AskScience AMA Series: I study the food web that lives within the leaves of carnivorous pitcher plants. AMA!

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• AskScience AMA Series: I study the food web that lives within the leaves of carnivorous pitcher plants. AMA!
• If you went closer toward the center of the earth, would there be less gravity or more gravity?
• Can Brain Training Improve Reading Speed?
• What prevents a tower crane from toppling over?
• What would be the consequences of rejecting the assertion of the axiom of empty set?
• How does new printed money enter the market?
• When heating something to high temperatures it becomes “red hot” and then continues to change color to orange, yellow, and then white; why doesn’t the hot object start to glow green or blue after yellow?
• Does the charge of a Lithium Polymer Battery affect that reaction that occurs when it is pierced and the contents are exposed to oxygen?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
• Is the ionic radius of Cu2+ bigger than Cu as an atom? If so then why?
• What is the difference between a cheap SPF 50 product and expensive SPF 50 product? Is their protection ability different, or is it just the brand affecting the price?
• What would happen when a simple pendulum is taken to the centre of the Earth?
• How does white vinegar get rid of odours?
• From where comes the power that make a magnet continuously levitate above a reversed magnet against the force of gravity?
• Does biological material encased in Amber fossilise?
• What differentiates the Neogene from the Quaternary period?
• How does Newton's 3rd Law apply to an object falling in a vacuum?
• How far underwater do I have to go to be protected from sunburn?
• Why do greenhouse gases cause global warming by blocking radiation from leaving the atmosphere and don't block the same radiation from entering?
• Does gravity act the same way on antimatter as it does on matter?
• What keeps the earth's axis in its position?
• How old is cancer?
• Should gravity, as an abbreviated form, use capital G or lowercase g?

AskScience AMA Series: I study the food web that lives within the leaves of carnivorous pitcher plants. AMA! Posted: 03 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT Hi! My name is Alicia McGrew, and I am a PhD candidate at the University of Florida. My PhD research at the University of Florida is focused on the food web that lives inside the leaves of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea). Florida is the carnivorous plant hotspot of North America; however, this particular pitcher plant is unique, as it relies on a community of aquatic micro-organisms to help decompose its prey and acquire important nutrients for growth. I use this model food web to ask a number of questions about ecological communities: which organisms are there, how do they interact, and how does this composition and structure vary across different ecological and environmental conditions? I'm particularly interested in the role of nutrients and predation on structuring aquatic communities. I'm from Michigan, and first began doing research on aquatic communities in the Great Lakes region, where I spent many hours on a microscope! I worked as a technician to sample and identify zooplankton taxa in a variety of habitats. For my Master's research, I investigated the feeding ecology of an aquatic invasive species to the Great Lakes region, the bloody red shrimp. When I'm not doing science, my other interests include teaching, reading, gardening (including a mini pitcher plant bog!), traveling, and hiking. You can read more about the work being done at the UF/IFAS Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation here and here. I'll be on at noon EDT (16 UT), AMA! submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

If you went closer toward the center of the earth, would there be less gravity or more gravity? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 10:20 AM PDT submitted by /u/Creeperofhope [link] [comments]

Can Brain Training Improve Reading Speed? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 04:30 AM PDT Reading is a very complex cognitive process. It's very interesting, can brain training, for example, Lumosity games, improves reading speed? Any investigations? submitted by /u/golovatuy [link] [comments]

What prevents a tower crane from toppling over? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 08:13 AM PDT I'm just astounded by the engineering marvel of cloud-breaching skyscraper construction and the assisting tower cranes that make it possible. Hoisting significantly heavy materials from ground to top level, and such a skinny build, what are the design measures that balance it? What balances the center of mass? submitted by /u/pezpourbozorgi [link] [comments]

What would be the consequences of rejecting the assertion of the axiom of empty set? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 12:20 AM PDT The existence of a set that contains no elements is something I could never wrap my head around or accept. Defining nothingness seems like a contradiction and a mistake. You can only define what exists and according to naive set theory, any definable collection is a set. It seems to me that the axiom of empty set is simply an arbitrary assertion created to avoid Russell's paradox. In mathematics, a set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. The concept and quality of nothingness is the very opposite of what it means to be a set. There is no quality of nothingness. It just simply isn't there. It isn't even an "It".. We give it a name so as to talk about it conceptually when I disagree we should even talk about it at all considering we aren't even talking about anything to begin with. submitted by /u/Gambion [link] [comments]

