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Saturday, March 16, 2019

Does the temperature of water affect its ability to put out a fire?

Does the temperature of water affect its ability to put out a fire?


Does the temperature of water affect its ability to put out a fire?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 07:43 PM PDT

If the liver can regrow from a piece in 30 days, then why isn't liver scarring treated by removing a bit and letting it regrow?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 08:23 PM PDT

How do we program computers to find the digits of Pi if we don’t know what they are?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 08:55 PM PDT

How are the digits of PI actually calculated?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 09:22 AM PDT

How do we know that what we've calculated is correct? This Wikipedia page states that so-and-so of years past has calculated X digits of PI, but only Y are correct.

Is there a formula for calculating the digits of PI? If so, is it something I can sit down and do on paper?

This is the Wikipedia article I'm referencing above: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

submitted by /u/Hre0
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Does sleep hygiene improve sleep quality? If yes, what would be the most important aspects?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 10:39 AM PDT

How do zygotes gain totipotency?

Posted: 16 Mar 2019 07:13 AM PDT

So a zygote forms from the fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm, which are both specialized cells. What's happening on a molecular level that allows two specialized cells to fuse and become a totipotent cell?

submitted by /u/aelin_farseer
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Why is 'Candida Albicans' commonly referred to as a yeast infection, even though it is dimorphic?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 09:35 PM PDT

Hi, I was in class the other day and the topic of Candida Albicans popped up. To my knowledge, it is a dimorphic fungi that causes what is referred to as 'yeast infection'. However, since it is dimorphic (i.e. containing hyphae), the name 'yeast infection' implies that the infection is strictly yeast (where moulds are the one consisting of hyphae). What is the reason for this, and does the fact it is dimorphic render the term yeast infection slightly inaccurate? Thanks for the help!

submitted by /u/Raaayyyzzz
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What is the nature of electrons when inside an atom?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 11:48 PM PDT

I learned in highschool that the planetary model of the atom was incorrect and instead electrons occupy cloud-like orbitals around the nucleus. Whenever when this was taught to me, my teachers specified that the electron was a point-like particle whizzing around in the orbitals in a wave motion at such a fast speed that it appeared as a cloud. They said the cloud as a probabilistic "heat map" of where the point-like electron would be at any given moment in time; in fact one teacher even said that, while extremely unlikely, an electron could be on the other side of the universe at any given time but 99.99% of the time it'll be found somewhere in the cloud.

I think I have been horribly misled about how electrons act inside an atom. Sources like this outright state that the orbital is the electron and I've found a few other places that say this as well. It's not entirely surprising that a scientific fact is being misunderstood; recently I found out that many of my physics teachers who told me that objects with mass couldn't reach the speed of light because their mass would increase towards infinity were actually incorrect. However I keep finding information that says exactly what my teachers were saying, even the wiki for atomic orbitals describes it in a similar fashion. So what is the true nature of electrons inside an atom?

submitted by /u/uncomprehensivelove
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How does electricity from a specific power provider get to me, when other power companies use the same power lines leading up to my house?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 11:01 AM PDT

So for instance, I used to live in an apartment complex where you had to choose and separately pay for your own electricity provider. So for my apartment, I chose electricity provider G, but other apartments around me chose a number of other energy providers, T, C, and Q. All the electricity came to the apartment complex via the same power lines leading in, so how can anyone actually know that the electricity I paid for, going into my apartment, actually came from a power plant from provider G? Because my understanding is that electricity in power lines is pretty much the same no matter if it's generated from a dam, a coal plant, a nuclear plant, or a wind farm, so how is it differentiated, if at all?

submitted by /u/Gunner2893
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Was Pangea the only true supercontinent?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 06:17 PM PDT

So I know that there were other supercontinents throughout history, but from what I read and understood it was the only continent that contained ALL of Earth's land mass.

