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Wednesday, July 17, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything!

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft!

Team members answering your questions include:

  • Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL
  • Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL
  • John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI
  • Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL

We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why don’t we use metal cubes instead of ice cubes?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 01:27 PM PDT

Since metal can get a lot colder than ice can wouldn't it made more sense if we would use metal cubes? Also you could use metal cubes multiple times.

submitted by /u/PutTheBlameOnMe
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Why do you start trembling/shaking if you haven’t eaten in a while?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:53 AM PDT

When do people use Planck units?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 06:11 PM PDT

I never really came across this topic. In high school, I would mostly still use The Law of Universal Gravitation, Colulomb's Law etc., so I never really knew about this at all, and what purpose do they serve (apparently it is to communicate with potential aliens under standardised equations?). My conceptual thinking isn't the brightest, so I also have trouble understanding how the Planck equations and derived units are derived from the Wikipedia page.

submitted by /u/Aethemeron
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 08:14 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why don't we see eclipses of external stars?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 03:18 PM PDT

The question is pretty much the title. Why don't we see a constantly changing night sky with stars popping in and out of our view through let's say star bound planets crossing our path of vision? Shouldn't there be a significant amount of stellar eclipses happening all the time, visible to the naked eye?

I'm looking forward to being educated and thanks in advance, all input is appreciated :)

submitted by /u/Burgisan
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Can all cases of blindness be (potentially) solved by eye transplant? Are some cases a neurological issue?

Posted: 17 Jul 2019 12:25 AM PDT

Not blind, simply curious!

submitted by /u/Potato3s
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Is it true that our body tends to store excess sugar we consume, but slough off excess vitamins in our urine? If so, why is this?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 11:23 AM PDT

I feel like I've seen assertions to this effect here and there. I'm not sure why it would be true, though. I would think the body would either store excesses of both, or slough off excesses of both. But why would it do different things with the two different substances? I looked for an answer on Google, but couldn't find one.

submitted by /u/GregJamesDahlen
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Apollo: How did the Lunar Module measure its speed?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 02:12 PM PDT

Hi, this is my first post on Reddit- I tried Googling this question to no avail, so it's convinced me to finally get round to making an account!

I'm a 2nd year astrophysics undergrad so of course I've been lapping up all the Apollo 11 anniversary TV, but one thing has me stumped:

There was a moment during each of the Apollo landings at which both the astronauts and mission control switched to moon-reference coordinates. How did the spacecrafts actually keep track of their position from this point onward (and therefore their speed, altitude etc.)? Did the on-board computer actually have some way of actually "seeing" their position relevant to landmarks or is it something more sophisticated than this?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/lad_astro
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Why don't clouds disperse via equilibrium?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 12:24 PM PDT

How fast do astrocytes migrate in a chemotaxis assay?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 11:23 AM PDT

Im doing a chemotaxis assay and am having some trouble choosing the frame rate because I don't know how fast astrocytes migrate.

submitted by /u/buckeye37
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Did Celsius and Fahrenheit ever meet (or correspond)?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 08:05 AM PDT

Celsius and Fahrenheit meet at -40, but did Anders Celsius and Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ever meet? I'm curious to learn if the two engaged in some form of debate around the merits of the two systems, in person or through correspondence.

submitted by /u/matslina
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How do we "know" Sedna's orbit is so eccentric?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:49 AM PDT

So while looking up the Oort Cloud for reasons, I remembered Sedna. Specifically because the sources included Sedna being theoretically right at the edge or within the inner reaches of the Oort Cloud.

Since Sedna's orbit is so long, and we have ways to estimate how long a "year" is, that got me thinking: How do we know it is so eccentric, since we couldn't have had much of a chance to observe Sedna.

submitted by /u/CrazyCoKids
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Why do hydrogen bonds occur only with Fluorine, Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:29 PM PDT

What the title says.

submitted by /u/Scratchless123
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Why are solar panels glossy? Isn't the goal to absorb light and not reflect it?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:59 AM PDT

Time Magazine article says Scientists just teleported an object into space for the first time!! How exactly does this work and what does it mean going forward??

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 09:07 PM PDT

So the link below has the whole story but how exactly does it work and where does this lead us?? Does this make it possible to teleport bigger objects?
https://time.com/4854718/quantum-entanglement-teleport-space/

submitted by /u/KC_Kev
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What are these types of coördinates and how do I use/read them?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:57 AM PDT

I have a list of coördinates, the legend says that these are longitude and latitude, but when i try to use them it seems that they're not in the convention of how longitude and latitude should look like. Below is an example of such a coördinate from the list:
Latitude: +511015,0
Longitude: +045801,7

-> These don't follow that convention and it seems that they're useless in google maps.

For example, when I look-up coördinates on google maps I get them in the following format (Decimal Degrees)

Example: 50.836666, 4.334930

Is this some kind of different system, and if yes, is there a way to convert the above ones into the DD notation?