How does new printed money enter the market? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 04:47 AM PDT submitted by /u/Chirvasa [link] [comments]

When heating something to high temperatures it becomes “red hot” and then continues to change color to orange, yellow, and then white; why doesn’t the hot object start to glow green or blue after yellow? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 08:40 PM PDT submitted by /u/dan52895 [link] [comments]

Does the charge of a Lithium Polymer Battery affect that reaction that occurs when it is pierced and the contents are exposed to oxygen? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 02:42 AM PDT I saw this post and wondered if the charge of the battery (full vs. dead) would affect the intensity of the reaction. Secondly is there any types of battery where the charge would affect this sort of reaction? submitted by /u/Kellettuk [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Posted: 03 Jul 2019 08:13 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

Is the ionic radius of Cu2+ bigger than Cu as an atom? If so then why? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 01:48 AM PDT I could not find any help on the internet. Any help would be very much appreciated :) submitted by /u/CML_PoP [link] [comments]

What is the difference between a cheap SPF 50 product and expensive SPF 50 product? Is their protection ability different, or is it just the brand affecting the price? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 02:54 AM PDT submitted by /u/hot-zucchini [link] [comments]

What would happen when a simple pendulum is taken to the centre of the Earth? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 02:52 AM PDT When the pendulum is at the center, what does infinite Time Period signify? Will there be no oscillation, or 1 oscillation in infinite time, or are both the same thing? submitted by /u/vision666 [link] [comments]

How does white vinegar get rid of odours? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 02:11 AM PDT I see vinegar recommended in a lot of places for removing odours (particularly cat pee) but how does it actually do this? submitted by /u/WoollenItBeNice [link] [comments]

From where comes the power that make a magnet continuously levitate above a reversed magnet against the force of gravity? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 05:56 AM PDT I mean, how could it fight gravity continuously without expend any energy? submitted by /u/Constant__Pain [link] [comments]

Does biological material encased in Amber fossilise? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 10:08 PM PDT Fossilisation replaces biological material with minerals. In Amber is the material protected and therefore potentially available for analysis? submitted by /u/Lorderan56 [link] [comments]

What differentiates the Neogene from the Quaternary period? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 11:44 PM PDT I see that Wikipedia says that the Neogene period ended "2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago." Was there a drastic change that happened and allowed us to determine this to with such precision? submitted by /u/peteroh9 [link] [comments]

How does Newton's 3rd Law apply to an object falling in a vacuum? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 07:25 PM PDT For every action there's and equal, opposite reaction. If you were to drop an object, the force of gravity will be fought by air resistance in an atmosphere, but, in a vacuum where there is no air, what is the opposite reaction? submitted by /u/CornDavis [link] [comments]

How far underwater do I have to go to be protected from sunburn? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 08:26 PM PDT Will a standard swimming pool's depth protect me from getting sunburned? submitted by /u/Thrownawaybyall [link] [comments]

Why do greenhouse gases cause global warming by blocking radiation from leaving the atmosphere and don't block the same radiation from entering? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 06:47 PM PDT So if I understand correctly light waves enter the atmosphere as infrared, visible light, and UV. Mostly the infrared waves heat up the earth and can't escape due to the greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere, which means the heat builds up in the Earth. If greenhouse gases block the radiation from leaving, why wouldn't they also block them from entering? submitted by /u/gark4 [link] [comments]

Does gravity act the same way on antimatter as it does on matter? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 09:41 PM PDT What is it about matter that makes it susceptible to gravitational forces? submitted by /u/adrianz96 [link] [comments]

What keeps the earth's axis in its position? Posted: 03 Jul 2019 12:55 AM PDT Is there anything that could cause the axis to move to a completely vertical position? (so that day and night length would be equal) submitted by /u/dusto66 [link] [comments]

How old is cancer? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 02:45 PM PDT What is the first known occurence of cancer in the animal kingdom? Can we even tell that through the fossil record? Thank you submitted by /u/ifknluvsquirrels [link] [comments]

Should gravity, as an abbreviated form, use capital G or lowercase g? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 08:25 PM PDT I'm an old guy and always thought it was uppercase G. But I recently came across an article on the g-force involved in the explosion of torpedoes on the Kursk, and see it all being lowercase. I am usually reading astronomy articles, as an amateur - is there a difference? submitted by /u/DistFunc [link] [comments]

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How does Venus retain such a thick atmosphere despite having no magnetic field and being located so close to the sun?

