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Friday, July 19, 2019

How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?

How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?


How did the "right side up" view of the Earth, aka North = up, become the norm for all globes and maps?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:35 PM PDT

Couldn't South have just as easily been chosen to be "up", and all maps and globes have the South pole on top?

submitted by /u/zimmwisdom
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Does the universe spin?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:19 PM PDT

So I know that pretty much everything is in motion within the universe. Stars, planets and galaxies spin right.

I'm curious if our entire universe is spinning as well?

submitted by /u/nwo97
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Once urine is in the bladder, is there any way for the body to recoup the water in it?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 06:14 AM PDT

Say your bladder is full of urine, but your body is also becoming dehydrated. Can it get anything useful out of the urine in the bladder without you having to pee it out?

submitted by /u/viva_la_aigle
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Firefighter here: how much Force is applied to the end of a 45mm hose filled with water flowing 200litres per minute at 700 KPA?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:14 AM PDT

I'm working on a project and I need to find out the Force in Kilonewtons that is applied. Thanks!

submitted by /u/3platoonslacker
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If rivers slowly erode through rock and try and go through the most direct route, won't rivers be nearly completely straight if given enough time?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 05:27 AM PDT

When an atoms electron drops an orbital and the atom shoots out a photon with momentum p, does the atom then have a momentum of -p?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:39 PM PDT

It's the only way I can think of this scenario with momentum being conserved.

submitted by /u/Trolulz
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If galaxies are so wide as in millions of light years, when we look at a galaxy so far away, do we look at it at a different stage of its life at the same time? (As in the back is older than the front) How do we know they are so wide? Do we see a different shape that they really are?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 06:13 PM PDT

Is the human liver always functioning?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 05:55 PM PDT

Does liver function ever completely stop, or at least slow down in certain situations; like on an empty stomach?

submitted by /u/toxicxarrow
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How stable are lagrangian points really?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 04:54 AM PDT

Lagrangian points are supposed to be points, where gravitational and centrifugal forces are in equilibrium. And spacecrafts and -stations are supposed to be easy to build and keep there. However my understanding is that an equilibrium like this is only possible at one exact spot. Let's say we put a space-station at a lagrangian point. How much would the shifting center of mass due to spacecraft docking/undocking and people moving around affect the stability of the station at a lagrangian point? If all people and equipment would move to one side of the station, would it "fall off" the lagrangian point?

submitted by /u/PancakeZombie
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What factors determine the radius of a rainbow?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 02:44 PM PDT

When you make a lemon battery or potato battery and the use all the energy, will it be less nutritional for you if you eat it after?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 06:31 PM PDT

I truly don't even know what flairs to give this because I don't know if this is and electrical engineering thing or maybe a biochemistry related question or what, so I'm sorry for that.

I've been trying to google the answer to this, and so far I think I understand that when you do that elementary school science project where you make a battery to power a really small light bulb with a lemon or potato or whatever, it's using a chemical reaction between copper, zinc, and the electrolytes within the juices of the produce you're using that creates electricity (I really hope that's at least somewhat correct or I'll look even more silly than I already do). I'm wondering if, after you do that, is that potential energy that your body could use from eating whatever it is using gone, or is it using an entirely different kind of energy.

Thanks in advance. I know it sounds like a very silly question.

submitted by /u/kettlebear
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Thousands of species are said to have already gone extinct or are going extinct due to human activity. Are there any known species that are currently going extinct unrelated to human activity, and if so how is that measured?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:58 PM PDT

A secondary question, are there species that should currently be going extinct naturally, but are being kept alive because of humans, even though they shouldn't be?

submitted by /u/GeorgieWashington
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How does a broken bone know how to exactly replicate how it was before it was broken? Position, thickness, ect?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 01:43 PM PDT

What is the meaning of ancestory proportion?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 01:43 AM PDT

What does 10% r1b means? Does it mean that only 10% of male ancestors had r1b y DNA? How can yDna be composite? Thanks

submitted by /u/Chrom177
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Is there complex angles? And is there application for them?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 10:58 AM PDT

I just love and confused by imaginary numbers. My teacher told me that they work because they act like place holders between the question and the answer. They always seem to blow my mind!

submitted by /u/Cesco5544
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How did Ernest Rutherford know that the the positively charged particles in a nucleus were equal in magnitude of charge to electrons?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:04 PM PDT

For example, how did he know that a hydrogen atom had one proton to balance out its electron and not multiple positively charged particles? How did he know that a proton wasn't just the same size as an electron but that there were more of them?

submitted by /u/willyj_3
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What, if any, ecological / biological benefits does an old growth forest have compared to a young forest?

