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Saturday, March 30, 2019

The ocean is full of plastics: What are the primary sources of these plastics?

The ocean is full of plastics: What are the primary sources of these plastics?


The ocean is full of plastics: What are the primary sources of these plastics?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 03:59 PM PDT

Context: Lots of places are banning plastic bags and plastic straws and rarely also microbead soaps.

That's well and good, but I don't know the source of the plastics in the ocean... as per that study that suggested that 60% of ocean life had plastic in their guts. (I can't find the original article).

And then there's the DEEP ocean ... what is the nature of the plastic that's getting there?

submitted by /u/Lokarin
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How do planes know that they are being targeted?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 01:50 PM PDT

Theoretically, could I perfectly vertically balance a string?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 08:16 PM PDT

When voltage is increased across a conductor, resulting in more current, is the number of moving charges increased, or are charges moving at a higher velocity, or both?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 08:55 PM PDT

How is the answer different between metallic conductors, semiconductors, and electrolytes?

submitted by /u/_niko
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How does the air get „sucked“ into our lungs when we breath?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 03:22 PM PDT

Could atoms composed of only neutrons exist?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 11:07 PM PDT

Would a rainbow in the sky have the same degree of curvature if the Earth was flat?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 04:52 PM PDT

How much do ones internal organs move around?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 07:34 AM PDT

Are they more or less just dangling or floating in liquid, or are they firmly supported from all sides? Does it vary very much from organ to organ? Can you damage your other organs the same way you can damage your brain by rapid motion and impact of organ on bone, ie rib, skull(rather than just external blunt force)?

Are there any drastic, interesting differences between certain human vs animal organs?

submitted by /u/Krabice
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Do objects physically change the wavelength of light or just absorb certain wavelengths and reflect others?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 08:09 AM PDT

Also, how is light physically absorbed? What happens to it? Does it just hit the electrons and cause them to vibrate more?

submitted by /u/DrBucket
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Why is it that there are no green stars?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 04:15 PM PDT

Why don't brown dwarfs collapse into white dwarfs?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 03:42 PM PDT

This was asked on /r/space and I was hoping some experts here could answer.

At the end of a red dwarf's life, even the lowest mass red dwarfs are expected to become white dwarfs after fusion stops. What is the difference between a dead red dwarf and a slightly less massive brown dwarf after it stops fusing deuterium, that allows the red dwarf to collapse into an Earth-sized white dwarf, while the brown dwarf does not collapse and stays roughly the size of Jupiter?

I assume the small difference in mass isn't the reason, so does it have something to do with the fact that a dead red dwarf is made mostly of helium while a brown dwarf is mostly hydrogen? If you could gather 70 Jupiter masses of helium together to try to form a helium brown dwarf, would it become a white dwarf instead?

submitted by /u/jswhitten
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Will our sun - after it goes white dwarf - just evaporate into nothing? Could it possibly become so cold, it forms a rocky stellar mass or a crust, like a planet?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 07:37 AM PDT

Would an X0 female (Turner Syndrome) and an XY male with a defective SRY gene be phenotypically the same?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 07:43 AM PDT

How to doctor's know they removed 100% of the cancer in someone after surgery?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 09:07 AM PDT

Are QFT And String Theory Opposed To One Another?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 09:05 AM PDT

This question is somewhat simple, I recently watched this lecture about Quantum Field Theory, and as I understood it, QFT is meant to answer the question: "What are the fundamental building blocks of nature?", and it came to my mind, String Theory also tries to answer that same question.

But are the two of them opposed to each other? I mean, if I understood QFT correctly, the whole idea behind it , is that all particles in existence are the results of ripples in their respective Quantum Field, so Electrons and Photons are ripples in the Quantum Electromagnetic Field, Quarks are ripple in the Quantum Quark Fields etc. etc.

But doesn't that idea clash with String Theory? I watched this video about ST, and if I understood Brian Greene correctly, String Theory states that all particles (and forces associated with those particles) are the results of Fundamental Strings vibrating in different ways, so if one of these strings vibrates in manner A the resulting particle is an Up Quark, if said strings vibrates in manner B the result is a Down Quark etc. etc.