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• How does Venus retain such a thick atmosphere despite having no magnetic field and being located so close to the sun?
• If two objects collide on Earth, their kinetic energy is converted to other forms such as light and sound. But in space, it can't be converted into sound energy, so what would it get converted into? And would it be more destructive for the objects in question? Or am I completely misguided?
• Are there, or were there ever, any organisms on Earth that possess both an endo- and an exoskeleton?
• When the size of a black hole is given (e.g. as 1km), does that include or exclude warped space time?
• Why does the CMB tells us spacetime is flat ?
• Does the Higgs Boson have more mass than the protons that were collided to create it?
• How exactly do Lagrange-4 and Lagrange-5 work?
• How do video game controllers compare to each other in terms of hand health?
• What makes someone develop one eating disorder over another?
• Why do soda bubbles tend to go to the side of their container?
• Can you brute force P vs NP by trial and error testing potential algorithms on NP Hard problems?
• Are the Southern Alps growing?
• Could extreme high pressure systems actually become less frequent due to climate change, thus 'masking' heat?
• Can you explain the series of events in the Fukushima Daiichi disaster to someone whose nuclear knowledge is limited to the Chernobyl series?
• Can Brewster's Law be generalized? Knowing that refraction depends on the wavelength of light and the angle of incidence, does polarization also depend on the same things?
• Falling into a black hole, looking outward; what do you see?
• What was the daily temperature during the “little ice age”?
• Air density affects your cardiovascular ability, but what about your strength?
• Does the heat of a conventional explosion reaches the same height as the heat of a nuclear explosion of the same yield?
• Does a car get better mileage as you drive because you’re carrying less weight in fuel?
• So, inflammation is a common reaction to injury. Does that mean inflammation is a good thing?

How does Venus retain such a thick atmosphere despite having no magnetic field and being located so close to the sun? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 11:25 PM PDT submitted by /u/ResidentGift [link] [comments]

If two objects collide on Earth, their kinetic energy is converted to other forms such as light and sound. But in space, it can't be converted into sound energy, so what would it get converted into? And would it be more destructive for the objects in question? Or am I completely misguided? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 02:13 AM PDT submitted by /u/FrodoTheDodo1 [link] [comments]

Are there, or were there ever, any organisms on Earth that possess both an endo- and an exoskeleton? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 04:11 PM PDT submitted by /u/Katharinelk [link] [comments]

When the size of a black hole is given (e.g. as 1km), does that include or exclude warped space time? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 02:18 AM PDT In laymen terms, space gets contracted around a black hole. A lot. So the Schwarzschild radius should (while still be of the same effective measurement) be visibly smaller seen from afar? Or does the observable radius is at the calculated distance, and the included section of space is effectively "larger on the inside"? submitted by /u/hoeskioeh [link] [comments]

Why does the CMB tells us spacetime is flat ? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 04:30 AM PDT Hey there. In the PBS Space Time series, in the episode about the CMB, they explained the "dots" in the CMB are approx 1° in width, and this facts is related to having a flat spacetime. Why ? Since spacetime works like a "filter" on the CMB we see, aren't there other CMB/spacetime curvature "combinaison" making us see the same result ? If im not clear : if a flat spacetime gives us the CMB we see today, isn't it possible the CMB is totally different and spacetime curved in a such way we see the CMB like we do ? Maybe I dont get something and the answer is obvious, but I had that in my head for a long time. Thanks ! submitted by /u/linkie_pi [link] [comments]

Does the Higgs Boson have more mass than the protons that were collided to create it? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 04:55 AM PDT My search attempts seem to suggest that it does have more mass than an individual proton at least. But I'm assuming that's at rest (if it matters here)? Does this mean that it's a demonstration of the creation of mass? Is this "creation of mass" seen elsewhere in particle physics? I apologize if this is all so confused as to be unanswerable. submitted by /u/JermVVarfare [link] [comments]

