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Friday, May 3, 2019

Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?

Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?


Why don’t starch and cellulose taste sweet like sugars, although they’re polymers of sugars?

Posted: 02 May 2019 08:14 AM PDT

What caused the continents to drift apart from Pangea?

Posted: 02 May 2019 11:19 PM PDT

How do we know that Electromagnetism doesn't override the strong force, rather than the strong force becoming repulsive?

Posted: 03 May 2019 02:38 AM PDT

We know that the strong force has a very short range of about 5fm, and within 0.5fm it becomes repulsive to stop particles hitting each other.

However, since electromagnetism becomes stronger with decreased distance, how do we know that the electromagnetic repulsion of same charge particles doesn't override the strong force, and therefore eliminate the need for the S.F. to becomes repulsive?

submitted by /u/Carso107
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Why does fire point up?

Posted: 03 May 2019 06:06 AM PDT

Why do galaxies form superclusters throughout the universe instead of being evenly or randomly distributed in space?

Posted: 02 May 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Every model of the universe shows "webs" of galactic clusters with gaping voids between them (Boötes void being the most famous of them). But on a universal scale, galaxies are tiny, so I couldn't imagine that they're so dense that they'd have that amount of attraction to each other across gigaparsecs of distance.

Much in the same way that diffuse galaxies have no apparent shape (despite often having huge amounts of stars), I'd think that the same would occur with the universe as a whole.

Or maybe physics works differently at such massive scales?

submitted by /u/faux_noodles
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What kind of cameras are mounted on Space-X rockets? How're they designed?

Posted: 02 May 2019 01:13 PM PDT

I noticed Space-X's rocket mounted cameras are of a slightly lower quality than the cameras that don't go to SPACE.. This got me wondering-

  • How does one design a camera that can go to space on the outside of a rocket?

  • What're the design challenges and considerations?

  • On the Falcon rockets are they mounted in plexi-glass housings or some other material?

  • How're they not destroyed by vibrations from the motor or the drastic atmospheric temperature changes?

  • Does anyone know what brand and model of Camera Space-X uses? It'd be one hell of a marketing tactic.. "Buy our cameras, they're able to ride rockets to SPACE!!!"

submitted by /u/Jpf123
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What causes seeds to germinate only when inside the soil, but not when inside the fruit?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:15 PM PDT

How are large flocks of birds and schools of fish able to stay so well coordinated?

Posted: 02 May 2019 01:23 PM PDT

Can a vaccinated person still get sick with measles?

Posted: 02 May 2019 07:01 AM PDT

I mean why is it such big problem to be near a sick person if you're vaccinated? What is the biology of this issue?

submitted by /u/Fretful_Hobbit
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What makes roasting vegetables go soft?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:18 PM PDT

Just eating some roasted broccoli thinking, how did heat make it softer?

submitted by /u/JallTT
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What does it mean for a black hole to be rotating?

Posted: 02 May 2019 12:48 PM PDT

It seems unintuitive to me to describe a single point as rotating. In what direction does a singularity rotate?

submitted by /u/mrmcbastard
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What happens if a non depressed person takes depression medication?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:45 AM PDT

Or what happens if a depressed person takes a higher dosage than needed?

submitted by /u/conservio
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How do underwater cables support massive bandwidth?

Posted: 02 May 2019 10:00 AM PDT

I know there are underwater cables running from the US to Europe and Asia connecting international networks. How do these cables support the massive amount of data that would need to be transferred to serve the many thousands (if not millions) of people requesting that data?

submitted by /u/ZachofArc
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Is Loschmidt's paradox considered resolved?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:13 AM PDT

Loschmidt's paradox deals with the fact that our laws of physics are time symmetric, yet our macroscopic universe is irreversible. Do physicists currently consider Loschmidt's paradox as resolved? If yes, how do time symmetric laws give rise to irreversible macroscopic dynamics?

submitted by /u/whichton
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What differentiates a breed and a species within the same genus?

Posted: 02 May 2019 11:58 AM PDT

Is it needed to consider "aerodynamics" for spaceships traveling only in the space?

Posted: 02 May 2019 07:16 AM PDT

Even so the open space is considered "void", there must be some particles dispersed, and probably random accumulation of dust distributed in the space. But more importantly, with enough speed, and enough ship size, the amount of particles colliding with the ship in a period of time could be the same as a car traveling at high speed in the Earth in that same period of time. Or not? Is it too void the space to even consider this?

submitted by /u/jgomo3
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Why close the LAA?