Is this correct? Or do one of the others get that award?

submitted by /u/King_Arius
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Does fusion reactions occur in every stars, or only in specific stars?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 10:53 PM PDT

With identical triplets, does the egg split, then one of the two eggs split again? If so, is it possible to know which of the two babies are from the second split?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 07:46 AM PDT

Can disinfectant really expire? If so - how?

Posted: 16 Mar 2019 03:01 AM PDT

What is dust made up of?

Posted: 16 Mar 2019 02:22 AM PDT

Is there a correlation between the complexity of an organism and the genetic diversity of its species?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 10:53 AM PDT

What sorts of species have very low genetic diversity? High? How do humans compare relative to the rest of life on Earth?

submitted by /u/ilikepugs
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Does salty water have a triple point at a lower pressure than fresh water?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 08:19 PM PDT

Does a child grow continuously or just during specific times, e.g. sleeping?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 05:59 AM PDT

Why does the body use RNA?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 06:48 AM PDT

When DNA is translated why is RNA used it seems like it would be easier to just use a copy of DNA and not have to have both "T" and "U" and only have to worry about having "T". Or am I missing some important reason as to why RNA is a better option to use? So instead you would have mDNA and tDNA and rDNA instead of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

I apologise if this is super obvious I'm somewhat new to biology.

submitted by /u/SuperBus20
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There is pressure coming from em-radiation. Is there something similar for gravitational waves?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 11:10 AM PDT

Photons can transfer momentum on charged particles, so defining a radiation pressure makes sense to me.

I assume that gravitational waves only differ from em-radiation in the way they interact with particles. Also, general relativity exists only as a classical theory, so I think there is no known way to describe something like a "graviton", i. e. a quantum particle that relates to gravitation as an interaction. Anyway, do we have the tools to describe an exchange of momentum between gravitational waves and massive particles?

submitted by /u/Eichberg
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Friday, March 15, 2019

How does the International Space Station regulate its temperature?

How does the International Space Station regulate its temperature?


How does the International Space Station regulate its temperature?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 10:40 PM PDT

If there were one or two people on the ISS, their bodies would generate a lot of heat. Given that the ISS is surrounded by a (near) vacuum, how does it get rid of this heat so that the temperature on the ISS is comfortable?

submitted by /u/zx7
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How do we know that the universe is ~13.7 billion years?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 09:48 PM PDT

I know the universe is 13.7 billion years, but how do we know so? Is it just the fact that light from 13.7 billion light years is the farthest we can see or other reasons?

submitted by /u/ItzNight53
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Why do we lose consciousness?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 10:00 PM PDT

Why do we lose consciousness? I was thinking about this recently. We can get knocked out from a number of different things — lack of oxygen to the brain, head trauma, fainting (for example, at the sight of blood).

These are all very different causes, so what's the common link between them that creates the same symptom? I know that there probably tons of different ways to be unconscious, and that a blow to the head knocks us out differently from anoxia, but what is it in how the brain is wired that makes consciousness the first thing that always shuts down when something happens to the brain?

I know that some children will hold their breath until they pass out and start breathing again. Would it be correct to say that in some cases, losing consciousness can act as a sort of circuit breaker in your brain? If so, what about other times?

submitted by /u/Waldinian
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Is it possible for a rocky planet to be the size of, say, Jupiter, or is there a maximum size limit for rocky planets?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 04:33 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I am Fabien Cousteau, an Aquanaut, Oceanographic Explorer, Environmental Advocate, Documentary Filmmaker, Founder of the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning Center, and Grandson of Jacques Cousteau. Ask me anything!

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 04:00 AM PDT

As the first grandson of Jacques-Yves Cousteau, I spent my early years aboard my grandfather's famous ships, Calypso and Alcyone; learning how to scuba dive on my fourth birthday.

I am known for my study of sharks and from 2000-2002, I was an Explorer-at-Large for National Geographic and collaborated on a TV special aimed at changing public conceptions about sharks called, "Attack of the Mystery Shark". Then in 2003-2006, I produced the documentary, "Mind of a Demon", that aired on CBS. With the help of a large crew, I created a 14-foot, 1,200-pound, lifelike shark submarine called "Troy" that allowed me to immerse myself inside the shark world, providing viewers with a rare view of the mysterious and often misunderstood creatures. This also led to the inspiration behind my new book, GREAT WHITE SHARK ADVENTURE.

