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Monday, August 5, 2019

How do people make gold edible?

How do people make gold edible?


How do people make gold edible?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 08:02 PM PDT

Are the melting ice caps and glaciers causing any meaningful desalination of the ocean and if so does this present a significant risk to ocean life?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 10:45 AM PDT

Genes can affect multiple traits, but can genes also affect other genes?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 09:15 PM PDT

Why is ethanol used as consumable alcohol, versus isopropyl alcohol which has less toxic metabolites?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 10:05 PM PDT

Are human fertility rates affected by population density?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 09:59 PM PDT

What’s the deepest recorded point in the ocean?

Posted: 05 Aug 2019 12:27 AM PDT

I was reading ocean themed horror stories and it got me wondering if the challenge deep of the mariana trench was the deepest point someone has been, or is there a deeper part that was recorded and not visited?

submitted by /u/ImXTooNinjaxX
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What is the usual distribution of star mass in a galaxy?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 02:29 PM PDT

I heard that M type stars are the most common stars, is there a relationship between how common a type of star is and how massive it is? Does it depend on where the star is in the galaxy? Does the mass of stars follow a normal distribution?

submitted by /u/cfaust1
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Why do anti-convulsants like lamotragine and carbamazepine act as mood stabilizers for people with bipolar?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 12:36 PM PDT

What is happening physiologically (in the lungs, alveoli, and general airway) when we cough?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 07:40 PM PDT

Why does gunpowder need the three specific ingredients of charcoal, sulfur and saltpeter? What purpose does each ingredient serve?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 04:54 PM PDT

When you rotate a glass, why does the liquid inside not rotate as much or at all compared to the glass?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 10:52 AM PDT

I've always been confused by this and needed an answer so I can show off and tell them about my new founded science wisdom.

submitted by /u/tomgelse
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How do mushroom caps (fruit) transport nutrients?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 12:20 PM PDT

I was just thinking back to my introductory biology class in university all those years ago and I remembered mushrooms were non-vascular organisms. I was wondering how they transported nutrients to the above-ground fruit? A google search revealed nutrient uptake occurs at the hyphae, but how is it transported throughout the rest of the body if they don't have vessels?

submitted by /u/SleepingSkeever
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Is it possible to create an accurate 3d scan of a magnet using its magnetic field?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 10:17 AM PDT

I read a bit about the hall effect, but didn't find any definitive answer about wether I could reconstruct my original magnetic object with it or some other means.

submitted by /u/prog_r_amer
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What colors do cobras see? Do they have that sort of heat vision like the vipers?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 01:27 PM PDT

I understand that vipers, pythons and boas have a sort of infrared/heat vision. That they mainly see blue and green. But what about cobras? Do they have this perk too? What colors do they see otherwise?

submitted by /u/ShoutAtThe_Devil
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Why do near sighted people needs to wear glasses or contacts when using VR goggles to see clearly?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 11:11 AM PDT

I find this confusing at times. The screen of the VR goggles are basically near your eyes and yet when you are near sighted you still need to put your glasses or contacts when using them in order to see clearly

submitted by /u/gwapogi5
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Question about the behaviour of particles with hypothetical spin numbers?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 12:27 PM PDT

Heyo, undergrad physics student here. Asking the question here so I don't get crucified for asking it in my own department, since it gets to the heart of some fundamental quantum first principles which I guarantee I haven't learned properly.

But we have lots of papers on how particles of hypothetical spin might behave. The most famous is the spin-2 graviton, but others like spin-1/3 particles I've also seen discussed.

My question then is about similarity. Would, for example, a spin-(1±ε)/2 particle behave more and more like a fermion as ε approaches zero (assuming it is confined to have a rational value)? Or would the behaviour likely get more exotic? For example, would a spin-50001/10000 particle be essentially a fermion?

GrantedbI don't expect such a question to be really nail-on-the-head answerable because it's so far purely hypothetical. But I'm genuinely interested to hear the response.

submitted by /u/LilamJazeefa
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Why is it that hypercomplex number sets like quaternions or octonions need to have a power of 2 dimensions?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 05:59 AM PDT

How big is an “average” supernovas explosion diameter compared to the stars diameter?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 09:33 AM PDT

I know average might be kinda arbitrary but just want to know if there's any sort of ratio between the diameters of the explosion itself and the star. I read that there's a corona that's something like 1.4 light years in diameter but that's been slowly expanding for quite a long time so it's not really an accurate representation of the explosion it's self.

submitted by /u/Diggumdum
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Which animals/organisms if any from earth could survive in space without the aid of any technology?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 03:14 AM PDT

Sunday, August 4, 2019

Are there any (currently) unsolved equations that can change the world or how we look at the universe?

