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Wednesday, June 19, 2019

Are there any examples of venomous or toxic birds?

Are there any examples of venomous or toxic birds?


Are there any examples of venomous or toxic birds?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 05:24 PM PDT

I know that there are examples of venomous mammals, like the slow loris, or even egg laying mammals like the platypus (male). But are there any birds with a dangerous peck or scratch, maybe handling them can harm you, or perhaps they are bad to eat (and not from carrying parasites or diseases?) Just curious because I can think of examples from almost every major grouping of animals, but nothing for birds.

submitted by /u/Frostitute_85
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Gravity attracts particles with mass, electromagnetism with electric charge and the strong force with color charge. What is the weak force's charge?

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 04:42 AM PDT

Will an object rotating in a vacuum which has no contact with another external object, rotate infinitely or will it gradually lose its speed?

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 04:39 AM PDT

Until yesterday, I thought if there is no friction force with a rotating object, it will never lose its spin, but I read somewhere that even under such conditions, the object will gradually slow down (but the reason was not specified). So, which force slows the rotation speed?

Moreover, does the Earth lose its average (sidereal) rotation speed in time?

submitted by /u/pp_hyp3r_n0vA
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We are Prion Researchers! Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 07:53 AM PDT

Why does the composition of crude oil vary between different oil wells?

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 04:09 AM PDT

When I point my contactless IR thermometer straight up, what am I taking the temperature of?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 08:41 PM PDT

It's currently 85 degrees F on the ground here at 10 pm at night. That's the current nighttime air temperature. It's also the temperature I get when I point the IR thermometer at the grass on the ground. When I point my contactless IR thermometer straight up it registers 57 degrees F. That temperature increases as I point it more towards the horizon presumably towards denser and lower layers of air. So what am I measuring straight up? The cosmic background radiation temperature? An average of the stars and deep space in view? The average temperature of the atmosphere? A layer of IR-opaque water vapor in the troposphere? If the latter, how high up is it? How can I find out? Would the temperature it records be different in a dry desert area?

submitted by /u/Nulovka
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If a star "consumes" a planet, does that have any appreciable effect on the star's lifespan?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 04:04 PM PDT

IANAS, so I'm fuzzy on the details of astrophysics, but I remember reading that once a star's core begins to create iron, it will go nova very shortly thereafter. So if our sun consumes Earth as it transitions into a red giant, our iron core (or those of the other inner planets) would fall into the sun as well. Might that have any impact on the sun's lifespan?

submitted by /u/Conspark
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How does the shift of the poles affect magnetic lines/ley lines? Is there an online map that shows the updated movement of these lines?

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 05:32 AM PDT

Can LIGO miss gravitational waves at 45 degrees?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:53 PM PDT

So, LIGO and VIRGO have arms arranged at 90 degree angles. If I'm understanding this right, each arm measures deformation on it's axis. But what if both arms are deformed equally? Does that even make sense?
And if it does, and if interferometers can miss such GWs, would adding a third arm solve that problem?
I understand that the probability of that happening is so low, it wouldn't even be worth checking out, but it's a hypothetical question. Humour me.

submitted by /u/Stalennin
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At which altitude does the atmosphere become too thin to carry sound waves?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:20 PM PDT

Hypothetically speaking, if a speaker emitting a tone at about 80db were to rise from the ground all the way to space (well past the exosphere let's say), at what point would you no longer be able to hear the tone? Alternatively, at what altitude would the acoustic waves no longer be able to form due to the thinning out of the gas particle medium?

I know the layers of Earth's atmosphere don't have sharp cutoffs, as it just gets more thin with altitude, effectively "fading out".
I'm also aware that infrasound waves can travel at least up to the ionosphere, which generally ranges from 60-1,000km altitude. This is past the Kármán line which lies at ~100km altitude. However in this scenario I'm just considering an audible tone whose frequency is within the typical human hearing spectrum.

I would assume that sound waves can still propagate (and be heard?) beyond the Kármán line, but am curious as to around what altitude things start to get weird and/or inaudible.

