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Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Does being in a caloric deficit decrease the rate at which neurological pathways are formed and/or strengthened?

Does being in a caloric deficit decrease the rate at which neurological pathways are formed and/or strengthened?


Does being in a caloric deficit decrease the rate at which neurological pathways are formed and/or strengthened?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 06:05 PM PDT

What is more important for the development of neurons under normal conditions? Macronutrients or micronutrients?

If being in a caloric/macronutrient deficit has a negative impact on neurological processes, does meeting your micronutrient requirements minimize that impact?

How does being in a caloric deficit affect the atrophy of neurons prone to atrophy?

Finally, what are the most important factors for the optimal function of neurological processes?

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Iknowbaby
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AskScience AMA Series: We are vaccination experts Dr. H Cody Meissner and Dr. Sean Palfrey, here to answer anything about vaccines with the help of the Endless Thread podcast team! AUA!

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 04:01 AM PDT

As two doctors with decades of experience working to fight infectious disease, we want to help people understand the benefits of vaccines and getting vaccinated. We're taking a brief pause from our work to answer your questions, and if you've got questions for the Endless Thread podcast team and their series on vaccines and anti-vaxxers, "Infectious," they're here with us! You can find our bios and information about the live event we're doing in Boston this Thursday, find it here.

We'll be starting at 1pm ET (17 UT), AUA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do female to male sex reassignment patients choose their penis's size? If not what defines it?

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 01:25 AM PDT

How are movie files not huge? (Assuming the following calculations)

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 03:17 AM PDT

Assuming a standard movie is 90 minutes. With a resolution of 1920 x 1080, 24 fps, and true 16.8 million colour range i come to the following conclusion:

Every pixel needs 3 values. RGB, from 0 to 255 (8 bit). So every pixel needs 24 bits. So every frame needs 1920 x 1080 x 24 bits = 49766400 bits. Times by 24 frames per second = 1194393600 bits per second. 90 minutes is 5400 seconds. 1194393600 x 5400 is 6449725440000 bits per movie. Which is 806Gb per movie. Obviously not right. How can this be compressed so much to ~1Gb per film. The only thing i can assume is that if a pixel is not going to change at all, it doesn't need to store a value for that pixel. Alternatively maybe it saves a less detailed colour range knowing it will be adequate for viewing.

I understand compression exists, but how it works to this kind of measure. Not a clue.

submitted by /u/nathanditzel
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How do the various vaccinations we get affect the gut micro-biome?

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 07:17 AM PDT

What's the reason behind lowering of immunity when a patient is diabetic?

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 07:17 AM PDT

Would spent nuclear fuel in a dry storage cask reach criticality if the neutron absorbers were removed?

Posted: 23 Jul 2019 04:13 AM PDT

As you can see in this photo Dry cask being loaded underwater spent fuel assemblies are packed very close together.

Would the spent fuel reach criticality if the neutron absorbers lining the individual baskets (separating each fuel assembly) were removed?

Or has the fuel been burnt up so much that it's not very reactive anymore, even when it's jammed together right next to another fuel assembly.

I ask this question because I was really surprised by how close they are to each other.

submitted by /u/James_New_Zealand
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What keeps the planets' core molten?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 01:05 PM PDT

As earth ages, will the core eventually freeze? What keeps it from solidifying over time?

submitted by /u/bitingpuppy
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Did the apollo astronauts breath 100% O2 during the travel to the moon?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 12:59 PM PDT

Hello all,

With the 50th anniversary of the Apollo mission a question came up. What did the Apollo astronauts breath while traveling to the moon?

I have read many places that say they had 100% O2 at 5PSI in the cabin, but this seems wrong to me. The reason I feel this is wrong is because if you are 100% O2 for that long you get O2 toxicity. based off.. the Lorrain-Smith effect and the Paul-Bert Effect.

I cant find anything about what they had during the flight to the moon. The closest I have found is that they launched with a 1:4 mix, and bleed out the capsule to pure O2 at 5psi. but again, to my knowledge the human body can not survive that.

If anyone know where I can get more concrete answers let me know.

submitted by /u/rogueengineer
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How do we know the age of a species?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 02:50 PM PDT

I've read that sharks have remained relatively unchanged for millions of years - and I suppose we can tell by looking at very old skeletons.

But then I watched Planey Eartg, and one species of larvae that also was millions of years old - this time supposedly without skeletal remains. How do we know how old a species is without looking at for example skeltons or bugs stuck in amber?

submitted by /u/ratprince1
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Flesh eating bacteria on the rise??