Are there any (currently) unsolved equations that can change the world or how we look at the universe?


Are there any (currently) unsolved equations that can change the world or how we look at the universe?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 09:57 PM PDT

(I just put flair as physics although this question is general)

submitted by /u/ChristoFuhrer
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How was Avogadro's number derived?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 06:23 AM PDT

We know that there is 6.02x1023 atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, but how was this number came up from?

submitted by /u/Ciltan
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How can blast waves be supersonic? Aren't all longitudinal waves limited by the speed of sound in the medium?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 02:05 AM PDT

Alternative question: What determines whether a wave will be subsonic, transonic, or supersonic? What characteristics does a wave need to have to break the sound barrier?

submitted by /u/notacuckreee
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How long does it take for two celestial bodies to become tidally locked? What does the transition from being not tidally locked to being tidally locked look like?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 03:59 AM PDT

I'm wondering, specifically, if there's any "overshoot" right as tidal locking occur. Does one body simply rotate slower and slower, until it's rotation comes to a stop relative to the other body, or does it "overshoot" and reverse its direction of rotation before becoming tidally locked?

submitted by /u/IAMA_Printer_AMA
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How long does it take for glacial ice to re-form?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 10:27 PM PDT

Refer to this article, Greenland lost 11 billion tons of ice in a single day. How long will it take for this ice to form again? How long does it take for a glacier to form; and in case of an event like this where 197 billion tons of ice melted last month, will it ever come back to original proportions?

submitted by /u/LegendaryFalcon
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What is the composition of Adipose Tissue?

Posted: 04 Aug 2019 01:35 AM PDT

I'm looking for the molecular or chemical makeup of adipose tissue (not necessarily its cell bio) to determine the triglycerides degree of saturation.

To consider: when you buy a steak and you have the white fat that is either marbled in or on the side, I'm assuming it's a saturated fat purely based on its density. Is this hypothesis correct?

Can anyone give me a direction or resources to look into? Thank you!!

submitted by /u/mattdc79
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How come altitude doesn't affect dew point?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 11:43 PM PDT

Wouldn't water condense faster with low altitude higher pressure, and condense slower with high altitude lower pressure? With air pressuring the water molecules together, at sea level, wouldn't that facilitate condensation?

submitted by /u/_ohHimark
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Runaway High-Q Optical Resonator?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 08:53 AM PDT

What happens if you pump an optical resonator like a LASER, but don't let the radiation out? Like If you had a ruby laser without the semireflective mirror to let the energy out? What are the frame-by-frame details?

submitted by /u/Aoidean
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[biology] Is a strawberry runner a brand new plant?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 07:21 PM PDT

I was discussing the longevity of strawberry plants, which most sources say is 3-4 years. The person I was talking to said that, sure, each plant only bares fruit that long but they have runners to reproduce. My thinking on this, though, is that, if the runner is directly from the plant and not a germ cell (seed), then it's clock is identical to the mother plant. Or is this incorrect? Are runners brand new plants with a restarted 3-4 year life span? I've Goggled a bunch and not found the answer. Thank you for increasing my knowledge of biology!

submitted by /u/nanuq905
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When black holes collide, is there an explosion and why?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 01:17 PM PDT

Nothing can escape a black hole, yet when things collide they release energy. What happens when black holes collide?

submitted by /u/Bobbitibob
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How do medications cause you to gain or lose weight as a side effect?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 01:12 AM PDT

If you eat exactly the same on and off a medication could it make you gain or lose weight? (Not just water weight, but actual weight in the long term.) I thought weight was just the difference between calories in and calories out, so I don't understand how this happens, but I've definitely gained weight from medications.

Do these meds actually just affect appetite and make you eat more? Or does it affect your metabolism and make you burn fewer calories or something?

Finally, what stuff in medications lead to side effects that involve weight gain?

submitted by /u/orangeshade
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What method do they use to date wooden artifacts?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 03:18 AM PDT

I was wondering, can they use carbon dating, or is that just for animals that have consumed carbon-14. And is tree ring dating pretty much useless due to the fact that the wood would have been shaped (pardon the pun).

submitted by /u/erjhgbnerbg
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Saturday, August 3, 2019

When Archaeologists discover remains preserved in ice, what types of biohazard precautions are utilized?

When Archaeologists discover remains preserved in ice, what types of biohazard precautions are utilized?