For the next four years (2006-2010), I was part of a multi-hour series for PBS called, "Ocean Adventures" with my father, Jean-Michel Cousteau, and sister, Celine. This was inspired by my grandfather's famous 1978 PBS series, "The Cousteau Odyssey".

In the following years, and as a member of multiple cause-driven and charitable boards I have been working with local communities and children worldwide to help restore local water ecosystems.

In June 2014, my team of aquanauts embarked on Mission 31, the longest science expedition to take place at Aquarius, the world's only underwater marine laboratory located in Florida. Mission 31 broke new ground in ocean exploration and honored the 50th anniversary of his grandfather's original underwater living experiment (Conshelf Two) by going deeper, longer and further, while broadcasting each moment live on multiple channels exposing the world to the adventure, drama and mystique of what lies beneath.

Early in 2016 I founded the Fabien Cousteau Ocean Learning ("OLC") to fulfill my dream of creating a vehicle to make a positive change in the world.

Last week, the first book in my new graphic novel series, GREAT WHITE SHARK ADVENTURE, came out from the Margaret K. McElderry Books, an imprint of Simon and Schuster Children's Publishing. You can learn more about me at my website, on Twitter, or on Facebook.

I will be on about 2pm (ET, 18 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does drinking methanol (CH3OH) cause blindness while drinking ethanol (CH3CH2OH) doesn't?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 03:31 AM PDT

Even though the difference between the two is only one carbon.

submitted by /u/majoody35
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How does a "direct collapse black hole" form without going through a star or supernova phase?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 09:26 PM PDT

How does one die of old age?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 04:36 AM PDT

Happy Pi Day everyone!

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 09:46 AM PDT

Today is 3/14/19, a bit of a rounded-up Pi Day! Grab a slice of your favorite Pi Day dessert and come celebrate with us.

Our experts are here to answer your questions all about pi. Check out some past pi day threads. Check out the comments below for more and to ask follow-up questions!

From all of us at /r/AskScience, have a very happy Pi Day!

And don't forget to wish a happy birthday to Albert Einstein!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why Chemotherapy doesn't work when the cancer is in stage 4/metastasized?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 03:52 AM PDT

[Biology] Are there many non-social co-operative predators?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 05:03 AM PDT

I was watching a documentary on komodo dragons and while they seem to be mostly solitary their hunting strategy seems to be fundamentally co-operative. When an animal dies from a komodo bite it attracts other komodo dragons the meal is shared. Is this common in nature?

submitted by /u/borkula
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Can you contract multiple strains of the flu at one time?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 04:44 AM PDT

The sun appears to move faster during sunrise or sunset. Why?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 09:43 PM PDT

What is the purpose of the salt in many anaesthetics?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 10:39 PM PDT

I am not certain I used the right words and phrasing in the title, but I wondered what the purpose of the salt in many anaesthetics is e.g. morphine sulfate and ketamine hydrochloride, why not just morphine or ketamine? Am I missing something very basic here? I tried googling it but I couldn't really find an answer.

Thanks in advance for any help.

submitted by /u/MrCookieFrog
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Does anyone know what this diseas is called?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 06:07 AM PDT

I remember it causes people to involuntarily do things to hurt themselves and others they don't want to and urine often crystallizes with it, it's a genetic disorder with the brain.

submitted by /u/WaluigisBulge
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Is there a difference between divergent evolution and cladogenesis? Or is cladogenesis an example of divergent evolution?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 11:13 PM PDT

Pi is not a random number. Yet, when you look at a tabulation of 0-9 frequencies, they eventually even out to resemble a random data set. Why is this?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 06:26 PM PDT

Do lots of other constants do this? How many have enough digits, let alone presumably infinite, to achieve that kind of even 0-9 distribution? Thanks.