How exactly do Lagrange-4 and Lagrange-5 work? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 03:50 PM PDT I feel like I understand L-1 through L-3 pretty well. L-1 is just where gravitational "forces" subtract perfectly to slow down orbits to geosynchronous, L-2 is where they add perfectly to speed up orbits to geosynchronous, and L-3 is on the opposite side of the sun as L-2 but has the same effect. However, no matter how many explanations I hear or how many diagrams I see, I still can't figure out what is so special about +/-60 degrees in the orbit, or why these are actually stable instead of metastable. submitted by /u/notacuckreee [link] [comments]

How do video game controllers compare to each other in terms of hand health? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 01:59 AM PDT Since hand and wrist problems are becoming a problem in gaming, I've become interested in the controllers we use. In articles covering the topic I normally only see exercises being mentioned as a treatment, while my intuition tells me switching from gamepad to keyboard would help significantly when possible. The only example I know of this being brought up is with hax$ and smash brothers melee. Here's a 6 minute video on the story if interested: https://youtu.be/tCOISFOWswc ​ Question: How do game controllers compare to each other in terms of hand health in high apm games? keyboard vs. keyboard + mouse vs. gamepad? submitted by /u/Im_Axie [link] [comments]

What makes someone develop one eating disorder over another? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 09:00 PM PDT For example, what causes someone to develop anorexia over bulimia or binge eating disorder? They all share similar risk factors of depression, anxiety etc, but wondered if anyone could shine more light on the causes of developing one ED specifically. submitted by /u/caramelfudgesundae [link] [comments]

Why do soda bubbles tend to go to the side of their container? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 04:10 AM PDT I noticed that when bubbles form in the soda they tend to move from the center to the sides and then stick there, when I asked my physics teacher he vaguely answered it was due to water tension, so I wanted an proper answer regarding why this movement happens and why do they stick on the walls. submitted by /u/Jowkan201 [link] [comments]

Can you brute force P vs NP by trial and error testing potential algorithms on NP Hard problems? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 02:03 AM PDT submitted by /u/Gambion [link] [comments]

Are the Southern Alps growing? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 03:59 PM PDT I know they're being pushed up by the Australian and Pacific plates. At the same time they're being eroded: Aoraki lost 10m of rock from the summit in 1991. Are these processes in equilibrium or is one tending to dominate? Is there a general rule about whether mountain ranges are in equilibrium or is a case-by-case question? submitted by /u/courtenayplacedrinks [link] [comments]

Could extreme high pressure systems actually become less frequent due to climate change, thus 'masking' heat? Posted: 02 Jul 2019 12:25 AM PDT Basically title. I'm asking if someone knows if this could be true, or has any research. My Google-Fu is weak, and I request a master's skill. The reason I started thinking this was due to this article. https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/hell-is-coming-europe-engulfed-by-massive-heatwave-a-1275268.html "After a cool May, it finally warmed up in June in Germany. A lot. Last Wednesday, the thermometer near Guben in the northern German state of Brandenburg reached 38.6 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit). That marked the first time since measurements began in 1881 that a temperature that high was reached in Germany in June." I was basically wondering why the temperature record in Germany hadn't been beaten until now, 140 years later. Sure, the globe is heating (I'm a firm believer in climate change/AGW), but this little fact seems weird to me. The reasoning would be that, yes, high-pressure systems obviously still occur, but something might've changed in the climate to make these extreme high-pressure bubbles appear. Little help? submitted by /u/Reed1981 [link] [comments]

Can you explain the series of events in the Fukushima Daiichi disaster to someone whose nuclear knowledge is limited to the Chernobyl series? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 11:57 PM PDT I, like many others, was fascinated with the Chernobyl mini-series. The final episode did an amazing job of explaining step by step what went wrong and why. I loved the visualisation of the red and blue cards. I understand that in Fukushima Daiichi, the plant was flooded and therefore generators responsible for pumps / cooling down of the reactor failed, therefore the core started to overheat (So in Chernobyl the mini-series style, the Red cards started increasing and there were no (?) blue cards to balance it). But the reactors were shut down (is this with a kill switch, similar to AZ-5? or is that an RBMK reactor-only function?), so why did the meltdown occur? Is Xenon poisoning also an actor here? Why did the heat went up and ultimately, what happened? Edit: I went with the Chemistry flair as I couldn't find any "nuclear" option. I hope that's allright. Please don't kill me. submitted by /u/Ikeda_kouji [link] [comments]

