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Monday, July 22, 2019

Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?

Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?

Just how much does functional specialization within the brain vary across humans?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 08:53 AM PDT

In recent decades, localization of different action and functions within specific brain regions has become more apparent. How much does this localization vary between people? I'm interested in learning more about the variance in the location as we as size of brain regions.

​

As a follow-up question, I would be very interested to learn what is known about variance of functional specialization in other animals as well.

submitted by /u/cellsuicide
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How do auto-focusing cameras know that they're producing a non-blurry image?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 05:54 PM PDT

How can we accurately measure happiness?

Posted: 22 Jul 2019 08:10 AM PDT

Happiness is such a subjective concept that has so many facets and factors. I was recently assigned to read the world happiness report, but self-reporting and 6 macro factors don't seem like an accurate way to quantify a qualitative variable. Is it even possible to quantify happiness?

submitted by /u/mutaz500
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What causes Jupiter's Auroras?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:23 PM PDT

In many models, dark matter WIMPs are their own anti-particles. How are they expected to generate photons on annihilation if they have no coupling to the EM field?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 12:32 PM PDT

How is humidity measured?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 08:19 AM PDT

(I hope this is the proper flair).

Right now where I live, my weather app says it's 79% humidity. I know what humidity feels like and I know it has something to deal with moisture but how is it measured/converted into a percent. What would happen if 100% humidity were reached?

submitted by /u/readingboye
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How would I go about testing a rock for its composition?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:07 PM PDT

So me and my friends went camping, and found a large rock on the beach, it looks very out of place, much larger, smoother and less eroded than the other rocks around it, and it almost looks like someone has painted it. I know that its not paint because the rock is essentially in the middle of nowhere and the amount of paint it would take to cover the thing would be ridiculous, as well as it would be flaking off. I broke a small piece off, and it was really really hard, broke 3 rocks in half before getting a small chunk off of it. Out of curiosity I was wondering what its made of, would I have to send it to a spectrometer, or is there somewhere that does testing like this I can easily mail a piece to?

submitted by /u/Awimpymuffin
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Are mammals born with the same number of nerve endings as an adult? Or do new ones grow as the animal grows?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 01:36 PM PDT

What is the biggest exoplanet we know of?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 12:19 PM PDT

What exactly is happening to peoples feet when they walk barefoot and harden their soles?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:31 AM PDT

What happens in the body when it "adjusts" or "acclimates" to higher altitude?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 09:00 AM PDT

So, I've loaded up the whole fam damily and trees up into the mountains for vacation. We went from ~600ft elevation to almost 10,000 ft in two days. Needless to say, we're all a bit tingly and light headed. This was all expected. Everyone is saying, "you've just got to take it easy until you get acclimated. That got me wondering, what does the body do to acclimate itself?

submitted by /u/BigOnLogn
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Why does highway MPG decrease ~linearly with speed, when the power to overcome air drag goes up v^3?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:07 AM PDT

You'd think engine efficiency is anywhere from around 40-50 mph, but the dropoff isn't that big. It's tiny (not even linear until >70mph) compared to v3. What gives?

See: http://www.mpgforspeed.com/

https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2009/09/tested-speed-vs-fuel-economy/index.htm

submitted by /u/polandpower
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Where is the Rosetta spacecraft now?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 10:08 AM PDT

What happened to the Rosetta spacecraft which I believe landed on the comet it was aiming for in 2014? I think we lost communication with it but is it still on the surface of the comet? Where is the comet now?

submitted by /u/ElCapivara
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Can a microwave oven be repurposed as a Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signal jammer since they're both 2.4GHz?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:22 AM PDT
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Sunday, July 21, 2019

Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?

Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?

Some flying insects such as butterflies have very erratic and disorienting looking flight paths. Are they in complete control of their movements or do they really struggle to get around?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:13 AM PDT

If I focused on my heart hard enough, could I control my heartbeat?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 08:27 AM PDT

Even though the heart is an involuntary muscle, if I sat down and thought hard enough, would it be possible to control my heartbeat? If I can't, what prevents me from learning how to do this?