Posted: 02 May 2019 04:18 PM PDT

Why would you close the LAA to prevent strokes as opposed to the other places in the heart? Laymans terms please?

submitted by /u/GrayMatters0901
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Code for simple General Circulation Models

Posted: 02 May 2019 10:14 AM PDT

I sometimes like to play around with simulations, and have gotten interested in general circulation models. I know the ones they use now are extraordinarily complex, but I also know they go way back to the mid 20th century and the simplest versions have only a few layers and deal only with things like surface heating and angular momentum. That's the sort of thing I'm interested in playing around with. Are there any modern examples with code available of these, made just as an example of how they work?

submitted by /u/atomfullerene
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Was complex life on Mars ever really possible?

Posted: 02 May 2019 09:23 AM PDT

I know we've found some evidence of microbial life and water and such but would mars have ever been capable of forming more complex life? I would think it sits outside of the Goldilocks zone and that even with an atmosphere would it help enough?

submitted by /u/Linxous1
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Thursday, May 2, 2019

Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?

Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?


Why doesn't the crust of the Earth melt?

Posted: 01 May 2019 10:50 AM PDT

Dumb question: if the planet is filled with magma, why doesn't the outer crust melt into it? At some point deep down, melted rock is touching un-melted rock, so why aren't we all living on a Mustafar-like planet?

Edit: wow so many food metaphors! Thanks for the responses.

submitted by /u/sagressa
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Does being exposed to the common cold constantly like in a work environment strengthen your immune system?

Posted: 01 May 2019 09:21 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:16 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is Saturn the only planet in the Solar System to have a stable polygon shaped (hexagon) storm?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:21 PM PDT

As far as I know, storms on other planets can be unpredictable, but what makes those storms last for centuries forward, especially Saturn's special hexagonal storm on its north pole?

submitted by /u/Skelyro
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Do animals have a sense of "good" smells and "bad" smells like humans?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:35 PM PDT

Do animals (dogs, chimps, etc) find things that humans usually find pleasant to smell, also pleasant? (cologne, flowers, perfume etc.)

submitted by /u/m-a-k-o
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How do oil companies know where to drill for oil reserves?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:33 PM PDT

How fast does something have to travel in earths atmosphere before it begins to heat up?

Posted: 02 May 2019 02:47 AM PDT

When I hold my hand out of a car window it gets colder so I was wondering how much faster something would have to travel before it heats up like objects from space do when entering the atmosphere.

submitted by /u/Voltaire1778
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What are the deternining factors for how much scar tissue a wound will grow?

Posted: 01 May 2019 07:04 PM PDT

How can we know half-life without observing nuclear decay rate?

Posted: 01 May 2019 10:48 PM PDT

From Nature: Dark-matter detector observes exotic nuclear decay

This article describes how scientists just observed a nuclear decay from Xenon-124 for the first time ever. They then give the half-life of this isotope at a trillion times the age of the universe, or 1.8 × 1022 years.

How is it that they can arrive at a number for the half-life if we can never measure the decay rate experimentally? Why isn't more than a single data point necessary for what they call "statistical" uncertainty?

submitted by /u/slushpilot
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How do anthropologists and paleontologists clarify that a discovered bone is from a separate pre-modern species and not just an old bone from a modern species that had a physical abnormality?

Posted: 01 May 2019 05:26 PM PDT

Why does the gulf stream make the temperatures of western/northern europe so moderate yet doesn't seem to have a similar affect on much of the east coast of the US?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:40 PM PDT

Do our taste buds react differently to tastes as we age?

Posted: 01 May 2019 02:21 PM PDT

Not sure if this is the right subreddit to ask, but anyways, do our taste buds react differently as we age?

I remember loving chocolate so much when I was young, but now I do not like chocolate, nor do I crave it.

Same thing goes with foods like Bell Peppers. I hated them so much as a kid but now I love them, cooked or straight from the fridge.

submitted by /u/TacoJones2
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How does a child have a different blood type from its mother? Doesn't it get the blood through the umbilical cord?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:16 PM PDT

Will the total amount of radioactive material in the universe decrease over time?

Posted: 01 May 2019 04:03 PM PDT

Since all radioactive material has a half life, shouldn't that cause the total amount of radioactive materials to decrease? For example: In 5730 years, will the universe only have half as much carbon-14?

submitted by /u/dashwsd
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Now that the Xiahe mandible has been identified as denisovan, what does it tell us about denisovan's appearance/anatomy in comparison to modern humans?