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 09:37 AM PDT

Not sure if this is the right flair to use Does anyone have any scientific explanation as to why this flesh eating disease (necrotizing fasciitis) is on the rise? I have heard of cases here and there over the years, but it seems like lately you hear of a new case everyday and it is seemingly on the rise. As someone who likes to spend time in the water I now feel like beaches, rivers or lakes aren't safe. Anyone have any idea?

submitted by /u/jbre11
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To what extent does the body compensate for taking a supplement (vitamin, SSRI, etc.) by producing less of that substance endogenously? (during or after supplement use)

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 09:13 AM PDT

I've been told (perhaps wrongly?) that taking an SSRI for extended periods of time might in the long run make your body produce less serotonin endogenously (perhaps just temporarily). I've also been told similar things about oil in the hair or on the skin/face (something like: removing oil or drying it a lot might make your body produce *more*, etc.).

I know the body does have a lot of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, so it makes *intuitive* sense that if it has more-than-usual of something, it might change to produce less of that thing in the future; but I don't know if such mechanisms actually exist for the kinds of things people claim. (And I know usually there are multiple mechanisms at play and it's likely more complicated than any intuitive or simple explanation).

So my question is basically: if I take, say, a daily vitamin supplement (e.g., very large dose of Vit D or Vit B12), could that have the effect of making my body produce less endogenously? If I stop taking those after a year of daily ingestion, will my body end up producing less than it was prior to supplementation? And does the same thing apply for medication like a neurotransmitter agonist or antagonist?

submitted by /u/notthatkindadoctor
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How exactly does depression cause or increase hypersomnia (Excessive Sleep) in those with the condition?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 01:38 PM PDT

I was looking to understand what about depression causes the balance to shift to encourage more hypersomnia and encourage the sleep state, specifically what physiological changes occur at the cellular level to cause this. Alternatively, I know that in some cases of depression insomnia is more prevalent so I suppose an additional question would be what determines which way the shift occurs - to encourage hypersomnia vs insomnia.

I am a physiology student and I do have some background from how sleep works on a physiological level from several courses I took in university. I understand how we have both wake and sleep centers in the brain and that particular neurotransmitters either encourage or discourage fatigue via a sleep-wake switch.

submitted by /u/Fa_Ling
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What part of your brain controls your aim while peeing?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 09:02 AM PDT

Why is fire hot?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 03:52 AM PDT

Is it the stored energy between the bonds and the "fire" is ripping the bonds apart? So then how does that work for gas. If you were burning O2 would the fire break it down to 2 Os? And if that's the case would fire be able to burn just O.

I was wondering this because I was cooking and I was wondering where all that gas went. And what it became after it was burnt. Or does it straight up become energy (the heat that you feel)

submitted by /u/chenchris01
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Do general anesthetics target a specific brain region or neuronal circuit?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 01:30 PM PDT

I understand that general anesthetics in most cases either increase GABAA activity or block NMDA channels (in the case of ketamine). But I can't find an article that talks about where they target in the CNS. Obviously, exciting inhibitory neurons in different areas leads to different effects. Do general anesthetics target specific circuits or regions, or do they affect the brain globally? In that case how do they have selective functions (ie not messing with your vitals). Please correct me, as I'm more of a cog psych person than bio.

submitted by /u/schnebly5
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How did researchers find out that we need sunlight to produce Vitamin D?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 09:31 AM PDT

The synthesis of Vitamin D requires UV rays reaching the skin, but how did researchers discover this?

submitted by /u/Purecasher
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Why does eyebrow hair grow back when shaved but yet it remains the same length for our whole lives if we don’t ever cut it? What tells the hair to stop growing?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 06:59 AM PDT

What percent of sea turtle hatchlings actually make it to the ocean?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 09:38 AM PDT

I always see videos of turtles being born and then they proceed to race to the ocean. The whole time they're under attack by a variety of predators, it seems like over half never make it to the ocean. While I'm sure the location of birth plays a role, I wonder if there's a rough percentage or explanation for how many even make it to the ocean in the first place. Its sad thinking they dash through all of those predators only to choke on a straw too. Thanks


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Will/Can a carnivore eat plants if starving?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 06:24 AM PDT

Not talking about omnivores like bears but instead strict carnivores.

Same for herbivores.

submitted by /u/redbrickservo
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Monday, July 22, 2019

Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?

Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?


Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 08:53 AM PDT

In recent decades, localization of different action and functions within specific brain regions has become more apparent. How much does this localization vary between people? I'm interested in learning more about the variance in the location as we as size of brain regions.