Aren't these two thoughts against each other?

Please let me know if I misunderstood one or both theories.

submitted by /u/IndisposedCrewman
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How come over the counter medication offers to reduce fever, but fever is the product of our immune system?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 07:20 AM PDT

When encountering a pathogen, the human body intentionally warms up past 37°C in order to make it harder for said pathogen to function, spread etc. Why is it that over the counter medication, like paracetamol, aims to reduce fever? Isn't fever a good thing? And shouldn't it be maintained to get rid of the intruder?

submitted by /u/Samuelinyo
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Is there a physical / mental difference between a medically-induced coma, and a "regular" coma?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 05:24 AM PDT

And do people in the different types of coma have different experiences? This was prompted by an AskReddit thread asking about the experiences people have had in comas; most of the respondents had been in medically-induced comas, and it made me wonder about the differences.

submitted by /u/dahamsta
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Why do cells die from low oxygen?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 06:44 AM PDT

As far as found out from google, cells need oxygen to produce ATP , and necrose on low ATP levels.

So why do cells do that? Why dont they just 'stand by' till they get more oxygen?

submitted by /u/pacukluka
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What are evolutionary drugs? I was confused by this infographic

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 07:41 AM PDT

In the this infographic https://imgur.com/a/HjF2P

The first one, the green one, step 6 of Anti-Aging Genetic engineering is "developing evolutionary drugs using artificial selection to create symbiotes that increase lifespan.

What does this mean? What does this entail? What are evolutionary drugs and symbiotes.

submitted by /u/Maximum777
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Friday, March 29, 2019

Im wondering as to why all the Birds ,Insects and Fish were very large back in the mesozoic age compared to what they are now?

Im wondering as to why all the Birds ,Insects and Fish were very large back in the mesozoic age compared to what they are now?


Im wondering as to why all the Birds ,Insects and Fish were very large back in the mesozoic age compared to what they are now?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 02:14 AM PDT

Why are they much smaller today ?

submitted by /u/internet5500
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Do you burn calories by thinking?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 05:45 PM PDT

I'm assuming the process of thinking (stimulating neurons) requires some form of energy by our body, so does this mean we burn calories by thinking?

submitted by /u/throwawaythememe
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Is it ammonium or ammonia that's part of the nitrogen cycle? Or both?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 04:22 AM PDT

I'm trying to understand the nitrogen cycle and there is one thing that keeps confusing me about biological nitrogen fixation, nitrification and ammonification. Some sources talk about ammonium (NH4) and some about ammonia (NH3) when referring to the same thing, and I don't know which to believe, since even the trustworthy ones seem to have contradictory information. Are both involved in different stages of the cycle or how does it work?

For example, the following quote from this page (pdf) by RSC:

Bacteria that possess the enzyme nitrogenase can convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia. The bacterium Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. The bacterium stimulates the growth of root nodules. Here colonies of the bacterium obtain carbohydrate from the host plant. They use this in respiration to release energy and make ATP and reduced NAD to make ammonium ions from nitrogen gas in the soil.

First they mention ammonia, then at the end it's suddenly ammonium. How did we get there and what am I missing?

submitted by /u/Palaluuseri
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Why are inflammatory drugs like prednisone used when your body is fighting the infection when the drug supposedly suppresses your immune system?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 02:14 AM PDT

Thanks

Edit: According to Wikipedia, anti inflammatory drugs "do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later reparative processes"

I guess to elaborate my point, why do people take them when it supposedly inhibits healing later on?

submitted by /u/Feelinggood702
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Are HE Explosions additive?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 11:12 PM PDT

I GM a weekly game of Eclipse Phase, a Tabletop RPG that tries to stick to real science whenever possible. During a fight one of my players pulled the pin on 13 High Explosive Grenades and 9 Frag Grenades and the session ground to a halt as we argued if the resulting explosion radius would be additive or do something else.

I know this isn't a game subreddit, but we're curious what would happen in real life.