When Archaeologists discover remains preserved in ice, what types of biohazard precautions are utilized?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 04:22 PM PDT

My question is mostly aimed towards the possibility of the reintroduction of some unforseen, ancient diseases.

submitted by /u/IntenseScrolling
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How does chemotrapy cause hairloss?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 09:12 PM PDT

Where did dinosaurs live?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 02:55 AM PDT

During the Jurassic stage, was Pangaea a thing or was the continents separate? And if they was where certain dinosaurs only native to selected geographical locations? Also did dinosaurs evolve like we did and is there any evidence of this?

submitted by /u/rhubardcustard99
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How is the amount of mixing quantified in a mixed quantum state?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 05:41 AM PDT

Consider a system of 3 qubits. Then the highest mixing allowed by the 2-qubit reduced density matrices is them being equal to the identity in a two-dimensional subspace.

How is the amount of mixing determined in a mixed state? I know a two-partite state is maximally mixed iff all coefficients of the convex combination of pure states are 1/n (n being the dimension of the state). But when is a non-maximally mixed mixed state more mixed than another non-maximally mixed mixed state?

How does one determine the highest mixing allowed in such a system?

submitted by /u/KindheartedFireant
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In what ways does Game Theory account for irrational actors?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 05:33 AM PDT

My understanding of Game Theory is limited, so please feel feel to correct me on any of the following logic that leads me to my question:

Game theory posits that, when acting rationally, every action in a given contest has an objectively-correct response. But how does Game Theory account for the irrational actor? Even just on a relative or "unofficial" basis?

For example: I'm facing Kasparov in chess. He knows more than me about the workings of the game, therefore I'm less capable of rational acting than he is in our contest. Game theory would posit a certain set of actions, but I'm me and he's Kasparov. He'll probably follow what GT says he would do. I might as well be playing Jenga.

Does Game Theory account for the fact that, compared to Kasparov, I am completely irrational? If so, how?

Thanks in advance!!

submitted by /u/ThrowawaysStopStalks
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Are band gaps experimentally measured or can they be predicted to a certain precision?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 02:05 AM PDT

I understand what band gaps are, how they differ for conductors, insulators, and semi-conductors, and generally why they exist, though I not have taken quantum, electrodynamics, or modern physics, so my knowledge may be incomplete.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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Why do black holes in a binary system spiral inwards instead of remaining in a stable orbit of each other?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 02:53 PM PDT

What Does Rabies Do to the Brain?

Posted: 03 Aug 2019 12:32 AM PDT

I've Google'd around but haven't found anything exceedingly clear.

Does anyone know, once the rabies virus travels from the peripheral nervous system to the brain, what it actually does there? Is this an area in which our body of knowledge is simply sparse?

I came across this article which provides some insight.

https://news.uaf.edu/research-may-reveal-how-rabies-induces-specific-behavior

Namely, it shows that the rabies glycoprotein binds to and disables nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Similar to what it does in muscles. But I'm looking for more detail on how mechanisms like this, or anything else that the rabies virus does, actually induce aggression, hydrophobia, and behavioral changes.

submitted by /u/CaliforniaHooligan
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How does the brain physically recover from traumatic events?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 09:27 AM PDT

If ice takes up more space than water, and 90% of an iceberg is underwater, why doesn't the melting of the polar icecaps lower the sea level?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 07:31 AM PDT

How are sea levels measured?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 11:10 AM PDT

In an article about the current problem of rapidly melting ice on Greenland, I read the following: "Up to half the surface of the island's ice sheet is thought to be currently melting, with runoff equivalent to a 0.5mm rise in global sea levels in July alone."
How can scientists determine that? I mean I understand that they are calculating how much ice had melted and how much that amount of water adds in top of the current sea levels, but how can we accurately determine the sea level we're starting out with?
The seas are constantly moving and under the influence of tides, storms, evaporation, rain etc. I guess scientists are averaging that out somehow, but can we even determine the circumference of the Earth to such a precise degree (fractions of millimeters)?

submitted by /u/pandaelpatron
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Do fish "breath" heavier if they have to swim fast?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 08:48 AM PDT

So we run for example we begin to breath heavy and fast as our muscle need more oxygen. Does this also happen with fish where they need to take in more water if they are escaping a predator? What about birds and reptiles? Now that I think about it I've only seen mammals breath heavy after running/moving quickly in general.

submitted by /u/TheGulpmaster
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How is the insulin transfer into the bloodstream regulated?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 10:07 AM PDT

I suppose you need to detect the sugar concentration?! But how and with which receptors? And is there some "holding back mechanism" in beta-cells or is just the insulin production reduced (by closing Glucose channels)?

submitted by /u/Spac3junkie
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What kind of metals are found on Triton?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 09:55 AM PDT

Hi /r/askscience,

I'm doing some reading on the different moons in our solar system and in the descriptions I've found of Triton it says that the surface consists of icy rock and "some metals". However, I can't seem to find any information anywhere on exactly what metals they're talking about and in what abundance the occur on the moon. Do we simply not have this information? That would make sense to me since we have sent limited probes that far out in our solar system.