PS: It would also help if someone can point out the scientific name for that first type of coördinates.
Latitude: +511015,0
Longitude: +045801,7

submitted by /u/aFluxxOnline
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What are does gravity being discovered as a wave mean for the current model of particle physics?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 12:10 PM PDT

Hello Reddit,
I saw and heard many times on the internet about LIGO detecting gravitational waves from two black holes. I learned in school about particle physics and force mediating particles(?) like how bosons are for the strong force, and how gravitons are for the gravitational force. Now that we know gravity is a wave, what does that mean gravitons or has the current scientific model for particle physics been altered because of this discovery?

Thanks

PS - I also don't understand what gravity being a wave means. Is it similar to how light is a particle and a wave? And if so could their potentially be a constant speed of gravity like how there is a constant speed of light?

submitted by /u/IHaveQuestions_42069
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Is it always better to use a higher concentration of solvent for cleaning?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Hello r/askscience!

My question is, is it always better to use a higher concentration of cleaning solution? I realize this is a broad question but let me provide an example and hopefully flesh out what I'm asking.

Dish detergent. One school of thought I have encountered is to use as little water as possible, it's all about concentration. Try to get a "slurry" high in soap to cut through the grease. Another school of thought would be that you want enough cleaning solution dissolved in enough water. So to compare the two groups, they could use the same about of soap, but one with much more water. I was an amateur chemistry student, but I feel like you want there to be a lot of water as well as solvent so that there is a lot of water for your solvated grease/soap mixture to dissolve into without the concentration of the mixture becoming to high in the water. If there is too little water, I feel like you quickly run into a situation where there is a high concentration of grease on the pan, and a high concentration of grease/soap in the water, and now there is not much of a gradient, and the grease is not going to want to dissolve. Like, isn't there some equilibrium stuff going on here? Like, you wouldn't use pure soap, would you? Or maybe you would if it was actually cost effective...

So it it always better to clean something using a higher concentration of your cleaner, or are there lower concentrations that are more optimal?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Remnes
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Why was Deinonychus so pivotal to our current understanding of dinosaurs?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 10:22 AM PDT

After all, Deinonychus was hardly the first "bird-like" dinosaur to be discovered and described. Many such dinosaurs were even given names alluding either to an active lifestyle or a relationship to birds (Velociraptor and Ornithomimus, for example.) So why did these views only become established fact after the discovery of Deinonychus?

submitted by /u/redtail303
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Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Could you have a binary set of moons that orbit a planet together? Not 2 moons in separate orbits, but a pair or moons rotating around each other and orbiting a planet as well.

Could you have a binary set of moons that orbit a planet together? Not 2 moons in separate orbits, but a pair or moons rotating around each other and orbiting a planet as well.


Could you have a binary set of moons that orbit a planet together? Not 2 moons in separate orbits, but a pair or moons rotating around each other and orbiting a planet as well.

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 10:56 PM PDT

Why can we bring someone with HIV to undetectable levels, but we can't completely cure it?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 06:45 AM PDT

I'm just a little confused on why we can get rid of a majority of the virus in someone but not all of it.

submitted by /u/chrisisbest197
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Would the huge ice-filled Korolev martian crater make a good home for first colonies?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 09:52 PM PDT

I'm picturing excavating large sections of this huge block of ice using solar or nuclear power. Much easier than digging, and the product is needed anyway. We could leave a whole kilometer of ice to protect against meteors and atmospheric conditions like the vacuum and sand.

Would this be impossible for instance if the ice is porous, poisonous, or too cracked up? It looks to me like an easy, cheap, very stable way in to colonizing..

Korolev crater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korolev_(Martian_crater)

The amazing Kurzgesagt video Life Under Ice that got me thinking about this https://youtu.be/M7CkdB5z9PY

submitted by /u/discofreak
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How do man made structures get naturally buried and forgotten over time?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 03:46 PM PDT

Often times you hear of long lost buildings or even full cities that get buried underground and forgotten over the years. How does that happen? How does ground level get higher and higher over the years?

submitted by /u/jbenn425
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Did the Apollo 11 return capsule reach terminal velocity prior to the parachutes being engaged?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 04:15 AM PDT

what formula is used to work this out?

submitted by /u/Iwillsaythisthough
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How many planets can be in a solar system? Is there any limit?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 04:12 AM PDT

What is the difference between Global Warming and Climate Change?

