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Thursday, May 16, 2019

Since everything has a gravitational force, is it reasonable to theorize that over a long enough period of time the universe will all come together and form one big supermass?

Since everything has a gravitational force, is it reasonable to theorize that over a long enough period of time the universe will all come together and form one big supermass?


Since everything has a gravitational force, is it reasonable to theorize that over a long enough period of time the universe will all come together and form one big supermass?

Posted: 15 May 2019 04:56 PM PDT

How fast does electricity move?

Posted: 16 May 2019 02:43 AM PDT

Let's say that I've got an electrical circuit that's a light year across with a light bulb on one end and a switch on the other end right next to me with a battery half way between (so it's a DC power source), all of which connected by super conducting wires. If I flick the switch how long will it take for the light to turn on? Would there be any difference in the time it would take to turn off?

In addition to this does switching from DC to AC power make a difference? Does the distance of battery from the switch or light make a difference?

submitted by /u/AlistairStarbuck
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Do both kidneys have the same chance of forming kidney stones?

Posted: 16 May 2019 07:29 AM PDT

How does soft water cause pipe corrosion?

Posted: 16 May 2019 05:34 AM PDT

I've also read that softened water doesn't cause corrosion, only naturally soft water, is this true and if so, why?

submitted by /u/bdvtje
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How have scientists improved the efficiency of solar cells in the past, and how are scientists trying to improve the efficiency of solar cells today?

Posted: 15 May 2019 04:33 PM PDT

Like, what specifically do solar researchers research on a day-to-day basis, and what strategies have they tried in the past?

Also, what majors could I work toward in college if I wanted to help develop more efficient solar cells? (I'd guess electrical engineering or materials science, or even like physics or something, but I am not sure.)

Thank you

submitted by /u/very_loud_icecream
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 15 May 2019 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Could secondary muons start a fission reaction?

Posted: 15 May 2019 10:56 AM PDT

If you flew a balloon with a bunch of uranium-235 in it high into the sky, could secondary muons have enough energy to split a nucleus?

submitted by /u/yungvendingmachine
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Is the sound of your voice genetic?

Posted: 15 May 2019 08:05 PM PDT

Is their any record of ancient man realizing they were driving a species to extinction?

Posted: 15 May 2019 09:39 AM PDT

How does an elephant move its trunk if the trunk doesn't have any bones to support the muscles?

Posted: 15 May 2019 09:40 AM PDT

Are there any elements or compounds that were first discovered in space, other planets, comets?

Posted: 15 May 2019 08:50 PM PDT

Why are multi-offspring births more common in animals than in humans?

Posted: 15 May 2019 07:52 PM PDT

A quick Google search has only yielded that humans menstruate on a fixed cycle and only release one egg per cycle, and that for certain animals those things arent true, but...why? Is there some evolutionary reason for that?

submitted by /u/PatchTheLurker
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Is there a simple, cheap, relatively clean reaction to turn isolated H+ into hydrogen gas?

Posted: 15 May 2019 06:54 PM PDT

Couldn't find one online except maybe with magnesium, only the half reaction of 2H+ + 2e- —> H2

And an opposite reaction using platinum: H2 — Pt —> 2 H+ + 2e-

submitted by /u/randomemes831
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What makes cancer so difficult to cure?

Posted: 15 May 2019 06:05 PM PDT

It seems that despite the huge amount of resources and money we throw at research towards a cure for cancer, we have yet to find a reliable solution without severe side effects. I understand that it is quite complex so I guess what I am really asking for is an everyday man's answer to a very complicated question. Why is cancer so difficult to cure? What makes it so difficult that even the best and brightest have yet to solve it?

submitted by /u/iDropItLikeItsHot
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Why is it more difficult to breathe warm air?

Posted: 15 May 2019 05:58 PM PDT

When I get into my car when the sun has been baking it all day, I feel like I can barely fill my lungs. In cool air, though, breathing is much more comfortable. Why is body-temperature air stifling vs cooler air?

submitted by /u/jmcmanna
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Could loud sounds that cannot be heard by the human ear, from being too low or two high, still cause damage to one's ears?

Posted: 15 May 2019 10:19 AM PDT

What is the actual scale of cells, cell walls, and surface proteins?

Posted: 15 May 2019 04:48 AM PDT

Edit: I previously said "cell wall" when I meant "cell membrane."

I'm taking a bio class and we look at a lot of diagrams of cells, cell membranes, etc. (like this) and it's got me wondering about the actual scale of these things.