As a follow-up question, I would be very interested to learn what is known about variance of functional specialization in other animals as well.

submitted by /u/cellsuicide
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How do auto-focusing cameras know that they're producing a non-blurry image?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 05:54 PM PDT

How can we accurately measure happiness?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 08:10 AM PDT

Happiness is such a subjective concept that has so many facets and factors. I was recently assigned to read the world happiness report, but self-reporting and 6 macro factors don't seem like an accurate way to quantify a qualitative variable. Is it even possible to quantify happiness?

submitted by /u/mutaz500
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What causes Jupiter's Auroras?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:23 PM PDT

In many models, dark matter WIMPs are their own anti-particles. How are they expected to generate photons on annihilation if they have no coupling to the EM field?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 12:32 PM PDT

How is humidity measured?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 08:19 AM PDT

(I hope this is the proper flair).

Right now where I live, my weather app says it's 79% humidity. I know what humidity feels like and I know it has something to deal with moisture but how is it measured/converted into a percent. What would happen if 100% humidity were reached?

submitted by /u/readingboye
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How would I go about testing a rock for its composition?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:07 PM PDT

So me and my friends went camping, and found a large rock on the beach, it looks very out of place, much larger, smoother and less eroded than the other rocks around it, and it almost looks like someone has painted it. I know that its not paint because the rock is essentially in the middle of nowhere and the amount of paint it would take to cover the thing would be ridiculous, as well as it would be flaking off. I broke a small piece off, and it was really really hard, broke 3 rocks in half before getting a small chunk off of it. Out of curiosity I was wondering what its made of, would I have to send it to a spectrometer, or is there somewhere that does testing like this I can easily mail a piece to?

submitted by /u/Awimpymuffin
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Are mammals born with the same number of nerve endings as an adult? Or do new ones grow as the animal grows?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 01:36 PM PDT

What is the biggest exoplanet we know of?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 12:19 PM PDT

What exactly is happening to peoples feet when they walk barefoot and harden their soles?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:31 AM PDT

What happens in the body when it "adjusts" or "acclimates" to higher altitude?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 09:00 AM PDT

So, I've loaded up the whole fam damily and trees up into the mountains for vacation. We went from ~600ft elevation to almost 10,000 ft in two days. Needless to say, we're all a bit tingly and light headed. This was all expected. Everyone is saying, "you've just got to take it easy until you get acclimated. That got me wondering, what does the body do to acclimate itself?

submitted by /u/BigOnLogn
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Why does highway MPG decrease ~linearly with speed, when the power to overcome air drag goes up v^3?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:07 AM PDT

You'd think engine efficiency is anywhere from around 40-50 mph, but the dropoff isn't that big. It's tiny (not even linear until >70mph) compared to v3. What gives?

See: http://www.mpgforspeed.com/

https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2009/09/tested-speed-vs-fuel-economy/index.htm

submitted by /u/polandpower
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Where is the Rosetta spacecraft now?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:08 AM PDT

What happened to the Rosetta spacecraft which I believe landed on the comet it was aiming for in 2014? I think we lost communication with it but is it still on the surface of the comet? Where is the comet now?

submitted by /u/ElCapivara
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Can a microwave oven be repurposed as a Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signal jammer since they're both 2.4GHz?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:22 AM PDT

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?

Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?


Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:13 AM PDT

If I focused on my heart hard enough, could I control my heartbeat?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 08:27 AM PDT

Even though the heart is an involuntary muscle, if I sat down and thought hard enough, would it be possible to control my heartbeat? If I can't, what prevents me from learning how to do this?

EDIT: Since some people are talking about meditation, for an extreme, if I just said 'fuck this' can I give myself a heart attack or make my heart stop (I'm not suicidal and this is just a thought experiment).

submitted by /u/ScottIsTriggered
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Why is 0-14 used for the pH scale? What are the highest and lowest pH substances both in existence and theoretically possible?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:05 AM PDT

On a long enough timescale will today's dumps/landfills eventually turn into a certain kind of rock layer?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 01:28 AM PDT

If a high HRV is good, how come arrhythmia is not? What is the link between HRV and heart rate frequency then?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 06:38 AM PDT

Hi guys, I'm looking into heart rate variability and such related topics. I got from my readings that HRV is "good" when high. But doen't a high vaiability means that your heart is not beating at a constat rate? And if so isn't it arrhythmia? I'm definitly not an expert, so I apologize if I'm just totally missing a point here or misunderstanding something. If so thanks in advance for enlightning me!

submitted by /u/Nomyod
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Why did sauropsida become the dominant terrestrial clade after the P-T extinction event?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 06:33 AM PDT

Like the headline states. My question is what the theories for why sauropsids became the dominant terrestrial life form after the great dying when therapsids had been so successful previously during the permian? I can understand that there might have been more small sauropsids species but I'm sure there were several small therapsid species as well. Is it the sauropsids being ecthothermic a possible reason?

submitted by /u/SomeCynicalNihilist
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If all dogs came from wolves, how did we get so many different breeds etc?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 05:22 PM PDT