Posted: 19 Jul 2019 12:08 AM PDT

Environmentalists / activists frequently attempt to save old growth forests from logging and development, but I'm not sure why. What benefits do old growth forests have over second-growth or younger forests, given that younger forests will also sequester more carbon than old growth forests...

submitted by /u/GlobalClimateChange
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If water drops in a vacuum, would it still form a raindrop shape?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 08:14 PM PDT

Would a child raised by an autistic parent develop behavior/ thought processes indicative of the autism?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:26 PM PDT

What's the difference between a hydrogen ion and a regular proton?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 02:16 PM PDT

Do one's preferences for art (your artistic taste) have a strong connection to your personality?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 10:23 PM PDT

So I was wondering if the way one has developed their tastes for art be it through visual or auditory stimuli, (say your liking or disliking for a particular UI/ typography design or your liking/dislike for a particular kind of music to state random examples) can have any relevant connection to your personality (say the big 5 traits). By relevant, I mean if there's some definitive observations rather than just so-so correlations from some of the research papers. (As I've come across a lot of that).

submitted by /u/YippiKiYayMoFo
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Thursday, July 18, 2019

How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?

How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?


How much adrenaline is released by our adrenal glands in an "adrenaline rush", compared to the dose administered in an Epi-Pen?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 06:02 PM PDT

I am interested in comparing (a) the ability of our adrenal glands to release and adrenaline/epinephrine bolus when needed, to (b) the amount of adrenaline in an Epi-Pen (which is 0.3 mg for an adult).

Beyond this, I am trying to figure out why our adrenal glands do not produce enough adrenaline during an anaphylactic episode. Is it because (a) adrenal glands cannot produce enough adrenaline, (b) their adrenaline stores have been depleted, (c) for some reason, they are not stimulated to release adrenaline during anaphylaxis, or (d) they release too much noradrenaline along with adrenaline.

submitted by /u/Erasmus_B_Draggin
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AskScience AMA Series: I study the mutualistic relationship between alligators and wading birds in the Everglades. AMA!

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Hi everyone!

My name is Wray Gabel, I'm a Masters student at the University of Florida advised by Dr. Peter Frederick.

A little about my research--my thesis explores the mutualistic relationship between nesting wading birds and the American Alligator. Basically, wading birds get protection from nest predators (like racoons) and alligators get food from discarded nestlings. I'm looking to 1) better understand what alligators might be getting out of the deal and 2) how this mutualism might be changing wading bird colony location preferences when alligators are not around. I conducted my field work for part 1) in the Everglades and used existing wading bird colony location data from North and South Carolina for part 2).

A little about me--I actually grew up wanting to become a paleontologist, which was really what ignited my passion for field work and biology, but ultimately I found currently existing animals to be more fun than rocks.

I got my undergrad degree in Biology from Skidmore College, and after graduating I worked with seabirds in Japan (Hokkaido University), wading birds/waterbirds in San Francisco (San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory), and seabirds in Maine (Audubon's Project Puffin).

I'm mainly interested in the conservation of coastal and wetland ecosystems and hope to do something with wading bird, waterbird, and/or seabird monitoring in my future career as a wildlife biologist. I also minored in Studio Art while at Skidmore and plan to create an illustrated version of my thesis, and I'll be attending an Art-Science residency this fall! I've always been passionate about bridging the (artificial) divide between the two disciplines.

In what little spare time I have I enjoy hiking, traveling, playing video games/board games/rpgs, listening to/collecting music, and doing crossword puzzles!

