasts don't go that far. To my mind this would mean that there should be no discernible difference in caffeine content between a light, medium or dark roast. I have also read this short paper by Juliet Han, which appears to confirm this (with a few outliers).

However! Is there any other method by which caffeine could be released from the coffee beans during the roasting process? In such a way that would make any appreciable difference between a light and a dark roast? I was thinking of things like evaporation and sublimation, but I don't know if they would apply to the roasting process.

submitted by /u/AnEnormousSquid
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Does the ionisation of an atom via the decay of a radioactive element result in an atom of a separate element becoming unstable or radioactive itself?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 10:03 AM PDT

As above: For example- Would a gamma ray released from decaying radium result in a nearby carbon atom becoming radioactive itself due to it's ionisation?

submitted by /u/MarksmanMarold
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Two balls are tied together with rope, and separated by 1 billion lightyears. What is the tension in the rope?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 04:02 AM PDT

At 1 billion ly apart, the balls would ordinarily be receding from each other at about 160,000 km/s due to cosmological expansion. If the rope is keeping them at the same distance, is it possible to calculate the rope's tension?

submitted by /u/TrainOfThought6
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Do people with Situs Inversus need similarly flipped organs for transplants?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 09:14 PM PDT

In the recent Hitman game a plot point is made about the fact that a character has Situs Inversus and has to resort to fishy activities to get a desperately needed heart transplant from another person with Situs Inversus, under the logic that a regular heart has the wrong orientation and would be useless for transplant.

My question is, do people who actually suffer from Situs Inversus in real life need organs for transplant like hearts to match the orientation of their organs? As such would they then need to get these organs from other people with Situs Inversus? Or does it matter all that much and are there ways of 'Jerryrigging' the body to accept a regularly orientated heart in this circumstance without major side effects?

submitted by /u/Khwarezm
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Tuesday, August 6, 2019

Why does putting a leaf between pages of a firmly closed book prevent the leaf from decaying?

Why does putting a leaf between pages of a firmly closed book prevent the leaf from decaying?


Why does putting a leaf between pages of a firmly closed book prevent the leaf from decaying?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 09:29 AM PDT

What actually makes something move along a concentration gradient?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 03:24 AM PDT

Is this something to do with the probabilities of particle paths, or do particles have some property which I don't know about?

submitted by /u/theaadi_
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How does NASA's rovers communicates with NASA?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 07:23 AM PDT

if skin cells are constantly regenerating, why do tattoos last forever?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 06:32 PM PDT

Does a Caterpillar keep its memories as it transitions into a butterfly?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 03:27 PM PDT

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/caterpillar-butterfly-metamorphosis-explainer/

Seeing as Caterpillars melt there whole body except for these imaginary disks, does that mean that there brain melts and transforms into a new brain?

submitted by /u/Deadus
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Why was India such a speedster ? The Indian continental plate moved at speeds of upto 15 cm/6 inches per year for 30 million years as it broke away from Gondwana and Madagascar and moved to Asia (about twice as fast as continental drift nowadays)

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 03:32 AM PDT

So, as I understand it, the magma plume that broke India up from Gondwana/Madagascar, heated up the bottom of the continental plate so that it was very thin and did not have deep roots into the lithosphere. This includes Reunion hotspot under India during the Deccan Trap volcanic period (~= end of dinosaurs)

But this paper says that it only explains 5 million years of speeding, and that dual subduction/breaking up of oceanic plate north of India is responsible

http://news.mit.edu/2015/india-drift-eurasia-0504

While as best as I can make out, Wiki says the dual subduction isn't borne out by paleomagnetic data from southern tibet.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Plate#Plate_movements https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912019300161

Is the full speeding explanation still a mystery , waiting for someone to solve it (and presumably get an award) ?

Or did I misunderstand the articles and the story ?

