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Wednesday, July 10, 2019

How much methane is likely to be released by the melting of permafrost due to Global Warming, and what are the likely impacts of this (how bad will the effects be)?

How much methane is likely to be released by the melting of permafrost due to Global Warming, and what are the likely impacts of this (how bad will the effects be)?


How much methane is likely to be released by the melting of permafrost due to Global Warming, and what are the likely impacts of this (how bad will the effects be)?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 05:12 PM PDT

Will the rings of Saturn eventually become a moon?

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 06:22 AM PDT

As best I understand it, the current theory of how Earth's moon formed involves a Mars sized body colliding with Earth, putting a ring of debris into orbit, but eventually these fragments coalesced to form the moon as we see it now. Will something similar happen to Saturn's rings? How long will it take.

submitted by /u/dezstern
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Any hope for commercial nuclear fusion of heavier elements?

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 06:27 AM PDT

So most efforts are focused on hydrogen fusion (deuterium+tritium) if I understand correctly.

What makes us not even consider Carbon+Carbon fusion for example? Is there any chance we might better control that process ?

submitted by /u/Me_ADC_Me_SMASH
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How, exactly, does dissipating the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane (e.g. during brown adipose tissue thermogenesis) produce heat?

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 02:44 AM PDT

It is well known that cells of brown adipose tissue, used for thermogenesis, express uncoupling proteins which dissipate the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, generating heat. There are also medications (2,4-dinitrophenol) that do the same thing, leading to higher energy usage but uncontrolled heat production.

However, in explanations of this phenomenon, the exact explanation of how this photon transport leads to heat generation is always handwaved away as something like "the energy of the proton gradient is wasted as heat" in more or less complex formulations. I am interested in the exact physical mechanism which links the proton influx into the mitochondrial matrix to an increase in temperature, which I have never been able to find explained anywhere.

Also, a further question which may or may not be answered by my primary question: why does dissipation of a concentration gradient not lead to heat generation in other scenarios (e.g. when concentration gradients across neuronal cell membranes are dissipated at the postsynapse or the axon, during signal transmission; or during a large scale calcium influx into muscle cells)?

submitted by /u/meew0
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What specifically tells scientists where a meteorite formed in the solar system?

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 05:49 AM PDT

Saw a piece on Atlas Obscura today that discussed the Benld meteorite. It is described as "having formed between Mars and Jupiter". Some meteorites have been traced to Mars, Vesta or just regions of the solar system. While I understand the concepts of the "Frost Line" and differentiation in the pre-solar nebula, it's not clear what specific indicators are used locate the origins of different meteorites, and what the underlying theory solar system formation those location attributes are based on --e.g. with the new models of planetary migration in the early solar system history, do the location indicators still hold up?

submitted by /u/shiningPate
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do fireflies control their light?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 05:56 PM PDT

I know how it's made, I just don't know how they control it.

submitted by /u/HiggsMechanism
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How do cameras compare to the human eye?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 02:00 PM PDT

Will there ever be a point that cameras can achieve the same standard as the human eye, when will that be and why hast it already happened?

submitted by /u/spatialanomaly12
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What effect do Beta2 Agonists have on the retina?

Posted: 10 Jul 2019 02:17 AM PDT

Beta2 Agonists are broncodilators, what effect do they carry inside the eye? Vasodilation? Vasoconstriction? I am just curious if any brilliant people can help shed somelight on this as I cant find information on its effect on the eye.

Hard question-

submitted by /u/Mishman7
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How does Earth's magnetic field actually "block" solar and cosmic radiation on a fundamental level?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 10:19 AM PDT

What is the nuclear anapole moment?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 06:22 PM PDT

I was reading a little about APV a while ago to find out the current state of experimental research and see what kind of atoms are appropriate for APV probing, and I kept coming across the term Nuclear Anapole Moment (I think, it might be similar and I'm forget-remembering), but all the explanations I could find were really geared towards those who already have a better understanding of Nucleus structure than myself, or I was tired... either way I was hoping I might get a good answer seeing the quality of the usuals here. Background: I have undergrad in physics and starting a theoretical Master's soon.

edit: probing

submitted by /u/GiraffeNeckBoy
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What happens to a light ray after contacting with the surface of a solar panel?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 06:47 AM PDT

Does travelling by train really pollute more than by car?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 09:43 AM PDT

I saw this in an old Top Gear episode. They actually said that travelling by modern high speed trains polluted more than planes?

submitted by /u/Gorgar_Beat_Me
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What s the quantum mechanics explanation of the angles between the atoms in molecules?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 09:26 AM PDT

Are there any diseases that are more common in one sex than the other that aren’t genetic or genital related?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 01:16 AM PDT

If a person becomes dehydrated, can their body somehow "draw" from liquid in the bladder as a source of hydration without having to expel and drink it?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 09:24 PM PDT

I'm wondering for example if I run out of water in the desert, would it be a good idea to try not urinating for as long as possible? Or is any excess water in the bladder already "spent"?

submitted by /u/Sw3dishFish
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Tuesday, July 9, 2019

How does your phone gauge the WiFi strength?