Like how do we have pugs and Aussies and all of that jazz? Might be a dumb question but I would love to know!

submitted by /u/HappyBraveBanana
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How do we know the size/age of the observable universe?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:06 PM PDT

I know the number thrown around is somewhere around 93 billion light years across and the age is 13.something billion years, but how have we determined that? Light from the edges of the observable universe shouldn't have reached us yet, so we wouldn't have been able to measure any kind of phase shift, right?

submitted by /u/bcmatt25_
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How to bombs actually cause damage?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 05:06 PM PDT

I understand there is some form of chemical reaction inside that causes the explosion but how do they cause so much damage? Bombs are so small relative to the mass destruction they can cause it just doesn't physically seem possible. I hope this question makes sense!

submitted by /u/aussieboi1
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What does it mean to have better depth perception than the others?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 04:05 AM PDT

Do you see the edges of objects better? I see the world just fine and my depth perception is not as good as other people.

submitted by /u/PoopNoise
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How is neuroelectricity generated in the brain?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 04:52 PM PDT

We know that neural signals are a kind of electric signals in the brain that fire here and there to create a conscious circuit. But where does that electricity come from?

submitted by /u/adh91
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How do pilots and astronauts prevent themselves from passing out due to extreme G-Force?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 10:39 PM PDT

How is behaviour innate? How can animals replicate behaviour that they have never observed?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 07:35 AM PDT

So, I know that some behaviour in animals is innate, I also understand why, but I don't understand how (except reflexes). Like, how do animals know mating rituals, or what to do when they see another animal, or how to hunt, or howl, etc.. And I know that there are instincts, but where do they come from? As in, what part of the brain, is it all subconscious? I'm sorry if I'm not explaining it well. I can't seem to find an answer on Google.

submitted by /u/r_l_d
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How do astronomers estimate the size of distant galaxies?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 10:09 PM PDT

What happens if the speed of sound reaches the speed of light?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:59 PM PDT

Just thought I would mention I am going into grade 12(senior) so if their is something I will learn that will answer this question in that year well then this post is useless. So I was thinking that since the speed of sound increases with the temperature( v = 331.5 m/s + 0.606m/s * T) could the speed of sound reach or break the speed of light? and if so what would happen? The temperature would have to be 494,707,026 degrees Celsius so where does that happen?

submitted by /u/COWWARS
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Since we already know that being overweight negatively impacts fertility, does today's medical understanding of age and fertility assume a normal BMI?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 09:26 PM PDT

Or do most studies look at age and fertility decline with overweight and obese women lumped in the same category as normal bmi?

submitted by /u/ayvyns
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Cancerous cells can metastasize. Can normal cells do the same thing? Why/why not?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 09:22 PM PDT

Is there a temperature at which all molecular bonds separate and only "pure" elements can exist?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 08:24 PM PDT

If so, could the resulting mixture be distilled or otherwise separated (e.g. via centrifuge) so that all pure elements could be recovered individually?

submitted by /u/SithPackAbs
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If we flip flop between glacial periods and non- glacial periods (ice ages) why then is global warming considered so dire? Wouldn't it mitigate the severity of the next ice age?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:57 PM PDT

I have been reading a lot about ice ages recently and the different hypothesis to what causes them, the massive ice sheets covering North America (2miles thick) and how devastating an Ice age would be to human population and civilisation.

Also during history when the planet warmed humans done really well. I know C02 is a catalyst to warming but is not the only factor in warming, going off history is seems like a relatively small part in a very complex equation. I know about feed back loops and climate models predicting hotter planet but the earth has been a lot hotter before will more carbon in the atmosphere yet we the planet still went into ice ages.

So are Humans this time solely responsible for this ice age ending?

Or is the planet on a natural heating cycle anyway and humans are just making it worse?

submitted by /u/I_Drink_Diarrhea
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[Biology] What animals have the longest periods of sexual maturity?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:55 PM PDT

Are there the same number of Protons as Electrons in the Universe? If so, why?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:09 PM PDT

This article (http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/CosmologyEssays/The_Standard_Cosmology.html) states that Proton creation and Electron creation after the Big Bang occurred on different schedules. As such, there would seem to be no reason for their numbers to be equal. Are they equal and, if so, why?

submitted by /u/dgm42
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How does the chemical "spicyness" in Wasabi (Allyl Isothiocyanate) work?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 04:55 AM PDT

Capsaicin, the chemical that makes chilli's spicy, simulates the heat-sensors of the tongue (as far as I know).

I was eating some sushi and got a bit too much wasabi and it felt like my nose was about to explode. How does the chemical in wasabi work and why is it more of an explosion rather than a long burn?

submitted by /u/peeawaysj
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