EDIT: Since some people are talking about meditation, for an extreme, if I just said 'fuck this' can I give myself a heart attack or make my heart stop (I'm not suicidal and this is just a thought experiment).

submitted by /u/ScottIsTriggered
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Why is 0-14 used for the pH scale? What are the highest and lowest pH substances both in existence and theoretically possible?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 07:05 AM PDT

On a long enough timescale will today's dumps/landfills eventually turn into a certain kind of rock layer?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 01:28 AM PDT

If a high HRV is good, how come arrhythmia is not? What is the link between HRV and heart rate frequency then?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 06:38 AM PDT

Hi guys, I'm looking into heart rate variability and such related topics. I got from my readings that HRV is "good" when high. But doen't a high vaiability means that your heart is not beating at a constat rate? And if so isn't it arrhythmia? I'm definitly not an expert, so I apologize if I'm just totally missing a point here or misunderstanding something. If so thanks in advance for enlightning me!

submitted by /u/Nomyod
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Why did sauropsida become the dominant terrestrial clade after the P-T extinction event?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 06:33 AM PDT

Like the headline states. My question is what the theories for why sauropsids became the dominant terrestrial life form after the great dying when therapsids had been so successful previously during the permian? I can understand that there might have been more small sauropsids species but I'm sure there were several small therapsid species as well. Is it the sauropsids being ecthothermic a possible reason?

submitted by /u/SomeCynicalNihilist
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If all dogs came from wolves, how did we get so many different breeds etc?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 05:22 PM PDT

Like how do we have pugs and Aussies and all of that jazz? Might be a dumb question but I would love to know!

submitted by /u/HappyBraveBanana
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How do we know the size/age of the observable universe?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:06 PM PDT

I know the number thrown around is somewhere around 93 billion light years across and the age is 13.something billion years, but how have we determined that? Light from the edges of the observable universe shouldn't have reached us yet, so we wouldn't have been able to measure any kind of phase shift, right?

submitted by /u/bcmatt25_
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How to bombs actually cause damage?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 05:06 PM PDT

I understand there is some form of chemical reaction inside that causes the explosion but how do they cause so much damage? Bombs are so small relative to the mass destruction they can cause it just doesn't physically seem possible. I hope this question makes sense!

submitted by /u/aussieboi1
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What does it mean to have better depth perception than the others?

Posted: 21 Jul 2019 04:05 AM PDT

Do you see the edges of objects better? I see the world just fine and my depth perception is not as good as other people.

submitted by /u/PoopNoise
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How is neuroelectricity generated in the brain?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 04:52 PM PDT

We know that neural signals are a kind of electric signals in the brain that fire here and there to create a conscious circuit. But where does that electricity come from?

submitted by /u/adh91
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How do pilots and astronauts prevent themselves from passing out due to extreme G-Force?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 10:39 PM PDT

How is behaviour innate? How can animals replicate behaviour that they have never observed?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 07:35 AM PDT

So, I know that some behaviour in animals is innate, I also understand why, but I don't understand how (except reflexes). Like, how do animals know mating rituals, or what to do when they see another animal, or how to hunt, or howl, etc.. And I know that there are instincts, but where do they come from? As in, what part of the brain, is it all subconscious? I'm sorry if I'm not explaining it well. I can't seem to find an answer on Google.

submitted by /u/r_l_d
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How do astronomers estimate the size of distant galaxies?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 10:09 PM PDT

What happens if the speed of sound reaches the speed of light?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:59 PM PDT

Just thought I would mention I am going into grade 12(senior) so if their is something I will learn that will answer this question in that year well then this post is useless. So I was thinking that since the speed of sound increases with the temperature( v = 331.5 m/s + 0.606m/s * T) could the speed of sound reach or break the speed of light? and if so what would happen? The temperature would have to be 494,707,026 degrees Celsius so where does that happen?

