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Thursday, June 6, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Seth Shostak, Senior Astronomer at the SETI Institute and host of Big Picture Science, and I'm looking for aliens. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Seth Shostak, Senior Astronomer at the SETI Institute and host of Big Picture Science, and I'm looking for aliens. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Seth Shostak, Senior Astronomer at the SETI Institute and host of Big Picture Science, and I'm looking for aliens. AMA!

Posted: 06 Jun 2019 04:00 AM PDT

For nearly 60 years, scientists have been using sophisticated technology to find proof of cosmic companions. So far, they've not turned up any indications that anyone is out there. What, if anything, does that mean? And what are the chances that we will trip across some other galactic inhabitants soon... or ever?

I will be on to answer your questions at 11am (PT, 2 PM ET, 18 UT). AMA!

Links:

EDIT: Please note the corrected time at which our guest will be joining us.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What technological advancement would make Thermoelectric Cooling a realistic substitute for conventional refrigeration systems?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 02:05 PM PDT

Is there any kind of wear (microscopic) in cables from data flow?

Posted: 06 Jun 2019 12:47 AM PDT

I was wondering if the fact that a cable (or fiber) is being heavily used is inducing any damage to it ?
Of course I mean on a very tiny tiny level.

submitted by /u/sweetmozzarella
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How do genetics show invasion took place in history?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 10:56 PM PDT

Quite often I see genetic changes in populations viewed as invasion etc

Can you differentiate using genetics between a population that is undergoing invasion compared to say becoming multi-ethnic/cultural?

Or is more than genetic evidence required to make this conclusion?

Thanks for any help

submitted by /u/ingenious-ruse
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Is there a significant impact of owning a pet on depression? Have there been studies conducted on this topic?

Posted: 06 Jun 2019 06:44 AM PDT

I've seen anecdotes online about pet cats and dogs helping lift individuals out of a depressive rut, but have there been any studies on this effect on a larger scale?

submitted by /u/Hipp013
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Which liquid has the most surface tension?

Posted: 06 Jun 2019 12:43 AM PDT

How did we adopt standard rendering settings such as 1080p resolution, 30-60 fps, 60-144 hz refresh rate, etc.?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 06:20 PM PDT

I'm curious as to how we came up with these standard values that most screen manufacturers, game creators, video rendering programs have adopted, etc. have adopted.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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Is our body temperature constant throughout our body? If so when we touch a part of our body why can it feel hot?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 06:21 PM PDT

How do wolf eels retain the ability to bite after being beheaded?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 04:23 PM PDT

Are they still alive, or is it because of nerves that haven't atrophied yet?

submitted by /u/selesnyandruid
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How would you classify what continent islands are on, such as Hawaii and St. Helena?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 05:40 PM PDT

I couldn't find a good answer on google, all of them were very basic.

submitted by /u/XXnighthawk8809
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Can a gas/smoke stick to an adhesive surface? And if so, at what density would it require for this to possible?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 06:18 PM PDT

What's the difference between your skin being burned by fire, UV-rays, and ionizing radiation?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 06:18 PM PDT

At a certain level of severity are they all the same or are they each radically different at every scale?

submitted by /u/AnalogBubblebath
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What is the meaning of geological process? What are its examples?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 10:58 PM PDT

I've been really curious about geological processes for quite a while now and I've been searching it on internet but I'm still not satisfied

submitted by /u/less-Name
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Do kidneys adapt to whether/regions with higher temperature?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 05:52 PM PDT

It is known that after some time in a weather with much higher temperature than we are used to, we adapt by having changes in our sweating and metabolism. I do not know whether our kidneys also adapt in the long term by, for example, reabsorbing more water and producing urine with a higher concentration of solutes.

submitted by /u/mancifue
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What do the cerebellar tonsils actually do?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 08:34 PM PDT

In Chiari malformation, a portion of the cerebellum called the tonsils herniate down through the opening of the skull, interfering with the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and increasing pressure on the brain stem.