For example, in this diagram we only see six ACh-gated sodium channels in this neuromuscular junction. How many would there actually be in such a junction? Are the surface proteins actually about that size compared to the cell membrane? What about the ACh vesicles -- is that about the right size compared to the axon terminal, or are they actually much smaller or much larger? Also, in this illustration, we see three vesicles releasing ACh; is that representative of the amount of ACh that would be released for a single contraction?

I've also been wondering about the relative sizes and numbers of surface proteins on a cell. Are the surface proteins few and far between, or are they really packed in there with little space between them? Take a look at this diagram -- they always draw individual phospholipids, and then proteins that are about the same size. Is that right? Wouldn't the proteins be monstrous compared to the phospholipids, to the extent that if you zoomed out far enough to see a surface protein you wouldn't be able to see individual membrane molecules?

submitted by /u/oberon
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Why do some beaches have finer sand than others?

Posted: 15 May 2019 08:54 AM PDT

For instance - outer banks NC has very coarse and rocky sand and beaches while most southern ca beaches I've gone to have very fine and soft sand.

submitted by /u/tamns7
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Do all diatomic molecules have centres of inversion?

Posted: 15 May 2019 10:37 AM PDT

Do all diatomic molecules have centres of inversion? If not, how do you determine whether it has one or not?

submitted by /u/jbt3002
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Why do cosmic ray vary with altitude and latitude?

Posted: 15 May 2019 09:18 AM PDT

What physical changes occur during so-called "burn-in" procedure that supposedly sometimes helps reduce/eliminate coil whine/electrical buzz coming from Graphics Processing Units when they are under load?

Posted: 15 May 2019 04:54 AM PDT

I've always wanted to know what precisely is going on from a scientific point of view during this procedure that involves putting a GPU under a heavy (graphics benchmarks or stress tests) prolonged (>8 hours and up to 48 hours) load, after which it is reported that sometimes coil whine/electrical buzz gets less loud and perceptible or even goes away.

submitted by /u/coolmast3r
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Wednesday, May 15, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: We're Jeff Hawkins and Subutai Ahmad, scientists at Numenta. We published a new framework for intelligence and cortical computation called "The Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence", with significant implications for the future of AI and machine learning. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're Jeff Hawkins and Subutai Ahmad, scientists at Numenta. We published a new framework for intelligence and cortical computation called "The Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence", with significant implications for the future of AI and machine learning. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're Jeff Hawkins and Subutai Ahmad, scientists at Numenta. We published a new framework for intelligence and cortical computation called "The Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence", with significant implications for the future of AI and machine learning. Ask us anything!

Posted: 15 May 2019 04:00 AM PDT

I am Jeff Hawkins, scientist and co-founder at Numenta, an independent research company focused on neocortical theory. I'm here with Subutai Ahmad, VP of Research at Numenta, as well as our Open Source Community Manager, Matt Taylor. We are on a mission to figure out how the brain works and enable machine intelligence technology based on brain principles. We've made significant progress in understanding the brain, and we believe our research offers opportunities to advance the state of AI and machine learning.

Despite the fact that scientists have amassed an enormous amount of detailed factual knowledge about the brain, how it works is still a profound mystery. We recently published a paper titled A Framework for Intelligence and Cortical Function Based on Grid Cells in the Neocortex that lays out a theoretical framework for understanding what the neocortex does and how it does it. It is commonly believed that the brain recognizes objects by extracting sensory features in a series of processing steps, which is also how today's deep learning networks work. Our new theory suggests that instead of learning one big model of the world, the neocortex learns thousands of models that operate in parallel. We call this the Thousand Brains Theory of Intelligence.

The Thousand Brains Theory is rich with novel ideas and concepts that can be applied to practical machine learning systems and provides a roadmap for building intelligent systems inspired by the brain. See our links below to resources where you can learn more.

We're excited to talk with you about our work! Ask us anything about our theory, its impact on AI and machine learning, and more.

Resources

We'll be available to answer questions at 1pm Pacific time (4 PM ET, 20 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there an anatomical difference between humans today and humans 200,000 years ago that makes modern day humans more intelligent, or is it all environment?

Posted: 14 May 2019 07:09 PM PDT

Where has the medical community landed on the health impacts of dietary cholesterol?

Posted: 14 May 2019 07:46 PM PDT

So a few years ago I thought the consensus was shifting and I read a lot of studies showing dietary cholesterol didn't have a big impact on cardiovascular cholesterol, but then I vaguely recall a contradictory study that was supposed to be a sprawling meta-study that came out in like the last year, and they thought it did have an impact. So which is it now and why? Can I go enjoy a dozen eggs a week and big shrimp stir fries or should I generally stay away?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Khenghis_Ghan
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What is the smallest change in color humans can detect and what is the limiting factor to it being smaller?