How does your phone gauge the WiFi strength?


How does your phone gauge the WiFi strength?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 03:18 AM PDT

What's the reference against which it compares the WiFi signal? And what does it actually measure?

submitted by /u/geisvw
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What aspects of a speaker determine it's max volume?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 04:28 AM PDT

Are the protons and neutrons in a specific isotope always arranged in the same/similar way?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 05:42 AM PDT

My understanding is that neutrons help glue the protons together via the residual strong force, while also helping to spread the protons out to reduce coulomb repulsion by physically separating them. This makes a bit of sense, but from this interpretation then, it would seem to me that its not just the number of protons/neutrons in the nucleus that matter, but also (to an extent) the physical placement of the neutrons and protons with respect to one another. It would seem that an atom with ALL of its protons clumped together in a ball that is wrapped in a shell of neutrons wouldn't be stable, despite having the correct number of protons/neutrons. I know this is a rather extreme example, but the reason for giving it is that it makes me believe that just having the right number of protons and neutrons isn't enough. And it also raises a bunch of other questions for me such as:

- How many stable configurations are there for a given atom?

- Are protons/neutrons organized "rigidly" into a nearly spherical nucleus? Or can the shape of the nucleus change/deform (either with time, or maybe just being statically asymmetrical)?

- If the distribution of protons/neutrons is even slightly asymmetrical, wouldn't this give the nucleus some kind of dipole moment?

- Is the arrangement of the protons/neutrons always the same/similar for a given isotope?

- For extremely heavy elements that are already unstable to begin with, does variations in the distribution of protons/neutrons help to increase or decrease stability from atom to atom?

- Do protons and neutrons move around while in the nucleus, or are they more or less fixed in place?

Am I barking up the complete wrong tree here, and trying to push my classical views on a quantum system in a way that doesn't work?

Any kind of info would be greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/ChrisGnam
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Why, when you brush your teeth right before going to bed, do you need to brush them again when you wake up in the morning? It feels as though you have drank two glasses of coca cola in your sleep.

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 02:08 AM PDT

When ancient language or code was deciphered, how did they know that it is correct?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 05:42 PM PDT

Why was the Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory abandoned?

Posted: 09 Jul 2019 08:16 AM PDT

I'm starting to learn the basics of quantum mechanics with the goal to learn quantum field theory. As I understand, the concept of spin is fundamental to quantum theories, so I want to understand how people came to its discovery and how the formalism was derived and defined.

Being sceptical I also try to understand the history of the field concept. At first the field was just a background on which particles (as the atoms of matter/energy) acted, but only the particles were "real" (basically as the test subject of the field); so the field was an abstract concept, in the same way as "spin" is an abstract concept.

At which point was it decided that "the field(s)" is a real physical entity?

I understand that whatever error makes the formulation of a unified theory an impossible task, was made in the 1920s/1930s. It could be a simple thing like a translation error from German to English and back, it could be a logical/mathematical error in the definitions of the concepts. It could be the guilt of Dirac who ignored the discussions which led to the Copenhagen interpretation and just kept on working on a fundamentally wrong theory, but one which works almost perfectly.

And there's no out currently because everything works too well, nobody wants to give up the field. It reminds me of the switch from Geocentrism to Heliocentrism: Heliocentrism as a theory was worse back then, it took some time to iron out the problems.

It seems that Wheeler/Feynman didn't buy the foundations of the then current physics and tried to base a theory on the "action at a distance"; but it seems that it was abandoned, seeing the success of GR and QM.

submitted by /u/PinkOwls_
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Does the normal force between two objects affects the heat transfer between them?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 10:16 PM PDT

It sometimes feels hotter when you press hard against something hot than when you lightly touch it. It got me thinking about whether the amount of normal force between two objects affects the rate of heat transfer between them.

