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Friday, April 5, 2019

Does launching projectiles significantly alter the orbit of Hayabusa2?

Does launching projectiles significantly alter the orbit of Hayabusa2?


Does launching projectiles significantly alter the orbit of Hayabusa2?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 06:52 AM PDT

I saw the news today that the Hayabusa2 spacecraft launched a second copper "cannonball" at the Ryugu asteroid. What kind of impact does this have on its ability to orbit the asteroid? The 2kg impactor was launched at 2km/s, this seems like it would produce a significant amount of thrust which would push the spacecraft away from the asteroid. So what do they do in response to this? Do they plan for the orbit to change after the launch and live with it? Is there some kind of "retro rocket" to apply a counter thrust to compensate for it? Or is the actual thrust produced by the launch just not actually significant? Here is the article I saw: https://www.cnet.com/news/japan-is-about-to-bomb-an-asteroid-and-you-can-watch-here/

submitted by /u/showponies
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[Astronomy] Do giant, highly oblate planets exist?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 06:51 AM PDT

I'm reading one of the first hard science fiction novels written: Mission of Gravity by Hal Clement. In it a world called Mesklin is described with, among others, the following characteristics:

  • supergiant,
  • highly oblate,
  • strong gravity (a gee force gradient, starting at 3 g on the equator, and ending at 665 g on the planet's poles).

I'm very curious if this falls in the technically possible category or if we have actually found a planet that has the rough characteristics as described.

submitted by /u/nevahre
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Why can excited monoatomic gases (eg neon) emit photons but not homonuclear molecules (eg dinitrogen)?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 07:00 AM PDT

this is from the wikipedia page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser

From the article: electron impact excites vibrational motion of the nitrogen. Because nitrogen is a homonuclear molecule, it cannot lose this energy by photon emission, and its excited vibrational levels are therefore metastable and relatively long-lived.

submitted by /u/nicktohzyu
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Why are testicles considered a gland and ovaries are organs? Or what is the difference between a gland and an organ?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 04:19 AM PDT

Are there any herd animals that exhibit sacrificial behaviour when being hunted by predators?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 03:26 AM PDT

Have there been any cases where the old/weak/infirm members of the herd have sacrificed themselves to predators to allow the greater herd and younger animals to escape?

submitted by /u/DubstepBurrito
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Do people native to high altitude places experience any negative effects on their health when at sea level?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 01:17 AM PDT

Those huge cargo ships and oil tankers have a really small anchor compared to the overall size of the ship. How does such a small anchor manage to keep the ship in place?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 04:44 AM PDT

Is the light from the sun mostly incandescence or a byproduct of fusion?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 03:36 PM PDT

I imagine it's a combination, but are we mostly seeing radiant energy cast off from fusion, or the incandescent glow of the hot matter afterwards?

submitted by /u/oliksandr
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How do we tell the difference between convergent, divergent, and parallel evolution?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 05:20 AM PDT

Because for the most part, all we get to see is a snapshot in the chain, how can we tell if species are related or not?

submitted by /u/Ozurip
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What is the effect of resellers on the economy?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 06:05 PM PDT

I'm not refering to retailers per se, because I can understand the effect they play: grouping the products in a physical location.

These resellers end up raising the prices of a product that wouldn't cost that much otherwise. I'm not talking about speculating that a product will become valuable at a later date, I'm talking about products in established markets (proven to be stable, people have been buying it for years) being bought at a lower price and then resold for a small profit.

What would happen to an economy where these people didn't exist? Would prices keep going down if the demand was low? Because these people create a fake demand for the products.

Is there more I can read about this subject?

submitted by /u/pphp
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If you shoot a gun while on a space walk, would the bullet be able to escape the solar system?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:02 PM PDT

How has the widespread use of penicillin as an antibiotic affected the Penicillium fungi in the wild? Has the fungi become any more vulnerable to bacterial infection due to penicillin-resistant bacteria as a result of its use?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 10:08 PM PDT

Is it possible for two embryos with different fathers to fuse and create a human chimera?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 10:29 AM PDT

If superfetation occurred with each embryo having a different father, could the death and absorption of one result in the creation of a human chimera with two different fathers? Would the product even be viable?

submitted by /u/neptunesbane
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Do tidal forces from the Moon have any effect on the Earth's mantle?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 10:07 PM PDT

Relationship, even an equation between prevalence of atoms/molecules and stability?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 07:55 PM PDT

This may seem an elementary relationship, but is there an equation out there, like a conversion function that takes some index value that represents an atom or molecules prevalence in the universe and outputs the relative stability of that atom or molecule? And vice versa?