Posted: 01 May 2019 03:42 PM PDT

Does it tell us more about their skull shape?

Also, I've always heard speculation that denisovans are somwhat larger than humans, due to the size of their teeth in comparison. Has this been confirmed or contradicted by this revelation?

submitted by /u/TheDwarvenGuy
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Could we have a FinFET tranistor with 4 control surfaces rather than 3?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:05 PM PDT

Here a "control surface" means contact between the gate and the source-drain circuit.

My understanding is that FinFET has an advantage over previous transistors because the raised gate now surrounds the path of the electrons on three sides, whereas previously it only had contact with one side. Having more contact area allows for greater control and thus less leakage, which can compensate for decreased control area as the length of tranistor shrinks.

If the gate entirely wrapped around the source-drain path, wouldn't the extra side reduce leakage? Is this impossible because one side needs to be the silicon substrate, or is it just infeasible with current manufacturing techniques?

Bonus question: Since going from 1 side of contact to 3 sides of contact between the gate and the circuit gave substantial improvements, would adding another side be a minor improvement or would it have disproportional benefits. e.g. a 4th side is only a 33% increase in contact area, but this might reduce quantum tunneling by 50%.

submitted by /u/Bananacity
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What component in drowsy drugs makes you drowsy?

Posted: 01 May 2019 07:05 PM PDT

How the human body chooses an energy source? (in other words: how it decides when to use either lipids(fats) or sacharides (glucose, glycogen...?)

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:58 AM PDT

Reading a Patent about aging spirits, it mentions a compound called m-2-gallic acid, what is it?

Posted: 01 May 2019 05:27 PM PDT

Okay, so I am reading this US Patent for accelerated aging of spirits, and in it the inventor mentions that oak bark contains a compound called m-2-gallic acid (amongst other tannins). He also mentions that this m-2-gallic acid can be divided into "2 particles" of gallic acid, indicating it's a dimer of some sort?

What is m-2-gallic acid? Does anyone here know? I have been searching google for about 30min now trying to figure out what it is, but I can't find any reference to m-2-gallic acid anywhere via google.

Could it be as simple as 2 gallic acid molecules bonded at their meta- positions, making it digallic acid (m-digallic acid)? But they made an error in naming it when writing the patent?

Any help would be appreciated.

If you want to read the patent, here it is. The m-2-gallic acid part is on page 4 of 6, and starts around line 35 (#s in middle of document)

US Patent on Google

submitted by /u/adaminc
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Why does water have a high freezing point compared to its parts?

Posted: 01 May 2019 08:58 PM PDT

Water's melting point is 0° C. Yet hydrogen and oxygen's melting point is super duper low. Why is this? Please explain!

Thanks!

submitted by /u/TerraWarriorPro
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Can and How do submarines 'float' still in the water without sinking further or going up further?

Posted: 01 May 2019 11:59 AM PDT

I need to make a small submarine for a project. It can already float on the water, sink and go up thanks to the Archimedes' principle, but I can't get it to be still on a certain depth. Does it have to something with Fp and its buoyancy Fa when equal in size. (like when floating on the surface.) If you can, linking your sources would be very helpful.

submitted by /u/ASnowyBird
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Wednesday, May 1, 2019

Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?

Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?


Why does beta plus (β+) decay happen in proton-proton chain reactions; why don't the two protons just form helium instead of deuterium?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 06:26 PM PDT

Is there any medium that sound travels through faster than light can?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:22 PM PDT

I learned recently that a team of scientists (lead by Lene Hau) managed to slow light down as slow as 38 mph using a supercooled medium.

I was wondering if there is anything out there that sound can travel through faster than light can. Or would the properties required for such a material make it unable to propagate sound?

submitted by /u/Toymos
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Did the asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs significantly reduce the air pressure on Earth?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 11:12 PM PDT

As i understand it, the impact blasted a significant amount of the atmosphere into space. Would sea level pressure have noticeably decreased, if only for a few hours?

submitted by /u/Matt32145
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A picture of a clear blue sky has greater entropy / information content than a busy painting: true, and if so, how?

Posted: 01 May 2019 06:08 AM PDT

The professor had put up two pictures: One was the famous Song Dynasty painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival, full of fine, rich details; the other was a photograph of the sky on a sunny day, the deep blue expanse broken only by a wisp of a cloud ... The photograph's information content - its entropy- exceeded the painting's by one or two orders of magnitude.

Cixin Liu, The Three Body Problem (fiction)

So I've attended some lectures on entropy, but not being a physicist and never having to apply the concept, the counterintuitive parts of it always just escape my brain's long-term comprehension.