What's the word on this?

submitted by /u/TheRealTrashmaster
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I've heard that babies take some time to recognize colors. After birth they are supposed to know only black and white. Is that true? If so, how does this happen?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 05:45 AM PDT

What exactly makes the sound when a lightning bolt strikes something?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 07:10 AM PDT

Also sorry in case flair is wrong. Got a tiny bit confused.

submitted by /u/FeathersofFear
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What exactly does it mean when talking about the universe being flat or curved?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 07:34 AM PDT

This is something I've never managed to get a grasp on. In laymans terms would it mean that if the universe was flat things would go on forever if you traveled in a straight line, and if it was curved you would eventually end up back at your starting point? But there's also an inverse curve or something too isn't there?

submitted by /u/Amooses
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What factors contribute to how similar siblings look?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 11:12 AM PDT

Is it mostly genetics between the mom and dad, random chance, diet, other external stimuli?

submitted by /u/WHOmagoo
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Can we identify distant planets that does not have an orbit passing between us and their star? E.g. We are looking from up/down to the system. If so, how?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 05:06 AM PDT

Friday, August 2, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA!

AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA!


AskScience AMA Series: We are bio-engineers from UCSF and UW who just unveiled the world's first wholly artificial protein for controlling cells, which we hope will one day help patients with brain injury, cancer and more. AUA!

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! We're the team of researchers behind the world's first fully synthetic protein "switch" that can control living cells. It's called LOCKR, and it's a general building block to create circuits in cells, similar to the electrical circuits that drive basically all modern electronics (Wired called this the "biological equivalent of a PID algorithm", for any ICS people out there).

Imagine this: A patient gets a traumatic head injury, causing swelling. Some inflammation is necessary for healing, but too much can cause brain damage. The typical approach today is to administer drugs to control the swelling, but there's no way to know the perfect dose and the drugs often cause inflammation to plummet so low that it impedes healing.

With LOCKR (stands for Latching Orthogonal Cage Key pRoteins), you could create "smart" cells programmed to sense inflammation and respond automatically to maintain a desired level - not too high, not too low, but enough to maximize healing without causing permanent damage. BTW, we've made the system freely available to all academics, you can access the blueprints [here].

We're here to talk about protein design, genetic engineering and synthetic biology, from present efforts to future possibilities. We'll be on at 11 AM PT (2 PM ET, 18 UT). Ask us anything!


Here are some helpful links if you want more background:

We're a team of researchers from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, and the University of Washington Medicine Institute for Protein Design (IPD).

Here's who's answering questions today:

  • Hana El-Samad - I am a control engineer by training, turned biologist and biological engineer. My research group at UCSF led the task of integrating LOCKR into living cells and building circuits with it. Follow me on Twitter @HanaScientist.
  • Bobby Langan - I am a recent graduate from the University of Washington PhD program in Biological Physics Structure, and Design where I, alongside colleagues at the IPD, developed the LOCKR system to control biological activity using de novo proteins. Follow me on Twitter @langanbiotech.
  • Andrew Ng - I am a recent graduate from the UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering. I collaborated with Bobby and the IPD to test LOCKR switches in living cells, and developed degronLOCKR as a device for building biological circuits. Follow me on Twitter @andrewng_synbio.
submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is it theoretically possible to surround the sun with solar panels and “harness” the sun?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 10:14 PM PDT

How do scientists measure the temperature when trying to get to absolute zero?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 07:09 AM PDT

Wouldn't the act of measuring the temperature produce heat and how do they get accurate enough to measure it to within a billionth of absolute zero?

submitted by /u/E72M
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Why are solar sails reflective? Wouldn't the momentum transfer from the photons to the sail better if it were matte?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 04:40 AM PDT

Maybe I don't understand momentum properly, but wouldn't the direction of the momentum be better conserved if the photons didn't bounce off the surface?

submitted by /u/Glowshroom
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How is Accutane made?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 06:58 AM PDT

Is rotating black holes' gravitational field perfectly spherical?