My question is this: What functional role do the tonsils play in the brain, and what neuronal tracts are they a part of? Are they functionally or histologically distinct from other regions of the cerebellum? Aside from the downstream mechanical effects due to their displacement, what implications does Chiari malformation have on their function/development?

submitted by /u/informant720
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Why does the western Asian region above India appear to have a much cooler climate?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 08:20 PM PDT

I'm guessing elevation is a large factor. Looking for any clarification.

Source example: Cool Region https://imgur.com/a/SxxlVDb

Thanks ahead of time.

submitted by /u/logic_is_cool
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the process- start to finish, of a hurricane?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 09:18 AM PDT

Wednesday, June 5, 2019

What process occurs for a light bulb to be “burnt out”?

What process occurs for a light bulb to be “burnt out”?


What process occurs for a light bulb to be “burnt out”?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 07:44 PM PDT

What is the diameter of the average bolt of lightning?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 03:37 PM PDT

Does the size of the lighting have anything to do with its visibility? Or is it the intensity/energy in the bolt that makes it look bigger than it actually is?

submitted by /u/lilafrika
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Will the continents eventually connect to recreate Pangea?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 04:22 PM PDT

What happens to breast implants after you die? So they decompose with the body or will they last with your skeleton for thousands of years?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 01:59 PM PDT

Why are DVD-RAM disc sectors laid out the way they are?

Posted: 05 Jun 2019 04:20 AM PDT

I saw a DVD-RAM disc for the first time the other day and noticed an interesting pattern etched into the disc. The DVD-RAM Wikipedia page indicates they mark sector boundaries but not why they have that layout. It looks similar to how a rolling shutter affects rotating objects which makes me think it has something to do with how the read/write head moves over the disc. I feel it could also be caused by the increased number of sectors you can fit in each track as you move out from the center of the disc. I know very little about science and technology so I apologize if the answer is obvious.

submitted by /u/BrawkSyamson
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Are galaxies continually getting flatter?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 05:47 PM PDT

Just like accretion disks, are galaxies destined to get flatter and flatter over time? Ignoring any kind of galactic mergers etc.

submitted by /u/Symbolmini
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How do we know that exoplanets aren't sunspots (starspots)?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 11:35 AM PDT

It is my understanding that we have observed sunspots to be on an approximately 11 year cycle. For exoplanets that have have been discovered using transit photometry how is it determined that it is a planet causing the drop in brightness and not large sunspots?

submitted by /u/MithandirsGhost
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Does the toxicity of PM2.5 pollution depend on the composition of the particles?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 03:21 PM PDT

For example, are soot particles more toxic than ammonium salt particles formed from ammonia reacting with atmospheric acids? Or is it simply the size that determines the toxicity?

I couldn't find much information about this.

submitted by /u/-Metacelsus-
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Why does a capacitor eventually have the voltage of the connected battery?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 08:03 PM PDT

When a capacitor collects negative charge on one plate, it repels further incoming current, and also repels the negative charges on the other side of the plate so that the second plate is positively charged.

So additional electrons will be repeled by the negative plate but shouldn't they also be attracted to the positive plate? How do we know current stops when the capacitor voltage is equal to the battery voltage?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Do photons decay or does just its evidence decay?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 03:11 PM PDT

How is the age of a photon affected by large gravitational body?

Does the age of a photon directly relate to its rate of decay?

Has it been established that photons decay away? Or are the photons we speak of simply redshifting?

submitted by /u/Rogue_Evelynn
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Would the geographic center of a tectonic plate be the least earthquake-prone spot on that plate?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 06:29 PM PDT

Or is it more the makeup of the underlying rock that makes an area less likely to experience quakes, regardless of how close it is to a fault line? Or perhaps a combination of both?

submitted by /u/Pawprintjj
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Does the macroscopic cosmic web and the microscopic quantum foam resemble one another in any manner?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 02:42 PM PDT

Tuesday, June 4, 2019

How cautious should I be about the "big one" inevitably hitting the west-coast?