Is this passage correct, and what's the explanation that someone with a PhD in a lowly subject like biology could follow?

(I've found this attempt at a discussion, but the top explanation jumps straight to algebra, and none of the others are very fluent. Link also includes the painting in question.)

submitted by /u/Glaselar
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Does environment affect personality?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:55 PM PDT

Let's imagine we have two identical worlds. Two earths.

Let's imagine that we place two newborns with identical families with identical traits, one on each earth, in the same town or city.

The newborns grow into young adults experiencing and seeing all of the same things as the other. They share the same exact environment.

Do they have identical personalities?

submitted by /u/DoodiePootie
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How is the placebo effect mitigated in experiments studying effect of meditation?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 08:25 PM PDT

For the studies on effect of drugs, I can easily imagine it being done by some fake pills and stuff. But how are the control groups designed for studying effect of meditation?

submitted by /u/TraditionalCourage
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What is the difference between a magnetar and a millisecond pulsar?

Posted: 01 May 2019 12:55 AM PDT

Are the two interchangeable? Both spin many, many times a second and I assume both have very strong magnetic fields.

submitted by /u/Vorpal_Lacrimation
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Why does a gases Mach Number affect whether it’s velocity increases or decreases when entering a convergent or divergent nozzle?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:47 AM PDT

I'm looking for an intuitive explanation. The math makes perfect sense to me but I'm trying to get a better feel for why it happens. It must have something to do with whether or not a pressure wave can propagate through the gas, but I can't quite put my finger on why that would make a difference.

submitted by /u/bnpm
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Some moons are coplanar and some are not, what makes some of these moons non-coplanar?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 08:02 PM PDT

Is it planetary impact, or gravitation from other nearby moons? Or something else?

submitted by /u/ENP2900
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Why is mortality from measles in the Philippines so high?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 02:45 PM PDT

Hello. I am not asking why there is an outbreak of measles. I am asking why so many people are dying.

This source for the U.S. indicates that the expected mortality rate is one per thousand cases: https://physiciansforinformedconsent.org/measles/dis/

This source indicates that 12,700 cases of measles have been reported, leading to 203 deaths: https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/questions-and-answers-on-the-measles-outbreak-in-the-philippines

That's one death per 63 cases. That's 150x higher than expected in the U.S.

submitted by /u/uiuctodd
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How do woodpeckers not get concussions from hitting their heads against trees so hard?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:03 PM PDT

What attribute determines sex?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:03 AM PDT

In humans, males are the heterogametic sex (XY) and females are the homogametic sex (XX). But in the the ZW-sex determination system this inverse (ZZ is male and ZW is female). Other sex-determination systems have even different ways of determining sex (XO, ZO system).

In humans, females are the sex that get pregnant. However, in some fish males are the ones that get pregnant.

In humans, females carry the most care for their child. However, in some species paternal care is more common.

Therefore, what attribute makes males males, and females females? If it isn't anything of these, what is it?

Edit: I thought I had explained myself pretty well, but seeing the answered I guess my question wasn't clear enough. So here's it formulated differently.

This question isn't about humans, it's about classifying different organisms. Obviously there's going to be abornormalities within species that cause differences in sex-outcome, but that shouldn't be included within the scope of this question.

Just imagine we lost all data on all species in the world. And we go back to redetermining the sex of all known species. Why would we call the male of the Hippocampus genus (seahorses) males, because the males get pregnant. What attribute made us decide they were the males.

Then we look at Varanus komodoensis (Komodo dragons), and want to know which ones are males. We look at their karyotype; the males have the ZZ chromosome pair. What attribute made us decide these were the males?

submitted by /u/PaperStreetss
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Is it possible to split a helium nucleus (or an alpha particle) in half?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 09:20 AM PDT

How high do mountains have to be to affect precipitation?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 02:45 PM PDT

This one has been bothering me pretty much as long as I've known: Obviously, mountains cause rain shadows by blocking rain, so there's a dry area right next to the ocean. However, where's the limit? For example, is like half a kilometer high enough?

submitted by /u/BringBackByzantium
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Why do some wines get better with age, and some wines go bad?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 10:43 AM PDT

Why/how does soap clean are skin when we take a shower/wash our hands?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 04:13 PM PDT

If, as suspected, the earth was hit by Theia early in its creation, why don’t we have a ring of debris around us like Saturn?

Posted: 30 Apr 2019 05:12 AM PDT