If you'd like, you can imagine the tone to be J. S. Bach's Flute Sonata in B minor.

submitted by /u/scuzzydata
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Would abnormal levels of cadmium in soil cause inhalation exposure during dry windy seasons?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 08:09 PM PDT

Alternately, could it be taken up by grass so that, if there were a brush fire, it would be in the smoke?

submitted by /u/X___0
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How do we know what texture the skin of an extinct animal was? Like dinosaurs, how do we know that they didn't have like fur or something?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:37 PM PDT

Is it possible to produce lithium from scratch?

Posted: 19 Jun 2019 02:06 AM PDT

Now that we need a lot more lithium to produce lithium batteries, there is a problem to get lithium in an environmentally friendly way.

So I was wondering if it would be possible to produce lithium from scratch in a lab? We produce diamonds in a lab so it is not unheard of to produce useful materials for industrial purposes.

submitted by /u/Penetrator_Gator
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How is rain measured in inches?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 07:58 PM PDT

Why not measured like a liquid (gallons, pints, etc.)?

submitted by /u/someone5793
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Can a giant squid change its color like calamari?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:19 PM PDT

A quick search on Google only resulted in some statements about squid and octopuses in general but nothing specific about this sea monster. It would be pretty scary to have a beast like this camouflaged on a ship's hull.

submitted by /u/ILYARO1114
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How are the calories of food items calculated?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 10:17 AM PDT

Do tsunami's occur at low amplitudes but high frequency along a similar distribution as earthquakes, forest-fires etc.?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:17 PM PDT

Before I cause any confusion, by 'high frequency' I am not talking about the frequency of an individual tsunami (not even sure that is a thing), but the frequency of tsunamis of a particular amplitude over a period of time.

Many cataclysmic events like earthquakes, land-slides and even forest-fires follow a law where the lower the amplitude of the event, the greater the frequency of events of that amplitude. So small earthquakes are happening all the time but they don't cause a cascading effect which makes them relatively unlikely to be detected by anyone who isn't looking for them. Mid sized and large earthquakes happen exponentially less frequently - with the frequency falling off as the magnitude increases.

So my question is do tsunamis also follow that kind of law? If you spend enough time on the beach, are you likely to eventually experience a 'mini-tsunami' which might just feel like a particularly large wave relative to the regular cycle of waves caused by wind etc.?

submitted by /u/graciousgroob
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Tuesday, June 18, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Allison Kirkpatrick, an expert on supermassive black holes, and discoverer of the newly defined Cold Quasars. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Allison Kirkpatrick, an expert on supermassive black holes, and discoverer of the newly defined Cold Quasars. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Allison Kirkpatrick, an expert on supermassive black holes, and discoverer of the newly defined Cold Quasars. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 04:00 AM PDT

I'm an assistant professor of astrophysics at the University of Kansas. I search for supermassive black holes, particularly in the distant universe (lookback times of 7-12 billion years ago), in order to figure out what effect these hidden monsters are having on their host galaxies. Most of my work has been centered around developing techniques to find supermassive black holes that aren't very active-their host galaxies are still in the prime of star formation.

Recently, I stumbled across the opposite scenario. I found a population of the most active supermassive black holes out there. These black holes are so active that we normally would not expect their host galaxies to be intact and forming lots of stars... and yet, they are! I coined this population "cold quasars" due to the amount of cold gas and dust they have. Read more here: https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2019/06/13/this-is-what-it-looks-like-when-galaxies-are-about-die/?utm_term=.e46559caeaf7

Press release: https://news.ku.edu/2019/06/05/astrophysicist-announces-her-discovery-new-class-cold-quasars-could-rewrite

I'll be on at 1pm CDT (2 PM ET, 18 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Greenland ice melt reporting has me worried, what are ramifications of this year's melt?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 08:31 AM PDT

Do lasers have recoil?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:38 AM PDT

Newton's third law tells us that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, and you'd then think a laser shooting out photons of one end, would get pushed back, like a gun shooting a bullet (just much much weaker recoil). But I don't know if this is the case, since AFAIK, when energy is converted into a photon, the photon instantly acheives the speed of light, without pushing back on the electron that emitted it.

submitted by /u/Igeticsu
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Why DT-Fusion instead of DD-Fusion?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 03:41 AM PDT

Why is DT-Fusion the desired goal of fusion research when DD-Fusion has a higher energy output (or am I wrong here)? What are the benefits of DT-Fusion over DD-Fusion?