The resulting damage from this blast was 557 points, which is similar to the average damage for another weapon in the game, an Antimatter Grenade which is described as having

a blast equivalent to 10 tons of TNT.

if that helps

submitted by /u/f15k13
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How do mosquitoes pierce skin?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 02:14 PM PDT

If a mosquito lands on me it can pierce my skin but if I take a mosquito and try to pierce myself with its proboscis it is weak and flimsy. How does this work?

submitted by /u/end_amd_abuse
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How does a neutron become part of an atom without a positive or negative charge? Could electrons orbit lone neutrons? Does that already happen?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 03:32 PM PDT

In practice, how can enantiomers have different characteristic such as smell or safety (in the case of drugs)?

Posted: 29 Mar 2019 03:45 AM PDT

I barely understand the concept of chirality, and the idea of a non-superimposable mirror image. How can two compounds with the same molecular formulas, whose are atoms are bonded to each other in the same way have different smells? I kind get the light part, but I am struggling with the other differences in properties.

submitted by /u/pumpkingHead
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What causes an aftertaste? Why can it be so different to a food’s regular flavor?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 04:44 AM PDT

What's the difference between a psychopath and a sociopath?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 01:36 PM PDT

I've heard that the condition is the same but the difference is the cause. (Sociopathy is considered to be caused by environment while psychopathy is considered the result of genetics.)

I've heard that it's a matter of degree, with a psychopath being a more severe version of a sociopath.

I've also heard that they're different names for the exact same thing.

What's the consensus in the psychology community?

submitted by /u/ExNihiloAdInfinitum
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Why does banging 2 objects together produce sound? e.g. knocking on a door

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 09:48 AM PDT

I understand at a basic level what sound is. I'm wonder why me rapping my knuckles on a door produces vibrating waves of air so much louder than, say, "knocking" but never actually making contact with the door. What is it about that point of contact that produces a noise?

submitted by /u/ShowMeYourTiddles
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How does dark matter interact with sodium iodide?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 01:09 PM PDT

I read an article on IFLScience about dark matter detection. In part it said: "The experiments use sodium iodide crystals. When dark matter or regular background particles interact with them, they emit light that is detected by photomultipliers."

My understanding has always been that dark matter only interacts with gravity, which is what makes it so hard to detect. How does dark matter interact with sodium iodide?

submitted by /u/oswaler
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How do plungers work, and how is it so effective?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 08:39 AM PDT

How is the human brain responsible for 20% of our daily energy consumption? What does it primarily use it for?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 11:46 AM PDT

I've had this question for a while and I was curious how our brain allocates its energy consumption. Also does this standard 20% represent an average of all humans? Does this average change if we had a long day of exams (SAT, MCAT, Finals Etc.) ?

The reason I ask is because I was going over the concept of Long Term potentiation(LTP). It occurred to me that if the energy the brain uses is primarily for sending and receiving electrical impulses- would that energy requirement permanently increase for individuals who release more neurotransmitters and have more post-synaptic receptors, a.k.a. LPT? After a mentally draining day do we burn a significantly larger amount of calories? It seems crazy to me to think that the brain uses 20% of our daily energy needs since we're not strictly rebuilding it like we do muscles. Would it be accurate to say it's simply completing a number of tasks that require a lot of energy when added together?

It would be super interested if anyone at r/didthemath could figure out the average energy requirement for 1 electrical impulse and use that to figure out the amount of energy required for an average person's day-to-day. Would it give us a reasonable comparison?

submitted by /u/xPyrez
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How come the surface of the moon can reach temperatures of over 200°C despite it being as close to the Sun as Earth? Why doesn't Earth suffer such extreme temperatures?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 10:47 AM PDT

The cold I get because there isn't any atmosphere to trap the heat, but then how does the temperature get so high?

submitted by /u/IncredibleBert
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Is there any hard evidence that improper use of antibiotics is the driving force behind the rise of antibiotic resistance?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 08:04 AM PDT

I always hear that improper use of antibiotics (e.g., not fully completing a regiment or over prescribing) is causing the rise of antibiotic resistant microbes, but do we have direct evidence of that? I mean, it makes total sense that improper use would cause that, but have we actually seen it in action?