I couldn't find anything on google about it. Apparently there is a weak relationship between nuclear binding energy and the as you go up the periodic table from hydrogen. I don't think that's relevant, but it would make intuitive sense if the more stable an element or molecule (like H20 or Helium gas) are generally more prevalent in the universe than less stable ones...and if so, is there some sort of equation devised to easily calculate one to get the other? Is it in the Handbook of Chemistry or something like that?

submitted by /u/ilumrf1986
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Second mode waves in boundary layers and instability?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 06:42 PM PDT

Can anyone explain what second mode waves are in terms of fluid mechanics and what boundary layer instability means?

submitted by /u/nasawesome
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When drinking water, do Hydronium and Hydroxide ions serve different purposes when absorbed by the body?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 09:19 PM PDT

How do we know that the four legged whale that was just announced to be have been found in Peru should be classified as a Whale?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 08:22 PM PDT

I would assume it has some to do with similar bone structures and stuff but I was hoping to learn some specifics as to how we know this should be classified as an earlier version of whales and not some other creature. Is there a way to tell just based off of bone structure that it should be classified as a mammal? I would think that's an important early step. Thank you!

submitted by /u/jobletofscience
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Could someone help me with Constant speed of light and all that?

Posted: 05 Apr 2019 01:16 AM PDT

I don't get time dilation, lenght contraction and the constant speed of light, so I hope someone can help me out.

First off, instead of lenght contraction, time dilation and the constant speed of light, why can't I say that light slows down when I approach it and accelerate when i move away from it? To me it seems like I would get the same results ether way. I would measure the speed of light as c no matter how fast I'm moving or in which direction. What law am i violating?

So to a little tought experiment. I stand between two laserpistols. when I press a button a signal goes to both lasers and they fire when they recieve it. Will the two lasers reach me at the same time if I move towards either pistol? If not, then what is so special about light?

If the signal sent two footballs towards me, the ball I moved towards would be the first to reach me because:

  1. the speed of the ball I am moving away from (ball A) would decrease relative to me and vice versa for ball B.
  2. the distance ball A has to move to reach me increases, and vice versa for ball B.

So how does light solve this? (Given that light really do hit me at the same moment no matter my movement and given my "light speeds up and down according to my motion"-statement is wrong).

submitted by /u/Kingchachacha
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What is the depositional environment for a low permeability carbonate reservoir?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 09:20 PM PDT

I'm currently working on a design project that has a low permeability carbonate reservoir with a 21% porosity. So far I've been reading papers but not understanding what is happening with the geology. Any geologists have an explanation? For context, the reservoir I am studying is located in the Ratcliffe beds of the Oungre evaporite (Midale evaporite).

submitted by /u/andarott
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Why are depleted uranium penetrators "self sharpening"?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 10:46 AM PDT

I keep hearing that depleted uranium is "self sharpening" and the best explanation I've found is that DU burns away on the edges. While I don't doubt this is true, it still doesn't explain what exactly it is about DU that causes it to happen instead of having the nose rounded over.

(and yes I already know about post-pen effects so you don't need to explain that)

submitted by /u/TheDapperDugong
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Adding water to paint makes it flow better and lay more flat initially. Does adding water make the paint dry more quickly?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 09:03 PM PDT

Thursday, April 4, 2019

Do Tectonic plates ever change in size and or break apart?

Do Tectonic plates ever change in size and or break apart?


Do Tectonic plates ever change in size and or break apart?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:59 AM PDT

Are the plates different now compared to the time of Pangea?

submitted by /u/shuttersock
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Can stomach acid burn organs?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:58 AM PDT

Since stomach acid is strong enough to dissolve metal, what would happen if the acid from inside your stomach got out? Would it do the same to other organs?

submitted by /u/SarahTheBoop
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Can bacteria take over cells like viruses do?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:27 AM PDT

I've been taught that some viruses 'take over' cells, change what they do and use them to spread. Can bacteria do something similar? Of so, what is this process called? If not, why?

submitted by /u/oodanium
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So, if the particle-antiparticle pair production is the wrong way of looking at Hawking Radiation, what DOES really happen?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:30 AM PDT

How can you take a picture of a black hole?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 12:11 AM PDT

A picture of a black hole will be revealed next week. From my understanding, a black hole absorbs all light due to its gravitational field.