Would be great if you guys could link sources as well!

submitted by /u/kydjvbcalhbp
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How does the Circadian Rhythm changes for people on International Space Station who face 45 minutes of day (sunlight) and night?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:20 AM PDT

What is it about cockroaches that makes them famously able to survive radiation from a nuclear apocalypse?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 01:44 AM PDT

Are they really the only (land?) animals that would be able to make it?

Is this specific resilience an evolutionary advantage or just some kind of quirk of their biology?

Thanks

submitted by /u/deftoperator
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Do each of my chromosomes come from a specific grandparent or are they all a mix of genes from each?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:46 AM PDT

I know I have 23 chromosome pairs, 23 from my mother and 23 from my father.

But is my 1st chromosome a match to one of my grandparents 1st chromosome or does it have a mix of genes from all of them?

If it's matching chromosomes, does that mean I get ~12 Maternal Grandmother Chromosomes ~11 Maternal Grandfather Chromosome from my Mother and similarly from my Father?

And then on back through them ~5-6 from each of my great-grandparents, ~2-3 from each great-great, ~1-2 from great-great-great, ~0-1 from my great-great-great-great, etc.

So does that mean if I pick an ancestor 6 generations back, I probably don't share any chromosomes with them?

Does that mean I wouldn't be any more genetically related to most of my 128 great-great-great-great-great-grandparents than I am to anyone else from that generation, since I only have 46 chromosomes only 46 of them could have contributed a chromosome to me?

submitted by /u/googolplexbyte
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How do astronomical observatories make self-positioning?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:02 AM PDT

If they have static "earth" coordinates, do they consider tectonic plates movement?
If they constantly calculate their coordinates what points they use for the references?
What the coordinate system do they use and where is origin of this system?

submitted by /u/anatolyzenkov
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What is the energy need to take 1 kg of mass to the sun?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:57 AM PDT

Was wondering what is the energy need to take 1 kg of mass to the sun? Also how much difference does it make with gravity assist or similar methods?

What's the ratio of energy needed to escape earth gravity to the energy needed to reach the sun?

Thanks in advance...

submitted by /u/notmefr
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Does our own galaxy gravitationally lens/distort starlight from outside the Milky Way as perceived from here on earth?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 10:05 PM PDT

In the Boeing 737 Max the engines were moved forward and upward on the airplane. Why does this cause an upward pitch tendency under high thrust such that the MCAS system is required? It seems like it should cause the opposite.

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 09:19 PM PDT

If the heavy engines are moved forward that seems like it would produce a nose-down tendency, and if they are moved upward closer to the vertical center of mass, it seems like the plane would have a reduced tendency to pitch up because the thrust would be coming from closer to that vertical center of mass instead of slung well below the aircraft on a long moment arm.

So why did this change in the 737 produce an upward pitching tendency during low speed high thrust phases of flight? It seems like the opposite should be the case. Is it the nacelle shape causing excess lift forward of the CG? Why isn't this a problem at higher speeds? Is it a problem that only manifests at high AoA?

submitted by /u/Senno_Ecto_Gammat
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Using molecular vibration to degrade molecules?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:22 AM PDT

Hi Reddit,

I was wondering if it is possible to use the molecular vibration of a molecule to help i'ts degradation. Let's say i have a salt, and i know the exact IR band at which light is absorbed at the ionic bond. Could i make an IR lamp with a bandpass filter and excite the molecules enough to cause increased dissociation? Does it make sense that if the molecule is in an exicted state, especially at the ion bond, it would dissociate faster or easier? Or would any dissociation just be becuase of the increase in energy of the molecule due to the temperature increase of absorbing tha IR radiation?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Maztroid
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Do fish drink water?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 08:57 PM PDT

Has the ozone layer recovered from where it once was?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:45 AM PDT

How do you design primers?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 02:43 AM PDT

If primers are meant to direct the amplification of nucleotide sequences, how would one go about designing primers for a gene sequence?