Assume object A is at 0 degrees Celsius and laid down on a 100 degrees hot floor. Object B is identical to A in shape and initial temperature but has twice the mass, and laid down on the same floor. Will B heat up faster than A?

submitted by /u/hrsidkpi
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When you are pre-heating an oven, does the internal temperature rise at a fixed rate, or exponentially?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 10:38 PM PDT

Does wiping off your sweat prevent the body from cooling down?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 04:45 PM PDT

Does the cooling effect come from the sweat absorbing the heat on its way out or should you leave it and not wipe it to lower your temperature more efficiently?

submitted by /u/RocketRaptor
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Is it possible to accurately predict the magnitude of an earthquake by measuring the waves in backyard pools?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 06:02 PM PDT

Is the Rutherford Scattering Experiment an example of Quantum Tunneling?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 04:43 PM PDT

During the Rutherford Scattering Experiment particles went through a thin sheet of gold but some also reflected back. Is Quantum Tunneling one of the reasons for this?

submitted by /u/IcyFlameZ007
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How much oil is there?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 03:48 PM PDT

How long untill our usage of oil depletes its reserves?

submitted by /u/oshigoroshi1
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How come we never sneeze while sleeping?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 12:01 PM PDT

How do mosquitos know when to stop drinking blood so that they don't pop themselves?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 04:21 PM PDT

Was the Chicxulub meteor a random stray, or was it from our local system?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 01:00 PM PDT

Is it possible to tell the origin of the stellar body that caused the Chicxulub impact crater? Every recent bit of info available on Chicxulub suggests it could have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs (KT boundary etc.) I'm curious about how long it may have orbited Earth, if it had any super rare elements or minerals not found in the solar system, etc.

submitted by /u/CJShort
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How do we know which wavelengths are the eyes of other animals sensitive to?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 03:18 PM PDT

For example, how did we find out that kestrels are ultraviolet sensitive?

submitted by /u/eppur-si-muove-
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If sand is basically tiny pieces of rocks, why is it that melting rocks doesn't create glass but melting sand does?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 11:17 AM PDT

Monday, July 8, 2019

Do other Great apes pee holding their penises with their hands or is that just humans?

Do other Great apes pee holding their penises with their hands or is that just humans?


Do other Great apes pee holding their penises with their hands or is that just humans?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 05:21 AM PDT

How does a fish know what kind of fish it is?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 09:17 AM PDT

How does a sardine know to swim with other sardines and not pilchards, and tuna etc.

submitted by /u/Souprx
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Has home field advantage in sports ever been scientifically isolated/quantified?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 07:04 AM PDT

I was wondering if there have been any scientific studies to identify/quantify what exactly causes home field advantage in sports.

Some sports, like baseball, have some built in advantages for the home team in the rules -- like batting last (you can play for exactly how many runs you need in the ninth) or tailoring/training your team to take advantage of the unique shape/dimensions of your home ballpark. Other sports, like basketball don't seem to have any advantage built in. There are no rules built in to help the home team and all courts/hoops/balls should be nearly identical.

Yet, all sports have a distinct home field advantage -- teams win more often at home than they do on the road and often have better metrics in other stats as well.

I'm assuming professional athletes aren't consciously trying harder at home than they do on the road, so the answer must be some combination of favorable game official treatment or subconscious performance enhancement/detraction due to (broadly) travel fatigue, fan noise/participation, or pride.

I'm assuming most of the above can be isolated and measured, so is there any scientific studies that have been done to that effect?

submitted by /u/MathW
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How will/are human bodies adapt(ing) to increased body fat if obesity continues through many generations?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 09:34 AM PDT

Is there any evidence of human bodies adapting to obesity?

If it is true that you can be genetically obese then are those humans better adapted for this?

Would the human body be more likely to adapt to automatically store less fat, or to strengthen its organs/structure to be able to cope more easily with increased body fat?

submitted by /u/Qwobble
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Why do citrus fruits have dimples?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 05:16 AM PDT

I understand the small dimples on eggs are for gas exchange, but why do citrus fruits like oranges and lemons have them?

submitted by /u/rideaselle
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How do bugs actually stick themselves and walk on walls and ceilings, y'know, like Spider-Man?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 05:18 PM PDT

If we only started keeping temperature records in 1880, how do scientists know the world wasn't hotter before? How can they say so certainly the world is getting hotter and the ocean increasing?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 02:05 PM PDT

Why do mosquito bites itch?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 06:43 AM PDT

Do we know why humans and/or mosquitos evolved for their bites to cause itching? It seems like the mosquitos would benefit from it not doing so, so that people don't try to swat them, and for humans it doesn't seem to make a difference, since once they've already been bitten any disease carried would already be transmitted.

submitted by /u/nick_hedp
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If you are dehydrated, what part of your body will you start to deteriorate first?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 02:13 PM PDT

How can 2x 1.5V batteries generate 4,000V of electricity?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 05:48 AM PDT

Hi! Maybe a silly question, but there's something I can't wrap my head around. Just came across a bug-zapping device called a "Bug Warrior Supreme." Essentially a glorified bug-zapper in the shape of a tennis racket. They advertise as having "4,000V of pure bug zapping power," but I don't understand how that's possible with 2x 1.5V C cell batteries. Don't they only have a maximum output of 3V (1.5+1.5)? How can the 2 batteries deliver 4,000V?!