Posted: 16 Jul 2019 12:10 AM PDT

Are insects affected if they are moved from their original place?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 07:49 AM PDT

I left the gym the other day and a bug (a small grasshopper) accidently got into my car. I was able to set it free just after I arrived home but then I wondered if that would affect its life somehow (did it have a family? A home? Would it continue with its life like nothing happened? Would it know how to survive?). The gym is 7kms (4 miles or so) from home so I guess it's very unlikely that the bug will return to where it came from

submitted by /u/al3corvalan
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Do planes on long flights have to calculate the rotation of the Earth?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 11:39 AM PDT

Do planes on long flights have to adjust for the Earth's rotation when it comes to distance they have to travel?

submitted by /u/Sam_Porter
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Do stars make sound?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 11:30 AM PDT

Is there a way to turn heat directly into electricity?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 06:33 PM PDT

The specific application I'm wondering about is implanted and/or wearable tech. Could body heat be used to power these things long term?

submitted by /u/brocktavius
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Does fish predict earthquakes?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 06:21 PM PDT

Just hours ago earthquake happen in Bali 6.0 Magnitude (https://twitter.com/infoBMKG/status/1150923750566592512) a day before at night on canggu beach bali thousand fish washing ashore on beach https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2PWtnrliRIs

this phenomena happen during tsunami Aceh 2004 also

submitted by /u/internweb
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Will the moon ever become un tidal locked?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 10:27 AM PDT

So currently the moon is tidal locked, but the moon is also very slowly moving away from earth. Does this mean it will ever become un tidal locked on the distant future ?

submitted by /u/yeetyeetimasheep
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With Newton's law of cooling in mind, would boiling water take a shorter amount of time to freeze than room temp or cold water?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 06:56 PM PDT

What I learned about it from class is that generally the bigger the difference in temperatures between two mediums the faster they would react to reach equilibrium. So would boiling water, because of how great the difference between it's and a general freezer's temperature, freeze faster than cooler temperatures?

submitted by /u/Atrophea
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Is there a chemical or radiation that can cause every cell in a body to undergo Apoptosis?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 06:07 PM PDT

There is a science fiction idea of a "super weapon" that's designed to kill organic life without damaging inorganic matter. Now, I am fully aware of the science of apoptosis, a process of "programmed cell death" that has a cell break down and "bleb." Now, this is usually part of a cell's reaction to protect the body as a whole, with certain things activating it. Now, I ask, is there a radiation or some kind of chemical that can cause apoptosis to activate in EVERY cell in a living body at once?

Bonus Question: What would happen to a body if every cell were to undergo apoptosis?

submitted by /u/UndeadPriest94
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Why are more sea beaches have sand or rocks rather than clay?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 11:41 AM PDT

Seeing as a beach is constantly being eroded by the waves, shouldn't everything be ground-up into smaller particles?

submitted by /u/ValorousViciousKoala
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Has the Simpsons depiction of nuclear power had a tangible effect on the way Americans view the concept?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 08:34 AM PDT

Do Americans view it more or less favorably with any degree of causation being attributed to the show?

submitted by /u/SoftFluffyWaffle
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Why are bug bites itchy?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 02:05 PM PDT

Why do bug bites get so itchy and also, why does the skin around the bite go hard? Also if diseases can pass on through bug bites such as Malaria, why don't they pass on diseases in other countries or do they? I've recently been bit quite a lot and I'm very curious, thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/obynlun
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Monday, July 15, 2019

How do non buoyant things wash ashore?

How do non buoyant things wash ashore?


How do non buoyant things wash ashore?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 05:14 AM PDT

Just saw a post about a huge megalodon tooth that was found off the coast of North Carolina. How does something like that wash ashore? Does it ever reach the ocean floor, or has it been traveling around the world via ocean currents for millions of years until it finally reaches land? Or did it reach the shore a long time ago and was only recently exposed??

submitted by /u/seabarren
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Why is it if we stare at a bright light for too long we can still see a bright outline of said light when we close our eyes?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 10:42 AM PDT

How do computers simulate randomness?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 12:01 PM PDT

How do parrots (and other birds that can talk) make labial sounds like f or b if they don’t have flexible lips?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 08:38 PM PDT

Whats the difference between all the units of radiation measurement? (Curies, rem, Roentgen, etc). Why are there so many?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 07:31 PM PDT

How do doctors figure out if an illness/symptoms are psychosomatic?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 01:40 AM PDT

I have been lurking on r/medicine a lot lately and the general consensus over there seems to be conditions like fibromyalgia and CFS are psychosomatic. Articles I've read can't seem to agree if this is the case. So it seems like it would be up to the individual doctor to make a decision on a case by case basis. How do doctors know this? Is it a diagnosis of exclusion? Is there any way to prove or disprove that a patient is having psychosomatic symptoms, or is it always just a guess?

If someone is getting mental health treatment already, does this rule out symptoms being psychosomatic? Especially if the treating mental health professional believes the symptoms are organic in origin? If the "physical" doctors and "mental" doctors disagree on the origin of symptoms, how do they come to a consensus?