We can only see something when light is reflected off it. With these both assumptions in mind, how can a picture be taken of a black hole?

submitted by /u/Tooslowtoohappy
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On a molecular level, what is happening to molecules/atoms when a sticky substance is torn in half? For example: modeling clay. What creates the "tension" in these substances?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 06:33 PM PDT

Do animals have a sense of (Musical) rhythm?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 08:44 PM PDT

Well, that. I know that we (Humans) can feel rhythm (Though I don't specifically know why either), and we react to it. But do animals feel the same? Or they hate it because it interferes with their senses, like when you suddenly cover someone's eyes?

submitted by /u/Blasecube
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Benefits and, or disadvantages of hemocyanin oxygen transport rather than hemoglobin?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 07:40 PM PDT

Is one all around more efficient than the other, or only under certain situations is one more efficient? Does the difference in copper vs iron provide any sort of bacterial or viral resistance? Or possibly lower chance of infection due to open wounds?

submitted by /u/Golden_Pwny_Boy
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Chemical or physical change?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 01:29 AM PDT

I'm currently in chemistry in high school and my teacher stated that it's quite debated if diluting something in water is considered a chemical or a physical change because of how the particles are seperated from one another but the compounds themselves don't actually change. I'm mostly wondering if my teacher is out of the loop and if there's an actual answer to what it is

submitted by /u/Shortail1198
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Do organisims that use hemocyanin rather than hemoglobin have a slightly higher resistance to bacterial and or viral infections?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 08:19 PM PDT

I have read that (Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin) is used to help treat prostate and bladder cancers as it stimulates the immune system. But do the organisms that use it naturally benefit from this?

submitted by /u/Golden_Pwny_Boy
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What does re normalization means in simple terms with context of Quantum field theories ?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 04:40 AM PDT

Why are we able to re normalize QFT for Weak, Strong, and electromagnetic interactions, but not gravitational interactions?

submitted by /u/JimmyThrowaway1
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What are some interesting examples of humans influencing the evolution of a species?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 12:15 PM PDT

Most people who've taken a basic course in biology know about the speckled moths that turned black during the industrial revolution due to pollution. I want to know what other examples there are of humans influencing the evolution of other species. The more interesting or unexpected the better.

submitted by /u/regular_sized_ryan
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Is there a lower limit or smallest unit of time?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 12:09 AM PDT

I'm sorry if this is a stupid question. I have a high school education and never took any math higher than algebra, save some stuff I've taught myself for the purpose of audio synthesis because I read a lot.

So I've been reading about superfluid He4 and how what I will call "practical absolute zero" (i don't know the real term) is higher than 0 kelvin, and that this is due to a baseline ambient excitation that occurs as a sort of prerequisite for physical existence. I was also reading that states above that are quantized.

I also read the inevitable connection to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which has to do with precisely measuring velocity and position. The only way that makes sense to me would be that a particle's position is only accurate for an instant.

You can't measure velocity in an instant, that much is apparent because there needs to be a duration of movement factored in to measure, therefore it can probably only be approximated.

You can measure position, except for the fact that the particle is moving, so again, to measure where it is in this hypothetical "instant" would be difficult to do precisely.

A lot of this seemed to be revolving around this "point" in time that occurs instantaneously, which I am having trouble comprehending. So it got me wondering, is there a duration that is the absolute minimum that time can be broken down into? We measure time with a system of quantized integers, but is it possible that time itself is actually quantized? If that's the case, is space also quantized? Is everything operating on a grid of values that can be represented by a cardinal set of natural numbers? Is aleph 0 the only real infinity in physics?

I'm confused, I hope this question doesn't sound as dumb to you as it does to me.

submitted by /u/postwerk
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Why is it taking so long to fix the issues with Flint Michigan's drinking water?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 10:06 AM PDT

Millions of years ago when megafauna and megaflora dominanted the earth, were creatures with exoskeletons proportionally bigger? And did this also apply to small/microscopic life?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 05:56 PM PDT

Are space telescopes analogue or digital based?