How cautious should I be about the "big one" inevitably hitting the west-coast?


How cautious should I be about the "big one" inevitably hitting the west-coast?

Posted: 04 Jun 2019 02:34 AM PDT

I am willing to believe that the west coast is prevalent for such big earthquakes, but they're telling me they can indicate with accuracy, that 20 earthquakes of this nature has happen in the last 10,000 years judging based off of soil samples, and they happen on average once every 200 years. The weather forecast lies to me enough, and I'm just a bit skeptical that we should be expecting this earthquake like it's knocking at our doors. I feel like it can/will happen, but the whole estimation of it happening once every 200 years seems a little bullshit because I highly doubt that plate tectonics can be that black and white that modern scientist can calculate earthquake prevalency to such accuracy especially something as small as 200 years, which in the grand scale of things is like a fraction of a second.

submitted by /u/holdingsome
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How far could a gravity train travel without passing through the Earth's mantle?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 08:49 AM PDT

I've been reading about gravity trains which, in theory, would allow an object or vehicle to travel from one point on earth to another via a straight line, or chord line, in 41 minutes. One of the major engineering problems is that to travel any major distance, the chord line passes through or close to the Earth's mantle which is too hot (and fluid) to excavate.

So my question is: What is the longest possible tunnel length through the Earth's crust and without passing through the mantle to connect two points on earths surface? What would the great circle distance on the surface be? And how long would the tunnel be?

This is my first post on r/askscience, you guys rock!

submitted by /u/thsa00458
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How does a BJT Amplifier work?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 08:03 PM PDT

I actually know the bases of the function of it, how Ic is the result of Ib and all that. But what about the other values you must take into account when designing one?

How do you determine the right load line in both DC and AC, its power consume, etc.

Also another question: what about coupling capacitors? I already know that they block DC and "let pass" AC but how do you determine their values?

submitted by /u/diprosyum
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Why do airplane window covers need to be lifted during takeoff and landing?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 01:01 PM PDT

Some things are physically too small to reflect enough light to see them under a microscope. Would it be possible to use light of another wavelength which might not be visible to the human eye, but a specifically designed image sensor to look at things that size?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 01:48 PM PDT

I've read in a comment somewhere in this subreddit, that we can't look at certain things like Atoms or Quarks since they physically can't reflect visible wavelengths because they're so small. Would this be a viable solution?

submitted by /u/dinosaur_elephant
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Given the fact that sound waves travel further in water than air, how can radio waves travel so far in the vacuum of space?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 09:23 PM PDT

An argument could be made that radio waves are simply extremely high-frequency sound waves - what allows these waves to travel through a vacuum?

submitted by /u/wspnut
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How do you create plasma on a plasma gun?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 07:07 PM PDT

What materials would be required to generate it? How much power? How heavy it would be? Would it generate any recoil? Thanks

submitted by /u/seanmoca
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Monday, June 3, 2019

What happens to your voice if you don't speak for a very long time?

What happens to your voice if you don't speak for a very long time?


What happens to your voice if you don't speak for a very long time?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 10:51 PM PDT

I'm writing a story and a woman in the story is unfrozen after 2000 years, not speaking for that amount of time obviously. I was wondering if your voice would be completely gone due to that or if your voice would just be really hoarse?

submitted by /u/Super-Ozzie
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Is there a special algorithm used when you put a playlist on shuffle? Will songs you listen to regularly be prioritized? Or is it actually random what order the songs come in?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 05:17 AM PDT

I usually put on my saved songs playlist on spotify, and find that each time I end up listening to my most preferred music. Really keen to figure out if "shuffle" is really random, or if it's programmed to prioritize music I listen to often.

submitted by /u/MonteTheNightcrawler
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How / Is domesticated behaviour carried into genes ?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 04:38 AM PDT

Most dogs are friendly to humans. I assume this comes from a long term mutually beneficial relationship since prehistoric era. How that familiarity is passed through generations (if it is).