Or has someone actually explained it all. ?

submitted by /u/barath_s
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When a stroke or brain damage causes a person to have to re-learn language, how does the brain typically adapt? Do the damaged parts recover or do other parts of the brain take over, and how does this affect the relearning process?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 10:57 AM PDT

Why do sunscreens expire?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 06:54 AM PDT

I would like to understand if it is because of microbial contamination or if the UV-blocking agents are degraded. If the latter is the case... how? Sunscreens are light-protected in their recipients and not usually exposed to high temperatures.

Also, do sunscreens lose 100% of the effect at the expiration date, or do they just lose partial effect (e.g. 75% of effectivity after 1 year, 50% after 2 years,...)?

submitted by /u/RelaxedSquid
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What is the importance of a Black Hole in our Universe and how reasonable is this theory?

Posted: 06 Aug 2019 12:48 AM PDT

Having just stumbled upon the first ever actual photo of a Black Hole it got me thinking. I don't have any background in Science whatsoever, so forgive me if this is purely just rambling, but I find this discovery to be extremely fascinating.

Here are some things I gathered:

  1. From the Michio Kaku's CBSN interview ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hq6jkRrdDKI ) he states that the black hole is being studied in the center of the Milky Way galaxy in the Sagittarius constellation. He then explains that the moon orbits the Earth, the Earth orbits the Sun, and the Sun orbits a black hole. This makes sense, but isnt something I was ever taught in school.
  2. That basically means that anything with a higher mass is the center and other things of lesser mass will orbit around it. This tells me that, in our solar system the Sun has the highest mass. Thus the planets orbit around it, and smaller objects orbit around the planets (Gas, Moons, Comets, etc). Obviously, the difference in mass to create an "orbit" must be enormous. Jupiter, for instance, the largest planet in our solar system has the mass of 0.001 Suns.
  3. Purely bullshitting here and spewing out numbers. But theoretically lets assume for our Sun to orbit something, that something would have to hold a similar mass differential as the Sun-Jupiter size difference. Meaning our Sun (theoretically) orbits a black hole while having 0.001 of its mass.
  4. Expanding on this, is it not safe to assume that everything in the universe is put into "orbit" or rather is attracted to mass, or rather "space gravity"? By this logic, the object at center of the universe would contain the most "space pull" in that time. Earth rotates around the Sun, our Sun and everything that is tethered to it (solar system) rotates around the largest "space pull" point in our Galaxy (Sagittarius A, black hole), SagA rotates around the largest "space pull" point in a Galaxy cluster, and whatever that abysmally massive thing is (an unfathomably massive black hole perhaps?) that keeps the galaxy clusters in rotation would rotate around whatever that has the most "space pull" in the entire universe? And because everything is centered in on that one point in the universe is it not safe to say that would have created the universe?

Also another thought I had, after watching the press release where they explained that on the accretion disc there are gasses that are caught in the rotation of the black hole just outside the event horizon that are traveling so fast and in a condensed manner that they heat up extremely fast due to the friction of them hitting each other. It got me thinking, after a thousand years or maybe a couple of million, what would happen if this process continued? Wouldn't there be enough "trapped gasses" at extreme temperatures to coat the black hole that it gets completely covered by it? Wouldn't the gasses eventually overpower the black hole and starve it and could it not eventually transform itself to a big ball of extremely hot gasses, shrouding the black hole inside it much like... our Sun (Stars)?

Science is amazing, thanks for reading until the end.

tl;dr:

  1. Does the entire Universe rotate around a single entity that contains the most mass in a given "space time"?
  2. Could a black hole evolve into a Star after enough time has passed via the gasses it traps in the accretion disc?
submitted by /u/_Rust
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Why does one’s face look puffy when you first wake up?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 08:08 PM PDT

If a poor conductor of heat and a good conductor of heat of different temperatures were placed on top of each other, would the rate of heat transfer be fast or slow?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 11:33 PM PDT

If body temperature is 98.6°F, why do I feel hot in air that is significantly cooler than that?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 01:55 PM PDT