Posted: 14 May 2019 11:45 AM PDT

Bremsstrahlung and General Relativity: Does a charge resting on the surface of earth emit radiation?

Posted: 14 May 2019 08:43 AM PDT

The Standard Model treats gravity as a force like any other while General Relativity models gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime.

A consequence of the latter is, that free-falling objects are force-free and their acceleration, defined as the covariant derivative of their four-velocity, is zero.

Furthermore, it follows that objects at rest relative to the surface of a planet are constantly being accelerated upwards by the ground, according to GR.

Does this fact constitute an experiment so see which model is correct regarding their model of gravitation?

  • If gravity is a force, free falling charged particles are being accelerated, and should therefore emit radiation. Conversely, charges at rest relative to the ground experience a net-force of 0N and should not emit radiation.

  • If gravity is the curvature of spacetime, free-falling charges do not experience forces, and should therefore not emit radiation, while charges at rest relative to the ground are being accelerated upwards and should emit radiation.

Am I missing something here? Can we detect Bremsstrahlung in either of the above cases?

submitted by /u/KindheartedFireant
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Does nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increase TSNA & cancer risk after cessation of tobacco?

Posted: 14 May 2019 10:32 AM PDT

I remember reading a couple studies that state that the inhalation of nicotine via e-cigs or vaping caused no significant increase in TSNA (cancer causing agents) whereas oral muscosa delivery methods saw increase. I use Nicotine lozenges almost everyday (dipper for 10 years) so I'm curious as to more info on TSNA and its harmful effects in general.

Appreciate any insight!

submitted by /u/neeners9223
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Does playing video games have a positive effect on brain stimulation and development of cognitive skills?

Posted: 14 May 2019 03:58 AM PDT

If you can refract light/heat in a mirror, why can’t you refract electricity?

Posted: 14 May 2019 12:47 AM PDT

Tuesday, May 14, 2019

If ocean water had a higher viscosity, would wave size be affected?

If ocean water had a higher viscosity, would wave size be affected?


If ocean water had a higher viscosity, would wave size be affected?

Posted: 13 May 2019 11:18 AM PDT

Could solar flares realistically disable all electronics on earth?

Posted: 14 May 2019 06:01 AM PDT

So I've read about solar flares and how they could be especially damaging to today's world, since everyday services depend on the technology we use and it has the potential to disrupt all kinds of electronics. How can a solar flare disrupt electronic appliances? Is it potentially dangerous to humans (eg. cancer)? And could one potentially wipe out all electronics on earth? And if so, what kind of damage would it cause (would all electronics need to be scrapped or would they be salvageable?) Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/ejoch
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Why do bridges suffer from resonance at specific wind speeds if wind isn't a consistently periodic driving force?

Posted: 14 May 2019 04:54 AM PDT

I'm researching harmonic motion for a physics exam right now, and as I understand it, driving forces, amongst other things [equal/close to the natural frequency of a system, pi/2 rad out of phase with the oscillation of the system, etc] needs to be consistently periodic in order to cause resonance of a system. If the wind is just gushing one way at a certain speed, how does this induce resonance in a physical structure?

submitted by /u/Mega_Dunsparce
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Are bees drawn by scent or sight?

Posted: 14 May 2019 07:39 AM PDT

I had no idea where to post this...

Now I'd like to give you some background to why I'm asking... basically I have a phobia of bees. a real true in every sense actual PHOBIA. Meaning when bees are around me I literally blank out from fear. My whole self goes into flight mode and I end up putting myself into a way more dangerous situation trying to escape. For example accidentally running into traffic to escape a bee. I have nightmares about once a month where I wake myself up screaming over a bee. One sad day I was a passenger in the front of a car that a bumblebee flew in. In my panicked frenzy of fear I KICKED OUT THE FUCKING WINDSHIELD. This is my real life.

As you can imagine due to my extreme fear of bees I have indirectly become leery of flowers. Now it's unfortunate because I think they're pretty and I like how they smell and I want to like them but I'm afraid to get too close. Also in the summer I tend to avoid perfume for fear of smelling too sweet or flowery.

Now that you have the background i am asking because I want to do a hairstyle with FAKE flowers in it. Will bees be indifferent to me? Will they see the flowers and want to land on them? Do they only smell flowers? Do you think I will be safe?

Thanks for reading this guys!!

submitted by /u/00bray00
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How does iodine help with radiation? If at all.

Posted: 13 May 2019 10:29 PM PDT

Just watched a show about chernobyl

submitted by /u/worldsokayestcook93
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How are Scoville heat units calculated?