Posted: 04 Apr 2019 03:30 AM PDT

I have this hunch that analogue contains more information due to the film medium, although I may be wrong, that's why I have come to your doors!

submitted by /u/ReggaeMonestor
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How do plants in early development orient themselves in zero gravity?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 02:04 PM PDT

I know in normal development that plants orient up from down through the vacoule moving to the bottom of the endosperm(via gravity) which provides polarity. My curiosity is in how do the plants grown on the ISS orient themselves in the lack of gravity?

submitted by /u/Senor_Cangrejos
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If a person is brain dead, can their body heal wounds or broken bones?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 04:15 PM PDT

If the gravitational force linearly decreases to zero as you approach a planet's center, does that mean the region of the highest pressure in a gas giant isn't necessarily the center?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 08:59 AM PDT

This might be stupid question, but it's something I've been thinking about. I can't wrap my head around how there is any pressure at the center of something if there's no gravitation force there.

submitted by /u/jandcando
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Why do some vaccines hurt more than others despite all being administered the same way?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 01:33 PM PDT

I got the influenza vaccine earlier this year and it didn't hurt at all, but I just got the second round of the HPV vaccine and my arm is extremely tender and sore. Why is there a difference between the two when they're both administered in the same way and in the same place?

submitted by /u/qwerty-yourself
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Other than the younger dryas impact hypothesis, what proof of other cataclysms such as a pole shift or a solar flare do we have that occured around the late pleistocene era?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 02:51 PM PDT

Why do we teach braille to blind people instead of stamped ”normal“ letters?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 08:22 AM PDT

In regards to sunscreen and its effectiveness over time. How is it "used up"?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 02:02 PM PDT

They say that you need to reapply sunscreen every two hours but is that duration dependent on how much the sun's photons reacts with the sunscreen on your skin or is it simply that the sunscreen loses its effectiveness the longer it is on your skin?

submitted by /u/bachintheback
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Wednesday, April 3, 2019

Do primates have mental disorders like humans?

Do primates have mental disorders like humans?


Do primates have mental disorders like humans?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 03:49 PM PDT

I was at the zoo today and watched a gorilla pick at a scab on its finger, compulsively, until it started bleeding. Is this OCD or is it just a nervous thing that primates do at the zoo? Do gorillas share any of the same mental disorders that humans have?

submitted by /u/srewoByesaC
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For whales and dolphins can water "Go down the wrong pipe" and make them choke like with humans?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 07:19 AM PDT

Why does outer space look black?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 05:45 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 08:13 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do sponges, towels, and cloths hold liquids?

Posted: 03 Apr 2019 12:56 AM PDT

As the title says, how do some materials hold fluids very well while others, like table tops, just have fluids slide off? What makes a liquid "hold" in a material?

submitted by /u/moon_forge
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What does shower mold eat? Where is it getting its energy from?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 09:42 AM PDT

You know the mold in your shower that you're always trying to get rid of? What it is eating? I don't understand what it's growing off of. Every living thing needs an energy source aka to eat, right? So what is the mold eating?

It can't be photosynthesizing because my bathroom doesn't have windows.

It can't be eating my dead skin cells/run off dirt because it's up near the ceiling too.

It can't be eating regular food because I don't eat or keep food in my shower.

Is it eating my soap or shampoo or something? Or maybe it's like a predator that eats the bacteria on the walls. I really have no idea so I turn to reddit. Thank you!

submitted by /u/brightlittlesheep
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When a solid is dissolved in a liquid, is it still a solid, what about individual atoms or molecules in a vacuum?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 11:58 AM PDT

I am trying to gain a better understanding about states of matter, the last paragraph is the most important one to be answered.

It is my understanding that when a solid is dissolved into a liquid, at least some of it is individual molecules or atoms are are not attached to other molecules and atoms of the same type, instead they are completely separate, not part of any solid structure. In that situation, are those molecules or atoms a solid, a liquid or something else?

Additionally, if I have an individual atom or molecule in a vacuum, which at that temperature and pressure would normally be solid, is it still considered a solid? What if that single atom or molecule would be a liquid at that temperature and pressure, is it still considered a liquid?