submitted by /u/COWWARS
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Since we already know that being overweight negatively impacts fertility, does today's medical understanding of age and fertility assume a normal BMI?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 09:26 PM PDT

Or do most studies look at age and fertility decline with overweight and obese women lumped in the same category as normal bmi?

submitted by /u/ayvyns
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Cancerous cells can metastasize. Can normal cells do the same thing? Why/why not?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 09:22 PM PDT

Is there a temperature at which all molecular bonds separate and only "pure" elements can exist?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 08:24 PM PDT

If so, could the resulting mixture be distilled or otherwise separated (e.g. via centrifuge) so that all pure elements could be recovered individually?

submitted by /u/SithPackAbs
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If we flip flop between glacial periods and non- glacial periods (ice ages) why then is global warming considered so dire? Wouldn't it mitigate the severity of the next ice age?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:57 PM PDT

I have been reading a lot about ice ages recently and the different hypothesis to what causes them, the massive ice sheets covering North America (2miles thick) and how devastating an Ice age would be to human population and civilisation.

Also during history when the planet warmed humans done really well. I know C02 is a catalyst to warming but is not the only factor in warming, going off history is seems like a relatively small part in a very complex equation. I know about feed back loops and climate models predicting hotter planet but the earth has been a lot hotter before will more carbon in the atmosphere yet we the planet still went into ice ages.

So are Humans this time solely responsible for this ice age ending?

Or is the planet on a natural heating cycle anyway and humans are just making it worse?

submitted by /u/I_Drink_Diarrhea
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[Biology] What animals have the longest periods of sexual maturity?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:55 PM PDT

Are there the same number of Protons as Electrons in the Universe? If so, why?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:09 PM PDT

This article (http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/CosmologyEssays/The_Standard_Cosmology.html) states that Proton creation and Electron creation after the Big Bang occurred on different schedules. As such, there would seem to be no reason for their numbers to be equal. Are they equal and, if so, why?

submitted by /u/dgm42
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How does the chemical "spicyness" in Wasabi (Allyl Isothiocyanate) work?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 04:55 AM PDT

Capsaicin, the chemical that makes chilli's spicy, simulates the heat-sensors of the tongue (as far as I know).

I was eating some sushi and got a bit too much wasabi and it felt like my nose was about to explode. How does the chemical in wasabi work and why is it more of an explosion rather than a long burn?

submitted by /u/peeawaysj
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Saturday, July 20, 2019

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXI

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 06:28 AM PDT

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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When a star goes super nova, is the gold fused inside the star's core, or does the shockwave fuse matter in it's outer orbit? Neither/both?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 05:47 PM PDT

Just wondering. You folks are great.

submitted by /u/JackDragon88
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How small can a nuclear reactor core assembly be?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:10 PM PDT

After bingeing HBO's Chernobyl, I then found myself delving into all kinds of nuclear reactor-related videos. I ended up fixating on reactor startup and shutdown vids that showed how the Cherenkov radiation varied with different power levels.

After watching some school's small research reactor glowing away, a thought struck me:

How small could a core comprised of standard fuel pellets be, and still undergo self-sustaining fission?

submitted by /u/yeliaBdE
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Why is the Earth's magnetic field weakening?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 12:22 AM PDT

Are humans born with a sense of aesthetic where we prefer certain color combinations/patterns or is it a byproduct of the environment we are raised in?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 02:36 PM PDT

[optics] How small can focus spot be?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 03:20 AM PDT

There is a great post on XKCD about how you cannot focus light to a hotter spot than the source. I kinda understand that, but then again - not quite. Specifically, what limts the size of a focal spot? The smaller the focus spot size, the bigger density of photons and, thus, hotter it is.

I cant seem to find information about this. Maybe im just googling wrong.

submitted by /u/KaktitsM
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Is it possible for heavy rains and floods to affect the sublayers of the Earth's crust enough to cause earthquakes?