submitted by /u/prometheanbane
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Do our ears have any added protection from loud noises we ourselves vocalize, like screams, or high pitched singing? Example: would Opera Singers and horror film actresses have a higher rate of hearing loss at the pitches they sing/scream?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 08:40 PM PDT

What are the mechanics behind Armor piercing tank shells?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 09:53 PM PDT

As well as APHE (armor piercing high explosive) and API (armor piercing incendiary) how do they function and how do they function effectively?

submitted by /u/Dank0Tank
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Does violation of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics allow for the possibility of time travel?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 03:31 AM PDT

My understanding is that this law dictates that arrow of time can only flow one way (into the future - toward increasing entropy) limiting any travel back to a previous event.

If a study could show that this law could be violated would this allow the possibility of time travel (obviously excluding the practical problems it would entail)?

submitted by /u/GeraldUltair
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Is all cellular damage ultimately just genetic damage?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 10:22 PM PDT

For example, a person gets hit in the head and gets a concussion which results in damage to their brain cells. Does this "damage" to their brain cells basically boil down to the fact that the genes in the cell can't do their job, replicate, etc. anymore?

If so, does this mean that all cellular damage is ultimate just genetic damage? Or, am I missing something?

Cheers.

submitted by /u/JettisonedJetsam
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are there any tree species that have both deciduous and coniferous in the family?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 03:49 PM PDT

been trying to find a tree species that is both coniferous and deciduous?

like how a white oak has smooth broad leafs that they lose in the fall and a pine tree is needle like that remain on the tree all year

are there any tree species's that have both types of tree types

been trying to find a tree species that can have both types

submitted by /u/hovegeta
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why is it easier to balance a spinning ball on your finger than one standing still? and in general, does this role apply to any shape?

Posted: 15 Mar 2019 01:06 AM PDT

for example - would it be easier to balance a spinning car on a pole or balancing it while standing still?

submitted by /u/sagsag2150
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How do neurons do math, (like adding, subtracting)?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 02:08 PM PDT

From my understanding, neurons are just wires that carry a signal, and have no means of computation like the logic gates in computers. How do they do it?

submitted by /u/Thedupdup
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Thursday, March 14, 2019

A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?

A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?


A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:26 AM PDT

If gold is a worse electrical conductor than silver and copper, why are gold plated contacts considered "better" by the market?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 10:26 AM PDT

I've always wondered if this is just a marketing thing, but all across the electronic supply spectrum I see "gold plated" listed as the best conductors for various contacts and connectors. However, silver is considered the most conductive element (6.2×107 S/m), followed by copper (5.9×107 S/m), with gold (4.5×107 S/m) being third. I get that any of those are better conductors than the most common (tin and steel) but I would think silver, being less expensive, more abundant, and a better conductor, would be preferred over gold. What am I missing here?

Source for conductivity values

Edit: Asked and answered, just like that. I have no idea why oxidation didn't even enter my mind but regardless, thanks Reddit!

Edit 2: My first ever gold, on a post about gold. M E T A. Thanks anonymous Redditor!

Edit 3: First gold, now silver...is there a Reddit Copper to complete the trifecta? Thanks!

Final edit I promise: Thank you to all of you who are making me feel better about missing the obvious answer. Also, thanks to the anonymous Platinum donor! Hey, speaking of which, platinum is a decent conductor too...

submitted by /u/catonmyfeet
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I read that scientist reversed time in a quantum computer, what does that mean?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 12:46 AM PDT

How big do people from "pygmy" groups get when raised with a post-scarcity diet?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 05:18 AM PDT

It's known that human stature is a product of both genetics and diet/upbringing. There are various peoples throughout the Earth who are considered to be "pygmies" where the men barely reach five feet, in Africa and Southeast Asia. Most of these people I imagine are raised with a traditional diet, and I was wondering if it's known how big they get if raised with a Western diet and lifestyle, the kind that leads to second-generation immigrants in North America being a head taller than their parents.