How can Sharks smell blood up to a mile away?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 02:27 PM PDT

Considering that olfactory receptors require blood in order to smell it, how is it that sharks can smell blood from a mile away? Does blood traverse quickly through saltwater, or is it a myth?

submitted by /u/LysanderTheGreat
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When Pangaea finally "broke apart", was it a sudden cataclysmic event which sundered the super-continent, or a series of small sequential changes that caused each "continent" to break off and form over a much longer period of time?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 04:24 PM PDT

Incidentally enough this question comes after watching the animated film "The Croods" wherein it seems to be implied that Pangaea breaking apart is the cause of their core strife in the climax of the film.

So I began to wonder, was the forming of our modern continents the result of a single catastrophic event wherein Pangaea split apart in multiple places, or did it break apart in segments over a much larger period of time?

submitted by /u/Big-Bad-Woulfe
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Why does milk taste fine for several weeks but then spoil all at once?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 12:40 PM PDT

Can a submarine go into space/does a spaceship need to survive ocean dephs to be spaceworthy?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 08:46 PM PDT

So women generally live longer than men. Do the females of different species generally live longer than males?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 03:35 PM PDT

How does the immortal jellyfish account for telomere shortening, is the process of transfifferentiation effective in countering this or do they still degrade normally?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 01:34 PM PDT

For people with two hearts such as conjoined twins, how does regulating heart rate and blood pressure work?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 11:49 PM PDT

They had a thing on BBC about conjoined twins where one had a bad heart and the other one had a healthy heart and essentially if they were to separate them the one with the bad heart would die. So that go me thinking, the one with the healthy heart must be helping the one with the bad heart somehow via a shared circulatory system but how would that work? How would they sync blood pressure and heart rate, shouldn't that cause problems?

submitted by /u/Cetun
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Can a fever cause heat stroke?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 11:16 PM PDT

I know that heat stroke can cause a fever but does it work the other way around?

From my knowledge, your body temperature when you have a fever is greater than 100.4 F and for a heat stroke it is at 104 F. In the case you had a fever of 104 F does this place you're able to get a heat stroke?

I know that your body is able to regulate temp by making you think your cold when you have a fever, but does this also play a role?

Thanks for the responses!

submitted by /u/Vrester
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When a solid is broken, why don't the atoms re-bond when pressed back together?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 01:27 PM PDT

Say you have a gold brick. I get that this is basically a mesh of many atoms, all of which have the same amount of protons, neutrons, etc, and that these atoms all bond with each other. Now say you split it cleanly in half. If you press it back together, what is stopping the atoms from re-bonding back to the original state?

submitted by /u/-endjamin-
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How do our brains keep track of time?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 10:01 AM PDT

I know a lot of electronic clocks keep track of time by counting the vibrations of a quartz crystal to keep track of time, but how do our brains do it? As far as I know they don't have anything like that where's it always vibrates at a constant rate,so how does our brain keep track of time so that we know consciously about how much time has passed, and also so things like our heat rate stay at a consistent pace?

submitted by /u/wabahoo_on_you
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How hot can something get just from receiving sunlight? Does it have a limit? (Think of something left in the car directly exposed to sunlight) Does it change if something is exposed to the sun in a vacuum where it can’t dissipate heat as easily?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 12:42 PM PDT

How fast does a change in pressure travel through pipe?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 08:55 AM PDT

My intuition equates sound with pressure and so it would seem that a pressure change would approximate the speed of sound. I've searched this sub and read a bit about Bernoulli's principle but I feel no more informed.

Edit: what got me thinking about this is the fact that a change in temperature or anything else about a liquid flowing through the pipe goes at whatever speed (roughly) the liquid flows. But a change in pressure is "instant". It isn't literally instant so how fast is it? Presumably it depends on the material of the pipe and the fluid but ... you get the idea.

submitted by /u/breddy
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