It seems to me that antibiotic resistance is inevitable no matter how proper the use, so I'm wondering if improper use is really all that big of a driving factor here.

submitted by /u/geniel1
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Question about brain tumor, in particular Glioblastoma?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 07:11 AM PDT

I just came across an article about the treatment of Glioblastoma and was wondering a) why is it that a Glioblastoma is so severe and other braintumors are not, even though they can be huge in size as well and b) what do people suffering from a Glioblastoma actually die of (for example, does the tumor eventually causes a stroke or bleedings in the brain)?
I did a bit of googling, but didn't find much; a fellow scientist, who does research in cancer (not brain tumors though) wasn't really sure as well. So I hope anyone here might know.

*(Since my question is a bit blunt on Glioblastoma and death, I phrased the title a bit vague and put my actual question in the text.)

submitted by /u/The_Sceptic_Lemur
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How do plate tectonics affect global warming?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 09:05 AM PDT

Why doesn't food and water get mixed during digestion?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 04:32 PM PDT

So during digestion, food goes into the stomach and stays there for hours untill it moves into the intestines for more 'Science stuff'.

But water goes through the stomach in about 50 seconds.

So why don't food and water travel at the same speed. Wouldnt the water just drag the food with it. What if you were drinking a smoothie with blended food? Would digestion still occur at the same speed? How doesnt the body get confused between liquid food and water?

submitted by /u/its_RichieRich
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How did species evolve to have immune systems?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 10:06 AM PDT

Considering how fast bacteria and viruses are able to reproduce and mutate versus how slow multi-cellular organisms evolve, you would think that these diseases should have eradicated all multi-cellular life way before they even had the chance to develop an immune system.

submitted by /u/ricky_marti
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Why do some people get fecal transplants? What conditions make it necessary? What are the effects of getting one?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 12:16 PM PDT

Always been curious about how they work and when someone is able to get them. Anyone in the medical field have a clue?

submitted by /u/shit-smeared_blade
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What does it actually mean to “die peacefully” in your sleep? Is this even possible?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 09:49 AM PDT

I understand this generally means the individual died while unconscious and may not have known what was happening, but does this also mean the body just stopped functioning overnight? Is this even possible, or does some sort of medical issue or trauma have to occur?

submitted by /u/The_Asian_Menace
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Thursday, March 28, 2019

How close does an electron and a positron need to approach to be able to annihilate?

How close does an electron and a positron need to approach to be able to annihilate?


How close does an electron and a positron need to approach to be able to annihilate?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 04:34 AM PDT

At what point is a lake big enough to be classified as a sea?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 05:35 PM PDT

Do Black Holes Destroy Energy?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 01:31 AM PDT

I am a student at school, and we are learning about types of energy's. Going off what my teacher has said, (Something like the Law of The Conservation of Energy) according to that, energy cannot be destroyed only transferred or transformed. Since light has no mass what happens to the light when it enters a black hole? What happens to the light energy when it enters the black hole? I assume it wouldn't transfer the energy since the black hole can't absorb it's mass to get bigger... so where does it go? Does it get destroyed? (Some information or reasoning for thinking this in the question might be wrong so please correct me if it is).

submitted by /u/BigSadDepresso
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Is there a maximum speed the water can reach while swirling as it going down a drain if affected only by gravity, its own mass and volume?

Posted: 28 Mar 2019 03:44 AM PDT

Why does the measles rash typically start on the face?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 04:15 PM PDT

In Euclidian geometry the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Can that be proved?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 11:55 AM PDT

Or, is my layperson understanding correct? There are a number of underlying assumptions of Euclidian Geometry—including this one—that appear self evident but actually can't be proved.

submitted by /u/LegitimateGuava
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How are radio waves still understandable by devices after being reflected off of surfaces? Is the signal not affected by being 'inverted'?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 03:38 PM PDT

Are oxygen levels in the air less at night than in the day?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 03:36 PM PDT

Got into an argument with my dad regarding this very topic. It started when by brother said that he wanted to go jogging at night but my dad refused saying that the oxygen levels at night are low and won't be good for him.