Would a gene sequence be something like 'ATG..... stop codon'?

Primers work on DNA so essentially what gets amplified includes the introns?

How would one go about finding the sequence for the gene of interest?

Do we design primers that anneal to the ends of the gene of interest? Or before a few bases before the gene?

Been reading about this and am genuinely confused by how this actually works. If this works, wouldn't most scientist be able to amplify certain genes like (poisons/fluorescence/regeneration) and then carry out potential transfaction?

submitted by /u/kafzael
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How common are Naegleria fowleri (brain amoeba) in hot springs waters?

Posted: 18 Jun 2019 12:49 AM PDT

I'm wondering how prominent brain amoeba is in hot springs waters. My wife and I are at a hot springs resort in California (Benton) and shes very concerned about it after getting water in her nose accidentally. They said they clean the tubs every day and by the looks of it they do. It is a very clean place but I was under the impression they are in the water regardless of if the tubs were cleaned or not. Thank you!

submitted by /u/ffmdc16
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How does fire act in very high pressures?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 03:41 AM PDT

For example fire in a room with 100 times athmospheric pressure.

submitted by /u/joule400
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What is it that makes materials elastic?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 11:09 PM PDT

Like what property's makes a material elastic?

submitted by /u/Erverd
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Who does the sun heat the earth if it's only 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit and it's 93,000,000 miles away?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 08:16 AM PDT

Not a flat earther, I'm just genuinely curious as to how this is possible. I've gotten an answer that it's because the sun is very big, and if that is the answer, can you explain? And I meant "How" in the title.

submitted by /u/MitchTvd
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How do ocean waves work?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 12:16 PM PDT

I understand that it's just an effect of the wind. But why are they periodic? Is the wind itself blowing with periodicity? And how exactly does the wind cause such large crests in places like the North Shore or Gold Coast?

submitted by /u/KidAardvark24
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What exactly are scientists observing when conducting deep inelastic scattering, and how do they use this to understand the structure of sub-atomic particles?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 09:00 PM PDT

So I'm familiar with Rutherford's experiment and how DIS is an extension of it, and the fact that we can't have free/bare quarks. But I'm curious about how the experiment actually works, and if we could ever detect sea quarks with it (As opposed to just valence quarks)

submitted by /u/PleasedBlue
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Why was "Munchausen syndrome" changed to "Factitious disorder"?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 07:14 AM PDT

Monday, June 17, 2019

Why did they use black balls as opposed to white balls to cover the LA reservoir?

Why did they use black balls as opposed to white balls to cover the LA reservoir?


Why did they use black balls as opposed to white balls to cover the LA reservoir?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 05:17 PM PDT

Since the reason for covering the surface in the first place seem to be to reduce evaporation. Would it not make more sense to cover it with something white instead of black?

submitted by /u/AzuresFlames
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Which specific advancements have led to the size decrease of household AC-DC adapters?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 03:16 PM PDT

In the last 15-20 years AC-DC chargers and power adapters have shrunk significantly with many offering substantially higher power output. I have an older iPod charger (pre-iPhone) that is as big or even bigger than the current crop of MacBook chargers and it outputs a measly 2.5W and the current phone chargers are much smaller and can do 10W at least with fast chargers going much higher.

submitted by /u/Kwerpi
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Why is fructose so much sweeter than glucose?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 11:10 AM PDT

It's similar to glucose by structure, but vastly differs in taste. Fructose is almost two times sweeter than even sucrose! I can't find any concrete theories, so what are your thoughts?

submitted by /u/Rojman
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Does the sea build up heat over the summer, or does the temperature reset over night?