Is there something fundamental about the state of an atom or molecule that, independently of other atoms or molecules of the same type, determines if it is in a solid, liquid or gas state (plasma I understand)? Are there observations, tests or measurements (other than temperature) that could be applied to an individual atom or molecule in a vacuum that could be used to test its state (perhaps how it reacts chemically with other substances, perhaps how it interacts mechanically with other substances, how it moves, perhaps how it responds to radiation)?

submitted by /u/EdwardNardella
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What specifically are electrodes measuring on an ECG?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 12:46 PM PDT

I'm trying to understand how ECG's work. I understand the different views but not specifically what the electrodes are measuring. For example, lead I measures the flow of some charge (positive to negative electrons?) from the left arm lead to the right arm lead. What I don't understand is what exactly the electrodes are measuring and how the myocytes effect something that can be measured on the surface of the skin so far away from the heart.

submitted by /u/uq42
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does the pressure of the oceans have a effect on the ocean? would the ocean floor look different if there wasn't an ocean over it?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 11:53 AM PDT

Is it possible to see a simultaneous solar transit of Phobos and Deimos from anywhere on Mars?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 12:27 PM PDT

I don't know much about the orbital periods/inclinations/etc. of Mars' two moons. I've seen video of each of them transiting the sun from some of the landers. I was curious to know if both could do it at the same time. If so, would you need to be at a specific spot or area on Mars to see it? If there was a double transit, would Deimos pass behind Phobos, or would they be at different solar latitudes?

If it's not possible, is this due to orbital resonances?

submitted by /u/AdmiralMemo
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Do Quarks have Volume?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 02:40 PM PDT

My friend (u/carson_bay) and I were debating whether or not a quark has volume. On one side, we argued that they don't have volume until they combine to create other particles. On the other, we argued that they do have volume. We have both found conflicting sources that say they don't have volume, and others that say their radius is 10-18 metres.

So, which is it? Do they have volume or not? Or is it a case where they both do and do not have volume until they are observed?

submitted by /u/theKurdledNoodle
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If a submarine loses it ability to function underwater, is it possible to “tow” it back to the surface?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 03:13 PM PDT

Does the weight of food have any bearing on its caloric density?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 03:03 PM PDT

Like the title says, obviously there isn't necessarily a clear '1 kg of food = X calories', as it's easy to come up with a counter example. However, is there any relationship there? I have a hard time imagining a 1000 calorie bit of semi-dense foam (think like a 100 cm3 cube of foam?), but I can imagine eating a (comparatively) heavy 100 cm3 cube of butter or something similar that might contain 1000 calories.

UPDATE: In light of the answers to the original question (thanks everyone, good insights all around!) a quick follow up, is there a maximum amount of calories that a piece of food can contain for a particular density? Is it strictly limited by the size of a molecule of fat/etc. ?

submitted by /u/jack_the_ninja
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How does the Event Horizon Telescope work?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 08:08 AM PDT

The EHT has announced a press conference for April 10, where it is expected they will release their final images of Sgr A* (or at least set an official date for release). How was the project able to take an image of such a distant object? Is it an optical image or radio or something else? What are the science goals of this project beyond obtaining an image?

submitted by /u/fireballs619
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What evidence do we have of plate tectonics besides the shapes of the continents fitting together?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 08:14 AM PDT

How do governments tell the difference between nuclear launches and peaceful space missions?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 04:26 AM PDT

This has two parts:

1) Governments monitor the launch of nuclear missiles. But there are rockets being shot into space all the time. How do they know that those rockets aren't carrying nuclear weapons.

2) Satellites are shot into space regularly. How do we know that they aren't hiding nuclear weapons?

submitted by /u/Flopsey
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How do astronomers hypothesize/determine what elements are present on planets based on telescopic images?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 07:39 AM PDT

How can we differenciate between cause and effect when we talk about psycological biases? Like some colours causing us to be more hungry.

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 03:07 PM PDT

Edit: Does red and yellow make us hungry because restaurants use it alot or do restaurants use it alot because it makes us hungry?

submitted by /u/joka44
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Has there been any introduction of arctic species to the antarctic or vice versa by research ships that visit both?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 04:26 AM PDT

What do the electrodes on an EKG measure?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 12:22 PM PDT

I've been trying to learn how EKG's work and I understand what views the electrodes are detecting but I don't understand what the electrodes themselves are measuring. For example, lead I measures the positive flow of something (electrons?) from the left arm to the right arm. But if those leads are placed on the left and right wrist, how does the electrical activity of the myocytes effect the electrodes all the way at the limbs?

submitted by /u/thereWasAnAttempt42
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What happens to unborn that stay in the womb longer than usual?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 04:51 AM PDT

If there is no artificial help like a ceasarean section and the mother doesn't get contractions, how long is the child able to stay in the womb? How will it further develop in that time?

submitted by /u/bedefig
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If visible light and radio waves are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, do radio waves also exhibit wave/particle duality? If not, why?

Posted: 02 Apr 2019 04:26 AM PDT