Thank you all in advance :)

submitted by /u/ShittyMcPoopus
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How have we discovered that water used to exist on other planets and their satellites?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 05:09 AM PDT

Why can only non-accelerating reference frames be considered "stationary?"

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 02:02 PM PDT

When I'm falling why can't I say I'm standing still and earth is accelerating towards me? If I'm driving at a constant speed towards a city I can say I'm standing still and the city's approaching me. Thanks :D

submitted by /u/VioletBroregarde
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[Quantum Physics] Light being unable to escape a black hole?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 04:11 AM PDT

Hello all,

Perhaps I've mis-remembered something but - The way wave-particle duality works with light is that - it will remain in wave form, traveling a the speed of light (without mass) and the waveform will collapse upon 'observation'.

This to me means one of the following things:

A: Our observation of event horizon of a black hole causes the waveform to collapse and particles to be absorbed

B: Black hole can pull waves into itself

C: Black holes 'pull' speed is so fast that technically the light red-shifts until it goes out of visible spectrum - without covering any of the distance due to moving opposite the black holes pull.

I don't know if any of the above are correct... Would someone be able to mildly clarify this for me?

Purpose of this question: I thought that massless 'entities' were unaffected by gravitational pull?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/fuzzout
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What is the chemical process of something "drying"? Wet clothes drying, spackle drying, paint drying...

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 03:42 AM PDT

Ringworld Paradox (theoretical limit to size and rotation?)

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 03:03 AM PDT

Is there a theoretical limit to the size of an object and how fast it can spin?

For example, could a star with a radius of 50,000km complete 1 revolution per second? The outer edge would need to be moving just faster than the speed of light.

Why would or wouldn't this be possible?

submitted by /u/badapple
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Is all of a person’s dna in every cell?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 11:23 AM PDT

Ie in all cells is the complete set of chromosomes in the nucleus even if the cell's function is not being used by more than a tiny part of dna.

submitted by /u/bee4534
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What is the amplitude of a light packet represent?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 10:35 PM PDT

So if we have a wave packet of light, one photon. It has a momentum, speed, energy all defined by its frequency/wavelength, and universal constants. But what does the amplitude of the wave represent?

submitted by /u/Vlad_Bush
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Are Natural Disasters and Global Warming related?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 02:27 PM PDT

Recently I've seen an increase in natural disasters from earthquakes to tornados and I was just wondering if it has anything to the increase of Global Warming and Ozone layer depletion.

submitted by /u/GuiZapa368
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Why is it that climate scientists say that the global warming is irreversible?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 01:35 AM PDT

Back in school I learned that warm climate periods where followed by ice ages because due to the warmer weather there would be more evaporation of water on earth leading to more clouds which causes that less sunlight reaches the earth. Why does this Not apply for man made climate change?

submitted by /u/GG_Blizzard
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What does "collision" mean with respect to uncharged particles?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 11:27 AM PDT

Consider two neutrons unlucky enough to enter the same space at the same time--perhaps they are called "free neutrons". Can they literally bounce off one another in the billiard-ball sense? Do they touch at one single point (as two ideal spheres would)? Does the surface flatten a bit and spring back? Is the Strong Force "at" their surfaces interacting between them so as to repel them from each other without touching?

Or, as a matter of fact, does physical contact even apply to entities in the nano realm, where quantum effects dominate?

submitted by /u/losala
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Can we say that Young's Modulus of a material is equal to the Pressure required to deform a sheet of that material? I ask this because the dimensions of YM and pressure are the same.

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 12:21 AM PDT

Is it possible to estimate cooking time knowing three simple factors?

Posted: 08 Jul 2019 12:00 AM PDT

Weight of the item, current temperature of the item, and set temperature of the oven? Or are other variables necessary to more precisely estimate the time to transfer the heat?

submitted by /u/nobejube
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What affect does cloud seeding have on climate change?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 08:09 PM PDT

If we add particles to a pregnant system to make it rain over an area in Colorado, does Iowa get less rain and as a result cause a drought for further eastern states? Do our climate change models account for human weather manipulation and the butterfly effect?

submitted by /u/futileargument
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Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections (eg colds)?

Posted: 07 Jul 2019 08:15 AM PDT

I have read this is common in the US, with a high proportion of AB prescriptions for viral infections, like a cold. I was taught in school that ABs do nothing to viruses, so why do doctors give them out? Is it to placate the patient? What impact does this have on AB resistance?

submitted by /u/Icosahedonism
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