Posted: 17 Jun 2019 01:57 AM PDT

📷

I went to see my sister in Brighton (UK) on an unexpectedly hot day in May.

I decided to go for a swim in the sea - my brother declined saying the sea hadn't heated up enough so he would wait until the summer

My understanding of heat entropy is that the sea doesn't "heat up" over time like a slow cooker but has a temperature directly relating to the daily sun heat in a given area

My question is this: does the sea water heat over time or does the sea temperate depend on daily heat from night time (cold) to whatever sun temperature creates on any given day despite time of year?

Thank You in advance my science friends !!

submitted by /u/CultureOrbital
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How to make the biggest bubbles?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 08:55 AM PDT

Soap bubble wiki and various big-bubble fans have a million opinions and receipe variations to make the best big-bubble juice, but there are so many variables it feels like 50% trial and error, 50% cargo culting.

Is there a scientific prediction of what should make the biggest bubbles?

Too many variables:

  • Type and amount of soap
  • Type and temp of water
  • Ingredients (guar gum, j-lube, surgilube, baking powder, etc)
  • Mixing order, Slurry, combining order
  • Temp of day, air dryness, wind
  • Type of bubble string, Top vs bottom string Etc etc.

Edit for /u/freespeechenthusiast: What is a "bubble"? Good question. I mean I, an evil mad scientist, after petting my white cat and cursing Inspector Gadget, declare that the only way to stop my doomsday machine is with a huge bubble.

The scientists find a big bucket of H2O, a water filter, a refrigerator, water heater, jars bowls and whisks, Amazon's infamous 50 gal drum of J-Lube, guar gum, baking soda, corn syrup, various types of string, and a humidity/temp/wind speed Nest thermostat, and start to get all Apollo 13 on it.

How big should the size threshold be to maximize my bubble to doomsday machine ratio and what do knowledgeable chemists think the ideal mix would be?

submitted by /u/firesalamander
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How do they determine the calorie count and nutritional information for foods?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 03:31 PM PDT

How are scientists able to figure out that Greenland lost specifically 2 billion tons of ice this week?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 10:32 PM PDT

The amount of ice lost is according to the CNN article released 6/15/2019

How exactly are they able to calculate that it was 2 billion tons of ice and not something like 2.5 billion or 1.5 billion?

How accurate is this estimate?

submitted by /u/popemichael
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If you slice off a piece of skin with a mole, will the skin regrow without the mole on it?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 06:04 AM PDT

Where does the wax go when burning a candle?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 05:11 PM PDT

Do you know how spiders learn to weave their webs? innate wisdom or learned?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 08:23 AM PDT

Do cats purr voluntarily? Do they get tired of it?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 03:25 AM PDT

How is the body exposed to and harmed by radiation?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 09:22 PM PDT

I am confused with how we protect ourselves from radiation using things like hazmat suits. I understand radiation is energy given off by decaying particles but how does just an airtight suit stop that?

Does coming into physical contact with some irradiated material have a greater effect than being in an irradiated area?

I feel as if there is some information I am missing or don't understand as to how radiation affects us and how we protect ourselves.

Cheers!

submitted by /u/Monstashio
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How are we able to tell how animals sees things? e.g. a snake seeing in infrared or a mantis shrimp seeing more colors than a human can

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 01:41 AM PDT

Why do they use hair for drug samples?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 05:57 AM PDT

Hello! I have been reading about drug misuse tests that the police do. Why do they use hair samples to see if a person has taken drugs or not?

submitted by /u/spyfire14
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How do you estimate attendance numbers for events like political protests?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 09:34 AM PDT

I've been reading that the estimated number of people out in the Hong Kong protest is around 2 million people.

But I was wondering how do they arrive at that number when you don't have things like ticket sales to rely on?

submitted by /u/yorkton
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How do we know about other galaxies?

Posted: 16 Jun 2019 04:34 AM PDT