Thank you!! It just seems like something like this would be really hard to confirm/diagnose because there is no test or diagnostic criteria for it. So I'm really curious how it is actually decided.

submitted by /u/saltshakercat
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What are the differences in the processes that create Neutron Stars, Pulsars, and Magnetars?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 01:21 AM PDT

I am able to find numerous posts and articles explaining how they're different, but I'm not able to find anything explaining why they're different.

What are the differences in the creation process of each that causes some neutron stars to be just that, some to become pulsars, and some to become magnetars?

submitted by /u/GocoZwei
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Regulating Indoor Temperatures Between Hot & Cool Air Flow: When is it Optimal to Shut the Windows?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 09:47 PM PDT

There is a debate in my house about when to close the windows to keep the house cool. My dad insists on waiting until the air coming inside is noticeably warmer than the air in the house. I contend that by the time we've physically detected this, it's too late and most of the cool air has been displaced. The coolest temperatures are during the night and early morning, so by mid-morning much of the cool air will have leeched away through process of equalization with the warming exterior air.

I experimented by closing the windows mid-morning rather than late morning, and found that the house stayed several degrees cooler for the entirety of the day. But he believes that I am shutting the home up prematurely and merely preventing us from reaping the full benefits of the cooler morning air.

I have searched google, and although several sources say that you should close the windows when it's hotter outside, nothing I've found speaks to the optimal timing, or how best to maximize and preserve cooler interior temperatures. We all know heat rises, but what about horizontal drift? Do we wait until it's noticeably hotter outside, or do we shut the house up early?

submitted by /u/wynden
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When a guy cums does it come from both testicles simultaneously?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 03:11 PM PDT

Or just one per ejaculation and they alternate? Or does one operate for so many years then retires? What happens if a testicle gets cancer and must be removed, how is ejaculation affected?

submitted by /u/human8ure
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Do spiders only use webs they make and are those webs “fingerprinted”?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 06:10 PM PDT

Do spiders have unique webs with pheromones that are specific to the spider or any chemical signatures that could distinguish the webs? I'm looking at some spiders right now and wondering if they take over abandoned webs and also if their webs have any marker genetic material or pheromones .

submitted by /u/o-rka
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If you kill an octopus while it is camouflaged does it remain that color or does it revert to its natural pigment?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 06:08 PM PDT

Why and how did the Earth break into tectonic plates, and why is this phenomenon unique to our planet?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 09:44 PM PDT

When did the convection currents and the subduction begin?

I've tried to google this, but there doesn't seem to be a widely accepted theory on the matter, and the latest articles were published years ago.

This is my first post on this sub, so I'm sorry if I failed to follow any format or rule. Thank you in advance! :)

submitted by /u/elizaofhousestark
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Why does hypothyroidsm cause fatique?

Posted: 15 Jul 2019 01:33 AM PDT

How is the lack of thyroid hormons making you want to sleep?

submitted by /u/DEGULINES
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What’s the consistency of the moon? Because it’s all rock is it sharp? Is it more sandy like a beach?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 10:09 PM PDT

Can someone explain in layman’s terms how a magnetron in a radar system creates radio waves and sends it through the air? What exactly is going on when it detects an aircraft and bounces back to the receiver?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 10:16 PM PDT

What is the difference between animal and plant proteins in regards to human digestion?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 01:31 PM PDT

Are there any mammals with milk that isn't white?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 03:30 PM PDT

Why is the UV index so much higher near the equator than in higher latitudes during the summer?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 10:06 AM PDT

Newton’s third law vs Bernoulli: What causes airplanes to fly?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 07:40 PM PDT

Is there any easy explanation possible to explane how airplanes fly?

submitted by /u/Larysander
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How did Houston communicate with the astronauts on the moon?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 04:59 PM PDT

Are no two fingerprints alike because of the sheer number of possibilities or does something in our DNA create unique fingerprints?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 02:43 PM PDT

Why were the first particles accelerators in a "zig zag" shape?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 12:29 PM PDT

I recently visited the science museum in London and a particles accelerator was in display.

I would think that a circular shape is often used (for example in synchrotrons or the LHC) because it is easier to accelerate the particles within that shape, using the Lorentz Forces (I am not very knowledgable in physics). I saw some linear ones also but the principle was the same, minus the magnetic field if I recall correctly.

I wonder why the first ones were in zig zag? I believe that calculating the trajectories and the positions of the condensators is feasible, but a pain in the ass. So I wonder why they did not choose some "easier shape"?

Of course Lorentz, Rutherford and the guys working on that were way smarter and knowledgable than me so ...

Why this shape?

Also, if I understand correctly if for example an electron is slowed down (or a proton) a photon will be emitted, so this kind of shape would be a problem because of the various turns, no? How did they overcome that?

submitted by /u/Lazaryx
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How do we know how old the Earth is?

Posted: 14 Jul 2019 07:23 PM PDT