Can Brewster's Law be generalized? Knowing that refraction depends on the wavelength of light and the angle of incidence, does polarization also depend on the same things? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 07:42 PM PDT submitted by /u/_Sunny-- [link] [comments]

Falling into a black hole, looking outward; what do you see? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 11:18 PM PDT I've wondered about this for a while. Set aside the physical effects on a human body and assume the black hole has no accretion disc or immediate source of light to obscure an outward view. As you fall into a black hole, with time dilation being so pronounced, would you see the fate of the universe play out as you reached the singularity? My understanding is that you'd still be able to see the external light entering the event horizon that you are inside of. Would you see heat death or Big Crunch or some other cosmic ending? Would it happen in a reasonably perceptible time or in a flash? Am I missing something? I appreciate this is an unknown realm. I just wanna hear people's thoughts. submitted by /u/monkmotherfunk [link] [comments]

What was the daily temperature during the “little ice age”? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 06:52 PM PDT During the little ice age, the climate was from 0.5 to 2.0 C colder than today. What does that mean in daily high and low temps for summer and winter? This has been surprisingly hard to find. submitted by /u/mikooster [link] [comments]

Air density affects your cardiovascular ability, but what about your strength? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 09:40 PM PDT If I am wanting to lift a weight anywhere on the globe, what location on earth would be the best? submitted by /u/2TiteforSpandex [link] [comments]

Does the heat of a conventional explosion reaches the same height as the heat of a nuclear explosion of the same yield? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 11:28 AM PDT Hello. I was trying to find an answer to this question and found this article: http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects1.shtml . It starts with the temperatures reached in a nuclear explosion are very much higher than in a conventional explosion, and a large proportion of the energy in a nuclear explosion is emitted in the form of light and heat, generally referred to as thermal energy I thought that gave me an answer, but it later talks about "equivalent megatons (EMT)" which got me all confused. An other way to phrase my question would be: If you were standing 10, 100 and 1000 meters away from the epicentre of a 1 megaton nuclear blast, would you record the same heat readings as if you were standing 10, 100 and 1000 meters away from the epicentre of a 1 million ton of TNT explosion? And yes or no, why? submitted by /u/Professional_Citron [link] [comments]

Does a car get better mileage as you drive because you’re carrying less weight in fuel? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 09:04 PM PDT submitted by /u/bigtimeoverthinker [link] [comments]

So, inflammation is a common reaction to injury. Does that mean inflammation is a good thing? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 06:57 AM PDT (Edited to be clear that this is a general science question and isn't a request for personal medical advice...) ​ Patients experiencing pain are often given anti-inflammatories, but now I'm wondering: is it really a good idea to always suppress inflammation when it appears? Are we suppressing some healing process when we do so? submitted by /u/porkchop_d_clown [link] [comments]

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AskScience AMA Series: We're the team sending NASA's Dragonfly drone mission to Saturn's moon Titan. Ask us anything!

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• AskScience AMA Series: We're the team sending NASA's Dragonfly drone mission to Saturn's moon Titan. Ask us anything!
• In quantum mechanics, a wavefunction collapses to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world. What exactly is an "observation" in the quantum world and does an observation require consciousness to collapse the wavefunction?
• What is the diameter of a Carbon-12 atom?
• How does the ozone layer “heal” itself?
• What do you call the protein on the surface of CD4+ cells that allows other cells to know ita infected?
• If the defining characteristic of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus, aren't there theoretically an infinite(ish) number of elements?
• Why intense radiation causes almost immediate vomiting?
• Do electrons actually move through a conductor?
• Is there any theories or evidence that explains how caterpillar, and similar creatures, evolved the ability to Metamophize??? [Sorry if flair is wrong]
• How does Lichen sclerosus occur?
• Have future mountain ranges been modelled?
• How exactly does fresh air help to alleviate nausea symptoms?
• What exactly happens when a program crashes?
• How did the Himalayas + Tibetan plateau become so “fat”?
• Why do we use water in steam based energy production instead of alcohol?
• How does an ant have enough energy stores to carry objects far larger than they are over distances that are great relative to their size?
• Outside of volcanos, are surface-level lava and lava rivers common or is that the work of fiction?
• How do epidural shots work?
• Is the incidence of lung cancer greater in countries where public smoking is allowed compared with countries where smoking is banned in public places?
• What would happen when a fusion reactor broke open?
• What are the long term effects of G-force on human body? Like the one F1 pilots experience.