Is every dog a "subwolf" that need to be updated through training that Human is the alpha etc... Or they already "know" us and are genuinely symbiotic (For the lack of other words) to us ?

same could be applied to horses and cats. But dog feels like a prime case.

submitted by /u/0K4M1
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How do stoplights actually work?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 12:34 AM PDT

I'm a delivery driver and just today while waiting a few miniutes at one did I actually question the science behind it. My question is what sensor is used to get a signal and what logic is behind the programming when it gets a signal?

submitted by /u/WolfxWarri0r
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Cacti have very colorful flowers. Are there really enough pollinators in thier arid environment?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 10:10 PM PDT

I'm having difficulty time imagining bees in place such as desert.

submitted by /u/StupidPencil
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Has Cancer always existed or is it a modern disease?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 04:53 AM PDT

Is cancer a product of our modernization? Or has it always existed even for much older generations like in the 12th century and the like? Did it exist in a different name? Etc etc

submitted by /u/hb1211
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Is it possible to trap photons between two mirrors?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 12:58 PM PDT

Can single-celled organisms become cancerous?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 01:05 PM PDT

Cancer happens in animal cells, and plant cells to a lesser extent, when the mechanism that controls when cells divide and how many times they should divide fails and the cells start dividing out of control. Can the same thing happen in a single-celled organism, where the timing mechanism fails and the organism just starts undergoing uncontrolled cell division?

submitted by /u/jack_but_with_reddit
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Why are Neanderthals considered a different species?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 06:57 PM PDT

From what I remember in science class, two different species can't produce fertile offspring.

For example, a horse and a donkey can create a mule, but mules are sterile; therefore, horses and Donkeys can't have fertile offspring and are separate species.

But Many modern humans have Neanderthal DNA, meaning that Neanderthals must have interbred with our ancestors and produced fertile offspring.

Wouldn't that make Neanderthals the same species, by definition?

submitted by /u/tomthehipposlayer
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If all of the atoms of heavier elements were formed in supernovae, why are they found all clumped together on earth?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 12:00 PM PDT

One might expect a fairly uniform distribution of molecules under the conditions of a supernova, so then how do all the gold atoms find each other so as to form the veins that we ultimately find in mines? Why are there separate "copper mines" and "gold mines" and not just "mines"?

submitted by /u/codewarren
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What happens in regions of space where opposing ergosperes overlap?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 12:09 PM PDT

Let's say we had two rotating black holes rotating in the same direction. If they were close to each other, the ergospheres would overlap. In the overlapping region, we have a paradox. An object in that region would be locally exceeding the speed of light regardless of its motion. Standing still would violate both ergospheres. But moving with either one would violate the other. Granted there might be some tidal forces, but that is just an engineering problem. Imagine your (hopefully unmanned) space probe is made of very strong nonobtanium.

submitted by /u/TrumpStinks2020
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How can we count the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus?

Posted: 03 Jun 2019 04:23 AM PDT

Today we know that the atomic nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and how many there are/should be in the various elements. But I have 2 questions:

  1. How did we initially discover/prove that it's made up of these 2 particles?
  2. How did we initially count them? How is this done today for new artificial, highly unstable nuclei?
submitted by /u/da_peda
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How do metal detectors work?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 09:50 PM PDT

I understand they work based on magnetic inductance, but I don't understand how the detector is able to identify the presence of a metal and its magnetic field?

submitted by /u/Nsohko
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Why do some bubbles float upwards and some go downwards?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 06:41 PM PDT

Was a shot through the lung survivable in the past?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 05:28 PM PDT

I remember that i watched a couple of old american western movies which show characters getting shot in the chest (right side) after the town physician examines the person in question they explain that he will make it since it is only a clean shot through the lung.