Posted: 13 May 2019 05:12 PM PDT

I have been told that the Scoville scale is based on the concentration of capsaicin in the pepper itself. But concentration is in molarity, so how would you get from the concentration to Scoville heat units?

submitted by /u/c_gen
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What Scientific Discoveries Proved Lord Kelvin Wrong About The Future Of Physics?

Posted: 13 May 2019 12:08 PM PDT

In the 1900s Lord Kelvin said "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." I'm assuming this quote is backed up with the fact there weren't many discoveries being made and it felt like physics had been fully sussed out (I'm assuming he didn't just say this for no reason).

Of course he was wrong as we have lots of unanswered questions and theories in cosmology and quantum mechanics now. But what were the precursors to this new age of physics? There was of course the Bhor-Einstein debates but what was the first observation or theory that hinted that there is a lot more that is yet to be discovered and understood?

submitted by /u/Retsek860
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What is causing the background static/white noise being heard in VHF signals?

Posted: 14 May 2019 07:47 AM PDT

I've been listening to this stream of LiveMeteors.com. Everyonce in a while a distinct audio is heard, but for the most part it's just white noise. Where is this white noise coming from exactly?

submitted by /u/KilgoreThunfisch
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when a cell of a body dies.... What does happen with the cell?

Posted: 14 May 2019 03:14 AM PDT

what is happening after the dead of a cell, through apoptosis or necrosis, with the cell? Does it got just broken down and absorbed by the surrounding cells? Can someone explain this and some mechanisms behind this? (please dont mind my english skills, not native speaker)

submitted by /u/OmnisExNihil
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How do we tell the difference between small and far away?

Posted: 14 May 2019 06:54 AM PDT

I don't know how simple this answer is. It may be a really silly question. But I have seen a YouTube video that shows how giant some stars are. Although they all look comparable in size from earth.

So my question is what method do they use to to tell if it's really big or just really far away over such a vast distance?

submitted by /u/kingkornish
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Is it possible that the Voyager 1 spacecraft will be destroyed as it traverses through the Oort Cloud?

Posted: 14 May 2019 02:59 AM PDT

Why does UV light cause damage to the retina?

Posted: 14 May 2019 06:17 AM PDT

What makes UV light sources such as the sun dangerous? What chemical process takes place when UV light enters the eye to cause damage?

submitted by /u/JakeHassle
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How high a signal frequency can we create?

Posted: 14 May 2019 06:13 AM PDT

I want to know is it possible to make a zero point frequency and if not how high can one be made? how close can we get?

submitted by /u/dontknowhowtoprogram
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Briefly, how do Loop Diuretics deal with Hypertension?

Posted: 14 May 2019 02:24 AM PDT

Im extremely sorry if this is the wrong place to ask such a question, but I'm doing a project based on loop diuretics and for a brief introduction I wanna word it as simply as possible how Loop Diuretics deal with Arterial Hypertension. Thanks

submitted by /u/zeangelico
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I just read about an 'Angel of Death' in Germany, are there programs tracking hospital deaths and the shifts of doctors and nurses, that could single out anomalies and point to possible murderers in the hospital wards?

Posted: 14 May 2019 06:08 AM PDT

One way these people are caught is when the hospitals notice that many more patients need to be resuscitated after a particular nurse's shift. It seems to me a program should be flagging these anomalies asap. Not sure how to flair this.

article from may 10 NYT.

submitted by /u/roraima_is_very_tall
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How do astronauts safely clean the ISS? (crumbs, hair, dust, sneezes, grease, etc) Can these things become dangerous?

Posted: 14 May 2019 05:47 AM PDT

Is there a limit to how much CO2 the oceans can absorb? If so, will the rate of absorption eventually slow causing the rate of rising atmospheric concentrations to increase?

Posted: 13 May 2019 10:27 AM PDT

Why did they just redefine the kilogram?

Posted: 14 May 2019 05:28 AM PDT

Since they were revising SI anyway, why not take the opportunity to make the gram the official base unit?

submitted by /u/teh_maxh
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Why is ritalin used as a placebo in psilocybin trials?

Posted: 14 May 2019 05:06 AM PDT

Not sure if this falls under psychology or neuroscience, but how is ritalin considered a placebo for psilocybin? I was reading How to change your mind by Michael Pollan when I came across this little tidbit of information.

submitted by /u/vcxzrewqfdsa
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Can blockages of the coronary artery be reversed without surgery?

Posted: 14 May 2019 04:56 AM PDT

When coronary arteries become partially blocked, in the sense that there's still blood flow but there is build up in the artery, can diet and exercise help clear them? Or does diet and exercise simply prevent further blockage?

submitted by /u/bulldog-and-shihtzu
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How do we measure the frequency of light?