AskScience AMA Series: We're the team sending NASA's Dragonfly drone mission to Saturn's moon Titan. Ask us anything! Posted: 01 Jul 2019 04:00 AM PDT For the first time, NASA will fly a drone for science on another world! Our Dragonfly mission will explore Saturn's icy moon Titan while searching for the building blocks of life. Dragonfly will launch in 2026 and arrive in 2034. Once there, the rotorcraft will fly to dozens of promising locations on the mysterious ocean world in search of prebiotic chemical processes common on both Titan and Earth. Titan is an analog to the very early Earth, and can provide clues to how life may have arisen on our home planet. Team members answering your questions include: Curt Niebur, Lead Program Scientist for New Frontiers Lori Glaze, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division Zibi Turtle, Dragonfly Principal Investigator Peter Bedini, Dragonfly Project Manager Ken Hibbard, Dragonfly Mission Systems Engineer Melissa Trainer, Dragonfly Deputy Principal Investigator We'll sign on at 3 p.m. EDT (19 UT), ask us anything! submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator [link] [comments]

In quantum mechanics, a wavefunction collapses to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world. What exactly is an "observation" in the quantum world and does an observation require consciousness to collapse the wavefunction? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 07:46 AM PDT submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix [link] [comments]

What is the diameter of a Carbon-12 atom? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 08:43 AM PDT I have not been able to find anything about it online. submitted by /u/Lightbuster31 [link] [comments]

How does the ozone layer “heal” itself? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 05:19 AM PDT I recently saw this article stating that the ozone layer is recovering after being in a critical stat several decades a ago. How exactly is it that a layer of the atmosphere can regenerate itself after being depleted? Am I just thinking about this wrong? Have we taken steps to not only reduce the harm we do to it, but to actually regenerate what we have depleted? https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/nov/05/ozone-layer-healing-after-aerosols-un-northern-hemisphere submitted by /u/shac_melley [link] [comments]

What do you call the protein on the surface of CD4+ cells that allows other cells to know ita infected? Posted: 01 Jul 2019 05:33 AM PDT When HIV goes away from the cell it manifested,it takes with it the host cell membrane(cytoplasm),which helps the bioinformatics(protein molecules of HIV) to hide and not be detected by the system. Is there not any protein/enzyme on the surface of the cytoplasm that shows that it was once infected? And that the HIV virus is just using it as a front line to hide itself? What do you call the protein on the surface of CD4+ cells that allows other cells to know its infected?Is it MHC 2? submitted by /u/idkyallzxcv [link] [comments]

If the defining characteristic of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus, aren't there theoretically an infinite(ish) number of elements? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 10:26 PM PDT So if you slap another proton into the nucleus, the identity of the atom changes, right? At least, it becomes an isotope of the new element. Can't you just keep doing it in the realms beyond the periodic table? Is the periodic table only a list of the known, witnessed elements, or is it a list of all possible elements? submitted by /u/Pokemaster131 [link] [comments]

Why intense radiation causes almost immediate vomiting? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 02:12 PM PDT I understand that radiation poisoning causes all sort of troubles in the following hours/days/years/etc... I am however surprised to see accounts of people (e.g. Louis Slotin) exposed to radiation poisoning who start vomiting in the immediate aftermath, possibly seconds after the exposure. What's the mechanism behind this? submitted by /u/flying_baboon [link] [comments]

Do electrons actually move through a conductor? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 04:30 PM PDT I've been watching some physics videos, and most of the time electricity/current is represented as particles (electrons?) moving through a conductor, like copper. However, I've recently "learned" that electrons barely move in conductors, it's only the electromagnetic waves that move significantly. Close to the speed of light I believe. As an example, in one of these videos capacitors were represented as two plates close together. It was explained that a higher concentration of negatively charged particles would be forced into one plate, causing the second plate to fill up with positively charged particles in response. I believe a similar phenomenon occurs to some degree in many electromagnetic components, like coils for example. I guess the root of my question is, how do these two concepts reconcile? Moving particles vs moving waves? A battery might be an example as well. More electrons on one pole, less on the other. If only the waves move through a circuit between the two, why would they ever lose their electric field/voltage? submitted by /u/pantera_de_sexo [link] [comments]