Was it possible to survive something like that back in the 19th century, while living in a town far away from a proper hospital?
Wouldnt such a injury need a thorax drainage to keep the lung from colapsing?

submitted by /u/Alexander556
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Why are people and objects still dangerous after severe radiation exposure?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 10:19 PM PDT

I can't seem to find the answer through a google search.

submitted by /u/Headozed
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There are many fossil finds documenting human evolution and hominin subspecies since our split from chimpanzees. What evidence do we have for chimpanzee evolution during this timeframe?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 06:08 PM PDT

If light is massless and gravitational forces are a function of mass (and distance) why do stars/black holes pull it? Also, is it visibly distorted by Earth's gravity too?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 05:34 PM PDT

Is the brain capable of true multitasking? Or is does it achieve it through quick switching between tasks?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 03:10 PM PDT

Computers simulate multitasking by switching focus between different tasks quickly so it feels like they're doing everything at once. So which is it for the human brain? And is it even possible to test/prove it?

submitted by /u/cuntsquiggle
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Why can I see window tint patterns with my sunglasses on?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 08:28 AM PDT

Just that, I noticed with some sunglasses I can see patterns in some car window tint that I cant see without. What is causing this? Im told its because the glasses are polarized, but hiw does that cause this effect?

submitted by /u/gerry2stitch
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Is there a depression gene?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 02:35 PM PDT

Do we know whether advertisements featuring "real people" work better or worse than advertisements featuring models?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 05:31 PM PDT

Sunday, June 2, 2019

When people forge metal and parts flake off, what's actually happening to the metal?

When people forge metal and parts flake off, what's actually happening to the metal?


When people forge metal and parts flake off, what's actually happening to the metal?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 01:38 AM PDT

Are the flakes impurities? Or is it lost material? And why is it coming off in flakes?

submitted by /u/Serendiplodocus
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What came first, bacteria or viruses?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 12:29 AM PDT

If we can replicate the natural process for making diamonds, why can't we make petroleum?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 07:32 AM PDT

Why does USB need 6+ conductors in the wire when I get high speed internet and TV over a coaxial cable?

Posted: 02 Jun 2019 01:26 AM PDT

Basically, if my internet and TV come in through a coaxial cable, why is USB slower when it has more conductors in the wire?

submitted by /u/asdfgdhtns
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How was the Compton effect measured?

Posted: 01 Jun 2019 10:45 PM PDT

To my understanding the Compton effect is when a singular photon collides with singular electron the electron will gain kinetic energy and the wavelength of light will decrease such that both energy and momentum are conserved.

But how was this actually measured? Since you can't fire a single photon at a single electron right?

submitted by /u/Globster037
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why hydrogen-4 is unstable ? what forces drive neutral neutrons away from atom core ?

Posted: 01 Jun 2019 08:29 PM PDT

I know adding another electron is not possible because negative electron and positive proton has already neutralised each other and so another negatively charged electron wont stick to it.

and adding another proton would make it a new element.

but neutrons are neutral, so why wont they stick to hydrogen-3 ? what forces drive them away ?

submitted by /u/DrDespolardo
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How many Higgs bosons has mankind created?

Posted: 31 May 2019 09:33 PM PDT

I recently saw on a documentary that in 2017 we produced roughly 3 Million Higgs bosons. Do we have any data on 2018 or 2019? If not how many total? I assume multiple must be created per run with numbers that high?

submitted by /u/Hmmmm_Interesting
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Did the impact of the asteroid that destroyed life on earth at the end of the Cretaceous affect the placement of tectonic plates?

Posted: 31 May 2019 11:22 PM PDT

From what I gather the asteroid hit with an immense force that, among other things, send an shockwave through the earths core. Could this force have been enough to break or deform the then existing tectonic plate structure, causing them to evolve more into the shapes we know today, or atleast their basic forms?

submitted by /u/FaultySky
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