I am doing this as part of an AMA series with the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. I'll be on at noon (ET, 16 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can you explain me quantum decoherence in simple language?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:43 AM PDT

Do we have any concepts for the psychological differences between a human raised to learn language and a human raised without language? If so, what are they?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 12:05 AM PDT

I apologize in advance if this question has been asked before.

Modern day life is a bit hard to imagine without language. We read and talk with one another on a daily basis, and social interaction has become pretty deeply rooted in our psyche. That said, I'd like to pose a situation that removes language from a human's life, yet keeps social interaction. What sorts of behaviors would be exhibited by a human who does not learn a human language, but who does have interaction with other humans? Do we have any way of knowing?

submitted by /u/Some-Weeb0874
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If we don’t observe good dental hygiene we tend to lose our teeth. How did early man cope without toothbrushes, toothpaste, floss, etc?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 05:23 PM PDT

How did early man cope without all the things we associate with good dental hygiene today? Did they continually lose their teeth and just deal with it? Or did they also observe rudimentary dental hygiene practices to slow tooth loss? Also, isn't tooth loss due to decay a kind of evolutionary flaw?

submitted by /u/compostmentis
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What happens to your blood sugar levels when you wake up, and is it different if you wake up on your own as opposed to being woken up by an alarm clock?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:35 PM PDT

Assuming you are an average healthy person: What happens to your blood sugar levels when you first wake up and is there a significant difference in you blood sugar levels if you wake up on your own vs. being woken up by an alarm clock?

submitted by /u/jitchua
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With telescopes and technology advancing. Do you think it is possible for us to take photos of exoplanets?

Posted: 18 Jul 2019 07:51 AM PDT

Where can you find a source of true unpolarized light in the universe?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:38 PM PDT

In our tiny lightbulbs, the emitted light either passes through air or glass, both dielectrics, and in gigantic stars, the light from the core passes through thick layers of gas, and then through the atmosphere of the Earth to reach our eyes.

I cannot think of a situation where you find true unpolarized light in the universe. The best I can come up with is in maybe an ideal vacuum chamber where you then have something emit blackbody radiation.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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What element determines the colours of our eyes?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:09 PM PDT

[Physics/Computing] Why can't we make silicon transistors smaller than 10 nm?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 01:30 PM PDT

I don't entirely remember why but I think it was due to some sort of electron leakage, where something related to quantum physics took effect and the electrons would start teleporting from one side of the gate to the other side without the gate opening.

If possible could you include a source supporting your answer

submitted by /u/MexiAxel
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How much energy does a blackhole radiate through Hawking radiation?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 11:51 AM PDT

Is it EXACTLY equal to the total mass-energy it consumed during its creation and lifetime?

submitted by /u/DrProfJoe
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Is the Tibialis the same thing as the Peroneus?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 09:09 PM PDT

If not what is the difference?

submitted by /u/mackenzor
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Do wind turbines need any starting propulsion to get them going?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 09:15 AM PDT

Do they have any motors that aren't for turning the wind into energy but only for starting it's spin? Would it depend on the design of the turbine?

submitted by /u/DriggyGio
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Can you express an irrational number, e.g. pi, as as a product which doesn't have that number as a factor?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 03:58 PM PDT

So pi/2 *2 wouldn't be allowed, for example.

submitted by /u/cherry_doughnut
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Is it possible for me to make a universal root function? Not sure of a use for this but I am sure it would be nice to have.

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:05 PM PDT

Most math libraries only have sqrt(num) I want root(rt, num) not sure of a use for this but it seams like it would be nice to have btw im only in middle school so i havent been exposed to any more complex math that i didnt research myself

submitted by /u/Meatball084
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In a void, where does the energy of the sound goes ?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 10:19 AM PDT

From what I understand, sound is produced by a pressure difference between 2 mediums, and propagates through matter (and therefore, not in a void). Now, I imagine since sound displaces matter less and less as it travels, it has some kind of energy dissipating progressively, right ? What happens to that initial energy when I try to produce sound in a void ? Does it just not exist at any point, or does it diffuse in its source instead of escaping it ? Also, what happens when a sound wave reaches a void ? Is it "reflected" in its original medium or does the matter right next to this void gets displaced farther/longer before coming back to its initial position (or maybe it is projected in the void instead ?) ?