Is there any theories or evidence that explains how caterpillar, and similar creatures, evolved the ability to Metamophize??? [Sorry if flair is wrong] Posted: 30 Jun 2019 08:06 PM PDT This is something thats baffled me for many years.... last time I asked a paleontologist, he had no explanation.. but that was 10 years ago. submitted by /u/atreestump1 [link] [comments]

How does Lichen sclerosus occur? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 05:19 PM PDT I am not a science student in any form. From google searches I understand it is an auto immune disorder and one of main treatment methods is by using corticosteroids. How does it actually occur? submitted by /u/richestkingOfReddit [link] [comments]

Have future mountain ranges been modelled? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 01:31 PM PDT 100 million years from now for example. submitted by /u/hanoian [link] [comments]

How exactly does fresh air help to alleviate nausea symptoms? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 08:36 AM PDT submitted by /u/pillsburydoughbitch [link] [comments]

What exactly happens when a program crashes? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 02:45 PM PDT My conception of a program is as follows: A program is a series of instructions (mov, sub, add, etc...) that are executed in by a CPU. The CPU runs multiple programs by switching back and forth between them very quickly, maintaining state for each program so that each program "thinks" it's the only one executing (with its own memory, registers, etc...) So, on that model, what exactly happens when a program crashes? Is it what happens when the program gives the CPU an instruction that the CPU can't execute? Is it that the OS fails to maintain state when switching back and forth between programs? Something else? Neither? Thanks! submitted by /u/philCScareeradvice [link] [comments]

How did the Himalayas + Tibetan plateau become so “fat”? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 08:07 AM PDT How did the Himalayas + Tibetan plateau become so "fat"? Mountains are created when plates move into each other but how did The Himalayas + the Tibetan plateau end up so "fat"? submitted by /u/TitanJazza [link] [comments]

Why do we use water in steam based energy production instead of alcohol? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 07:53 AM PDT Why do we use water in steam based energy production, like nuclear powerplants instead of something with a lower temperature to turn into gas like alcohol? submitted by /u/PM_MI_UR_COLLAR_BONE [link] [comments]

How does an ant have enough energy stores to carry objects far larger than they are over distances that are great relative to their size? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 02:23 PM PDT I was outside clipping my nails and one of the clippings started moving. Upon closer investigation I found there was an ant carrying the nail. This ant was very small. Looked like a black speck. I would have needed a magnifying class to make out its legs. I started wondering how the ant could have enough energy in its body to carry such a load. My physics is weak but it seems like the calories needed to perform the work of carrying such a load over such a distance would be greater than that which the ant could have in its fuel tank. Obviously the ant does have the energy needed. I'd just like to see the math. submitted by /u/124701 [link] [comments]

Outside of volcanos, are surface-level lava and lava rivers common or is that the work of fiction? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 08:18 PM PDT In movies and media, you often see rivers of lava in caves or mountain strongholds (mountains, not volcanos) with active lava pools seemingly close to the surface. Is that fairly common? What are the requirements for such things? submitted by /u/goat_fab [link] [comments]

How do epidural shots work? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 06:43 PM PDT I know that they block nerves but could anyone provide a more in depth explanation? (i currently am doing my first anatomy course in University and I've done a couple pharmacology course but this question didn't cross my mind until recently) Also, additional questions! What sort of receptors does it act on? What nerves do they block? what do the nerves usually innervate?? what sort of chemical is contained in an epidural shot?? how likely is someone to die/suffer an injury from an innaccurate / excess dose? submitted by /u/izzathrowawai [link] [comments]

Is the incidence of lung cancer greater in countries where public smoking is allowed compared with countries where smoking is banned in public places? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 04:51 AM PDT submitted by /u/eaquino03 [link] [comments]

What would happen when a fusion reactor broke open? Posted: 30 Jun 2019 12:52 PM PDT submitted by /u/SeaGDPA [link] [comments]

What are the long term effects of G-force on human body? Like the one F1 pilots experience. Posted: 30 Jun 2019 07:17 AM PDT submitted by /u/lucasucas [link] [comments]

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