Posted: 14 May 2019 04:51 AM PDT

Especially since the resolution might be to several decimal places and that unpolarised light might have the frequency change moment to moment.

With regards to measuring the frequency of distant galaxies - to measure Redshift - how do we measure the frequency of one galaxy and not all the stuff in between and near it. For example, if there were a trillion small dust clouds in the trillions and trillions of meters (in the straight line) between us and the galaxy, the reflection, absorption and reemission of light by the dust, asteroids etc could affect the frequency.

And galaxies extremely far away will blend into one since a second of arc from our measuring equipment will include quite a lot of celestial bodies (1/1296000 of all of them)

And large distances in space, as I understand it, are curved due to the gravitational effects of bodies we have no idea about it (as there are an infinite number of objects with mass in very deep space)

Lots of questions about this.

submitted by /u/solololosolo
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For subsonic air flowing through a convergent duct, it decreases pressure and increases velocity. The opposite happens when flowing through a divergent duct. Why are these principles reversed for supersonic air?

Posted: 13 May 2019 09:28 PM PDT

Do solutes add significant volume to water, or do the ions work more like interstitials that just fill empty space?

Posted: 13 May 2019 02:10 PM PDT

Monday, May 13, 2019

How much radioactive contamination did the 2011 Fukashima nuclear incident generate, and how much of it is actually getting cleaned up?

How much radioactive contamination did the 2011 Fukashima nuclear incident generate, and how much of it is actually getting cleaned up?


How much radioactive contamination did the 2011 Fukashima nuclear incident generate, and how much of it is actually getting cleaned up?

Posted: 12 May 2019 02:27 PM PDT

I haven't been able to find (as a non-Japanese speaker) any information on how much stuff was irradiated & cleaned up. I was specifically looking for info on topsoil. How much dirt was contaminated? How much topsoil has been, or is planned to be, removed & hauled elsewhere? How deep does does contamination show? Stuff like that. In my perfect world, I'd see a 3-D image of below ground contaminantion levels, and how much of that contamination would be cleaned up.

Re flair: I guessed it would be engineering, but wasn't entirely sure what category was the best fit.

submitted by /u/popedotninja
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If you remove a part of your internal body or organ, like a large tumor or kidney, what fills that gap they left?

Posted: 12 May 2019 09:54 AM PDT

Semirelated side question- if the air that entered the body cavity during surgery or in that open gap, does anything happen to it or do you just have a bubble of air in you now?

submitted by /u/ursamini
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what ended the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum?

Posted: 12 May 2019 03:45 PM PDT

Why did superglue start to emit smoke,and get really hot, when a drop fall on my jeans?Is that toxic?

Posted: 12 May 2019 09:54 AM PDT

Do other mammals get sunburnt?

Posted: 12 May 2019 09:06 AM PDT

How do they get particles to strike each other in particles accelerators?

Posted: 12 May 2019 06:24 PM PDT

Given the dimensions of particle accelerators, and the minute nature of elementary particles, how can particles be made/aligned to hit each other? Given the velocity of the particles, this seems impossible.

submitted by /u/Nasquid
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Why does Saturn have hexagonal poles?

Posted: 12 May 2019 02:37 PM PDT

How do we get vitamin(s) from the Sun?

Posted: 12 May 2019 09:37 AM PDT

Why do we use mice instead of pigs for most testing?

Posted: 12 May 2019 10:55 AM PDT

Since pigs are so close to humans

submitted by /u/Guinean
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How do power amplifiers turn a small voltage into a larger voltage?

Posted: 12 May 2019 10:29 AM PDT

I was wondering how they take electricity and turn it into a larger output. Do they store power and release it once it reaches the intended output? Or is there something inside that builds it up?

submitted by /u/Arkose07
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How do vaccines work?

Posted: 12 May 2019 11:09 AM PDT

How do the vaccines know what to target, without causing side effects and/or killing the patient?

submitted by /u/pigaroos
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Do things decay in space?

Posted: 12 May 2019 06:18 AM PDT

Was chatting with a friend, we were wondering if things decay in space? He said they wouldn't but I wasn't sure.

Cheers.

submitted by /u/chuggythesteamtrain
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If proteins are degraded in our digestive system, how come Mad Cow disease is transmitted by eating infected flesh?

Posted: 12 May 2019 12:21 AM PDT

I mean, I can understand how the prions are stable in heat, but the degradation of proteins is just hydrolysis of the peptide bond, why wouldn't that happen?

submitted by /u/Fretful_Hobbit
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