Keep in mind that we're talking about a suburban area with a relatively large amount of vegetation at roughly 11 pm.

submitted by /u/yassinthenerd
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Does every planet have a ring "zone" like Saturn?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 01:20 PM PDT

Listened to a talk given by an astronomer who specialized in planet formation talking about Cassini/Saturn's rings. He mentioned how the rings are in an area where gravitational tidal forces prevent long term satellite formation.

Does every planet/star have a region like that, or is Saturn special; if so, do we know why?

submitted by /u/alllowercaseTEEOHOH
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How many holes in pants? (Not really math, but not really any one thing, so...)

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 03:44 PM PDT

So, I've had this question that's been nagging me. Do pants have 1, 2, or 3 holes? They have 3 openings, but they all link to each other. And from one position it looks like 2 holes coming together to make one, but from another, it looks like one hole that splits off into two. In a way, it can also be seen as one continuous hole which covers both legs. Help.

submitted by /u/BlueGreenGurl
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How were Newton's 3 laws of motion first proven to be true?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 01:56 PM PDT

While I was taught to accept these principles as true (and have little doubt in their validity), I am curious as to how we were first able to scientifically prove them to be true. I ask this because in Newton's first laws of motion, couldn't one be skeptical as to the statement if we did not have a full understanding of gravity?

submitted by /u/NotAWolfie
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Are there any governing equations which determine the size of the habitual zones around a binary system if all information is know about the stars ie mass radii, separation, Effective temperature etc?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 05:15 PM PDT

Why are "x" and "y" the two primary variables in most of algebra?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 05:13 PM PDT

On a 2d graph, the axes are always labeled either x or y, as well as many problems being "solve for x" or a basic linear equation of y=x, yet unless you substitute y for f(x), why dont people use "a" and "b" or even "y" and "z"? Who came up with "x" and "y"?

submitted by /u/LilBabyVirus5
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What happens when a cell spends too much time in interphase?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 04:46 PM PDT

If atoms are electrically neutral, then why do they form bonds? How can electrically neutral atoms have different electronegativities?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 08:16 PM PDT

For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, which means it has 8 protons and 8 electrons. Thus, it is electrically neutral (correct?). However, it wants to form bonds with say hydrogen, why would they want to fill their valences if they are neutral? Hydrogen is +1, oxygen is -2, so two hydrogen to an oxygen, but how can they be negative (or positive) if they are electrically neutral? I've googled this, but I can't quite find the answer I'm looking for. Perhaps some of my underlying assumtions are incorrect. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Minecraftian1998
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What properties do ferrous materials have that other metals don't, allowing for the formation of magnets?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 10:03 AM PDT

Is the human sleep cycle flexible or locked to the day/night cycle of the earth?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 09:56 AM PDT

The part of the brain that controls sleep is in the hypothalamus, the rather primordial survival part of the brain. That fundamental part was formed simultaneously throughout evolution with the 24 hour day/night cycle the earth has influencing it's sleep cycle.

Is a different day/night cycle something that humans can adapt to short term or long term? Or is the 24hour day night cycle baked into our brains and any deviation will have negative effects that cannot be adapted to? If yes, how elastic a deviation we can have without negative effects?

submitted by /u/NessvsMadDuck
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How are human haplogroups different from speciation?

Posted: 27 Mar 2019 11:38 AM PDT

I don't want this to come across as racist. I know race relating to skin color is an arbitrary, dated, and ignorant concept. This is a serious question.

Why aren't the differences in human haplogroups isn't considered speciation?

Also I am aware that species are a sort of dubious concept to begin with, I am using it in the basic sense of similar but different animals like lions and tigers. But humans being more similar like with dog breeds. I know dog haplogroups exist but not much more than that.

Also, I am asking if "the races" are different species now. I want to know if the variation in haplogroup types are the begins of new species.

submitted by /u/pancakelife
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