Sorry for the long post and formatting

submitted by /u/Kounro
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Why Coriolis effect also affects East/West movement?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 10:11 AM PDT

I get the intuition of apparent deflection with North/South movements: the difference of linear velocity and whatnot. I just don't get how it could act in movement parallel to Equator.

submitted by /u/Ateleus
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Can a woman get pregnant from two different men at the same time?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 07:45 AM PDT

For example, say she has no protection and two men finish inside of her at roughly the same time. Can two eggs be fertilized by sperms from different men? Does this cause any health risks for the mother or the children?

submitted by /u/Jason0h11
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Wednesday, July 17, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft!

Team members answering your questions include:

  • Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL
  • Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL
  • John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI
  • Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL

We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why don’t we use metal cubes instead of ice cubes?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 01:27 PM PDT

Since metal can get a lot colder than ice can wouldn't it made more sense if we would use metal cubes? Also you could use metal cubes multiple times.

submitted by /u/PutTheBlameOnMe
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Why do you start trembling/shaking if you haven’t eaten in a while?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:53 AM PDT

When do people use Planck units?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 06:11 PM PDT

I never really came across this topic. In high school, I would mostly still use The Law of Universal Gravitation, Colulomb's Law etc., so I never really knew about this at all, and what purpose do they serve (apparently it is to communicate with potential aliens under standardised equations?). My conceptual thinking isn't the brightest, so I also have trouble understanding how the Planck equations and derived units are derived from the Wikipedia page.

submitted by /u/Aethemeron
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 08:14 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why don't we see eclipses of external stars?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 03:18 PM PDT

The question is pretty much the title. Why don't we see a constantly changing night sky with stars popping in and out of our view through let's say star bound planets crossing our path of vision? Shouldn't there be a significant amount of stellar eclipses happening all the time, visible to the naked eye?

I'm looking forward to being educated and thanks in advance, all input is appreciated :)

submitted by /u/Burgisan
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Can all cases of blindness be (potentially) solved by eye transplant? Are some cases a neurological issue?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 12:25 AM PDT

Not blind, simply curious!

submitted by /u/Potato3s
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Is it true that our body tends to store excess sugar we consume, but slough off excess vitamins in our urine? If so, why is this?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 11:23 AM PDT

I feel like I've seen assertions to this effect here and there. I'm not sure why it would be true, though. I would think the body would either store excesses of both, or slough off excesses of both. But why would it do different things with the two different substances? I looked for an answer on Google, but couldn't find one.

submitted by /u/GregJamesDahlen
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Apollo: How did the Lunar Module measure its speed?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 02:12 PM PDT

Hi, this is my first post on Reddit- I tried Googling this question to no avail, so it's convinced me to finally get round to making an account!

I'm a 2nd year astrophysics undergrad so of course I've been lapping up all the Apollo 11 anniversary TV, but one thing has me stumped:

There was a moment during each of the Apollo landings at which both the astronauts and mission control switched to moon-reference coordinates. How did the spacecrafts actually keep track of their position from this point onward (and therefore their speed, altitude etc.)? Did the on-board computer actually have some way of actually "seeing" their position relevant to landmarks or is it something more sophisticated than this?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/lad_astro
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Why don't clouds disperse via equilibrium?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 12:24 PM PDT

How fast do astrocytes migrate in a chemotaxis assay?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 11:23 AM PDT

Im doing a chemotaxis assay and am having some trouble choosing the frame rate because I don't know how fast astrocytes migrate.

submitted by /u/buckeye37
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Did Celsius and Fahrenheit ever meet (or correspond)?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 08:05 AM PDT

Celsius and Fahrenheit meet at -40, but did Anders Celsius and Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ever meet? I'm curious to learn if the two engaged in some form of debate around the merits of the two systems, in person or through correspondence.

submitted by /u/matslina
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How do we "know" Sedna's orbit is so eccentric?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:49 AM PDT

So while looking up the Oort Cloud for reasons, I remembered Sedna. Specifically because the sources included Sedna being theoretically right at the edge or within the inner reaches of the Oort Cloud.