Posted: 20 Jul 2019 02:08 AM PDT

There have been record floods in my state this year with a highly flood affected area a few hundred kilometres from where I am at right now. There have been 3 earthquakes in the past two days, the latest at 4:50am this morning. Each of small magnitudes around 3.5 to 5 on the Richter scale.

How much is the possibility that a bigger one is coming? Should I prepare my disaster kit?

Edit: I'm sorry if these kinds of posts are not allowed. Mods, please remove it if needed.

submitted by /u/Chanzy94
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What biological processes are involved in Sun Poisoning?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:55 PM PDT

Basically how does it happen? What causes it? What is actually happening physiologically?

Id assume since it mostly happens to kids it is some sort of vitamin D "allergy"? But then again it doesn't make much sense either.

submitted by /u/mrBatata
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To achieve the Theory of Everything we need to unify all the fundamental forces, one of which being Gravity. But why is gravity even considered as a force if it is experienced due to the curvature of spacetime. Isn't it a fictitious force?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 10:22 AM PDT

"95 degrees F but feels like 104" Saw this on my weather app. Isn’t a temperature just a temperature? How can some thing measure at one degree but it feels like another. And in turn how is that determined?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:17 PM PDT

Why was Iceland so disproportionately affected by the 2009 (H1N1) flu pandemic?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:35 PM PDT

According to Wikipedia, Iceland had the highest per capita infection rate, and the numbers from this research paper on flu surveillance in Iceland seem to corroborate the high infection rate.

Are there any reasons/theories as to why Iceland was so disproportionately affected?

submitted by /u/Hydromancy
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Given fixed humidy, temperature, and pressure, is sweat more volatile than just water in air?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:08 PM PDT

Why can't a geosynchronous orbit be achieved at a lower altitude ?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:40 PM PDT

A geostationary orbit is located at 35,786 km above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation. Satellites need to travel at a speed of 3.07 km/s or 11,052 Km/h to match Earth rotation speed and so be at the same position wrt to Earth's surface.

But why it is not possible for satellites to also be geostationary at a lower orbit given they travel at a lower linear speed (same angular velocity) ?

submitted by /u/kitelooper
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How does alcohol effect the bio-availability and absorption of certain plant compounds in the human body?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 03:17 PM PDT

for example, does the rate the body absorbs caffeine change if coffee is mixed with a spirit?

EDIT : example 2 : ginseng in a alcohol-based distillate.

submitted by /u/bumblezoo
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Does animal eyesight fluctuate depending on the individual even in the same species, like people’s do?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 02:36 PM PDT

What happens to a synesthete that loses one of the two senses involved in their synesthesia?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 01:10 PM PDT

In a very abstract sense, if their body has lost the ability to experience the sense triggered by their synesthesia, can they still experience it if the input sense is still there?

submitted by /u/ObsoletePixel
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How does a liver regenerate? Why aren't other organs (apart from our skin) able to regenerate?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:40 PM PDT

How can exoplanets in systems whose planes do not allow transits visible to earth be detected?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 11:32 AM PDT

Wikipedia lists astrometry and thermal imaging as being the two methods that don't require earth to be within the system's plane, but they are very limited in comparison to transits. Are there any promising methods that may eventually allow reliable detection of exoplanets in systems whose planes don't align nicely with earth? I imagine only a very small percentage of systems' planes allow allow transits observable from our system.

If all systems were aligned such that their exoplanets were observable by transit, what's an estimate of the increase in detectable planets that would occur? That is, what percentage of exoplanets that would otherwise be detectable are expected to exist but are undetectable because of the angles of their planes?

submitted by /u/natejgardner
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How was the Earth's 23.4 degree axial tilt measured so accurately?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 08:41 AM PDT

How does the brain react to pain while unconscious?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 10:28 AM PDT

Do we have fMRI scans of patients under general anesthesia or otherwise unconscious who would be feeling pain? At which point in the nervous system is the pain blocked?

submitted by /u/tomatoslashfiction
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