Posted: 02 Aug 2019 06:53 AM PDT

I recently read about the ringularity - the black hole, as it's rotating, can't have a singularity, as a single point can't rotate, so it must contain a rotating ring, which contains the mass of the black hole.

However, if the above is as I understand it, then can the black holes have a non-spherical gravitational field? If an internal structure of the black hole is a 2D like, ring-shaped object, then the left-right side of the black hole should have a tiny little more mass, hence gravity, then the top-down side of our black hole, which would create a strange, ellipsoid gravitational field.

Is the above is possible?

submitted by /u/SirButcher
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How do we know that red shifted light from distant galaxies is from expansion rather than it being an intrinsic property of light traveling a great distance?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 08:51 PM PDT

Could the red shifted light from distant galaxies actually be due to some unknown property of light when it travels great distances rather than from the universe expanding? For example, what if dark matter/energy weakly interact with the photons causing the wavelengths to shift. Perhaps we would never be able to measure this property of light at the comparatively minuscule distances we could achieve in a lab on Earth.

submitted by /u/jpennin1
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When a supersonic bullet decelerates below Mach 1 is the path of the bullet disrupted and why?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 02:12 PM PDT

Can you have two colds at once?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 08:33 AM PDT

How does NASA colorize black and white photos of Hubble?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 10:32 PM PDT

Not sure if I should ask this in the Photography subreddit but I'll try here.

So I found this video right now https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDwkDZ5dx-c and the person said there that all images from Hubble are B&W.

The way they color the image is by taking three B&W photos and then assigning them a spectrum (RGB).

What I want to know is how they assigned it to the spectrum. The person just clicked a button and I don't know how they did that specifically.

Lastly, once all the three are assigned a spectrum, how do they blend the three images together?

submitted by /u/DowntownSuccess
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How does a shockwave kill you?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 09:16 AM PDT

Hi guys, this is a bit of a morbid question but I thought here would be the best place to get an answer.

I'm unsure if I'm correct but when an explosion occurs with people in the 'blast radius' I heard main causes of death are from fragmentation and other objects which I can understand. However I have also heard that it's not the flame of the explosion that kills people it can be the shock wave. My quick question is what is the effect on the human body usually from the forces in that shockwave that is usually fatal?

submitted by /u/Phillipip
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Hubble Telescope has been producing the best space images for decades, and is still going. Is it about to become obsolete or should we make another/better version to spread the workload?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 01:24 PM PDT

If an object the size of a piece of paper were placed on the surface of the sun facing earth, obscuring that area, how big of a shadow would it make?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 01:56 PM PDT

Obviously this is assuming the object doesn't immediately evaporate from the energy of the sun.

submitted by /u/cleptilectic
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Can mixed plastics (HDPE, PLA, PP, etc.) be blended together as feedstock and remain cohesive in a product?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 07:22 PM PDT

I'm wondering if several different types of plastic could be blended and melted together to form a product that wouldn't fall apart. Or at least be useful in some other way. I'm trying to implement a recycling program, but we can't separate the various types of plastic products/packaging. Any help/ideas would be much appreciated

submitted by /u/BYRDMAN25
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Could Gravitational Time Dilation be a factor as to why we haven't found extraterrestrial life?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 06:25 PM PDT

Since Gravity essentially "slows time down" and mass (i.e. Earth) warps space and time, could this be why we haven't found extraterrestrial life on other planets?

Is it possible that civilization could be rising and falling, rising and falling, rising and falling, at such a "fast" rate relative to us that we aren't even noticing it?

Alternatively, could life be assembling at such a "slow" rate relative to us that we aren't even noticing it?

Would it mean that in order to find life elsewhere, it would have to be experiencing similar Gravitational Time Dilation relative to Earth?

submitted by /u/Nick_Writes
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What causes deathly food allergies and how can just merely touching something trigger a fatal reaction?

Posted: 01 Aug 2019 06:44 AM PDT

There are people with very severe reactions to foods like peanuts or bananas for example who go into anaphylactic shock after just coming in contact with an allergen. They break out into hives, start turning colors, their throat starts closing up, etc. So how does it work? What's going on at the cellular level to cause such a severe chain reaction? Surely there's no evolutionary benefit to dying from touching something that's entirely harmless to the vast majority of the rest of the species, so is it some sort of mutation? And are there other animals that have similar allergies, or is it just humans?

submitted by /u/Observer2594
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