Since Sedna's orbit is so long, and we have ways to estimate how long a "year" is, that got me thinking: How do we know it is so eccentric, since we couldn't have had much of a chance to observe Sedna.

submitted by /u/CrazyCoKids
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Why do hydrogen bonds occur only with Fluorine, Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:29 PM PDT

What the title says.

submitted by /u/Scratchless123
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Why are solar panels glossy? Isn't the goal to absorb light and not reflect it?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:59 AM PDT

Time Magazine article says Scientists just teleported an object into space for the first time!! How exactly does this work and what does it mean going forward??

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 09:07 PM PDT

So the link below has the whole story but how exactly does it work and where does this lead us?? Does this make it possible to teleport bigger objects?
https://time.com/4854718/quantum-entanglement-teleport-space/

submitted by /u/KC_Kev
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What are these types of coördinates and how do I use/read them?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:57 AM PDT

I have a list of coördinates, the legend says that these are longitude and latitude, but when i try to use them it seems that they're not in the convention of how longitude and latitude should look like. Below is an example of such a coördinate from the list:
Latitude: +511015,0
Longitude: +045801,7

-> These don't follow that convention and it seems that they're useless in google maps.

For example, when I look-up coördinates on google maps I get them in the following format (Decimal Degrees)

Example: 50.836666, 4.334930

Is this some kind of different system, and if yes, is there a way to convert the above ones into the DD notation?

PS: It would also help if someone can point out the scientific name for that first type of coördinates.
Latitude: +511015,0
Longitude: +045801,7

submitted by /u/aFluxxOnline
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What are does gravity being discovered as a wave mean for the current model of particle physics?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 12:10 PM PDT

Hello Reddit,
I saw and heard many times on the internet about LIGO detecting gravitational waves from two black holes. I learned in school about particle physics and force mediating particles(?) like how bosons are for the strong force, and how gravitons are for the gravitational force. Now that we know gravity is a wave, what does that mean gravitons or has the current scientific model for particle physics been altered because of this discovery?

Thanks

PS - I also don't understand what gravity being a wave means. Is it similar to how light is a particle and a wave? And if so could their potentially be a constant speed of gravity like how there is a constant speed of light?

submitted by /u/IHaveQuestions_42069
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Is it always better to use a higher concentration of solvent for cleaning?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Hello r/askscience!

My question is, is it always better to use a higher concentration of cleaning solution? I realize this is a broad question but let me provide an example and hopefully flesh out what I'm asking.

Dish detergent. One school of thought I have encountered is to use as little water as possible, it's all about concentration. Try to get a "slurry" high in soap to cut through the grease. Another school of thought would be that you want enough cleaning solution dissolved in enough water. So to compare the two groups, they could use the same about of soap, but one with much more water. I was an amateur chemistry student, but I feel like you want there to be a lot of water as well as solvent so that there is a lot of water for your solvated grease/soap mixture to dissolve into without the concentration of the mixture becoming to high in the water. If there is too little water, I feel like you quickly run into a situation where there is a high concentration of grease on the pan, and a high concentration of grease/soap in the water, and now there is not much of a gradient, and the grease is not going to want to dissolve. Like, isn't there some equilibrium stuff going on here? Like, you wouldn't use pure soap, would you? Or maybe you would if it was actually cost effective...

So it it always better to clean something using a higher concentration of your cleaner, or are there lower concentrations that are more optimal?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Remnes
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Why was Deinonychus so pivotal to our current understanding of dinosaurs?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:22 AM PDT

After all, Deinonychus was hardly the first "bird-like" dinosaur to be discovered and described. Many such dinosaurs were even given names alluding either to an active lifestyle or a relationship to birds (Velociraptor and Ornithomimus, for example.) So why did these views only become established fact after the discovery of Deinonychus?

submitted by /u/redtail303
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