submitted by /u/iorgfeflkd
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What is soil liquefaction and how does it work ?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 05:13 AM PDT

I saw this post on r/gifs where the ground was acting like water but was actually dirt. I was wondering how this kind of effect happen and what are the consequences.

submitted by /u/Gw3nn2B
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How much power does it take to drive an LCD display?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:56 AM PDT

Not counting the backlight, signal processing, etc. how much power is needed to change the state of a single LCD pixel? What about to keep it in the same state? How does this scale to larger displays?

submitted by /u/0x0BAD_ash
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What molecular structure binds ATP as a cofactor to an enzyme?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:54 AM PDT

Like my title reads I am wondering what makes enzymes bind ATP to use during phosphorylation as a cofactor? There are 2 hydroxal groups, are they drawn by hydrogen bonds to the enzyme? What draws the adenosin to the enzyme? What makes the AMP post phosphorylisation leave the enzyme? When I asked my teacher she said that specific pocket contained phrolin but she wasn't sure. If you have any recommendations on where to read more about ATP please let me know.

Best regards

SomeCynicalNihilist

submitted by /u/SomeCynicalNihilist
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How are noble gases collected?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 01:33 AM PDT

I understand how some elements are collected, like hydrogen, which is collected from water. Or some of the heavy ones that are just synthesized by heavy bombardment. But how do you accumulate lots of helium, neon, or some other noble gas?

submitted by /u/PiranhaShroom
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When a star is being formed, how big is it physically right before nuclear fusion occurs?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 06:28 PM PDT

How can the electric field of a uniform volumetric charge density be in a particular direction?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:36 PM PDT

There's a real interesting problem in Griffith's Introduction to Electrodynamics that's tripping up me.

Assume there's a field E = axî, where a is constant. curlE = 0, and divE is just equal to a, so there's a constant charge density ρ(x, y, z) = ε₀a. So Griffith asks, "How can the E-field from a uniform charge density point in a particular direction?" Well, obviously this charge distribution isn't unique to just that field; any field of the same form along the y- or z-axes gives the same distribution, which I feel should mean I'm violating the Helmhotz theorem somewhere, but I'm not sure.

The infinite volume integral of a constant charge density in Coulomb's law just diverges, right? Normally I'd think we need a symmetry argument to determine this kind of field. Since a constant ρ is rotationally and translationally symmetric in all 6 d.o.f., that tells me E 's gotta be uniformly 0. But the divergence of an identically zero E-field is just zero too, which now says there's no charge at all. So far I'm not good enough with calculus to recognize what's going on. Is there something wrong with the differential form of Gauss's law here (divE = ρ/ε₀)?

submitted by /u/Rightwraith
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Is there any shape that's impossible to calculate the area of?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:48 PM PDT

When calculating the area of a weird shape, what you normally do is break it up into easier shapes to work with, like triangles, squares, etc. I'm not aware of any other way you can calculate the area of more irregular shapes.

So is it possible to create an irregular shape that is impossible to break up into other shapes, making it impossible to calculate the area of that shape?

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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How does the blood-brain barrier in humans not get clogged up with molecules bigger than what can fit through?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 04:55 PM PDT

Do other mammals get aroused by watching other members of it's species have sex, similar to humans and pornography?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Is there any way to create light without heat?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 12:43 AM PDT

And if so is there any way I could rub my hands together and create light without burning my hands?

submitted by /u/lix-lyte
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How do high temperatures kill pathogens on a physical level?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:49 PM PDT

What happens to the germ on a small scale, do the hot air or water molecules rip the germ apart? Do they shoot through the walls of the germ?

submitted by /u/Danderson98
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Why does adsorption in a lattice favour the ions of its constituents, like AgI adsorbing I- or Ag+ ions preferentially?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 02:17 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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[Physics] Why is it important we know the structure of molecules?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:40 PM PDT

I was reading about the synchrotron science facility 'Diamond Light Source' and read that there, they use diffraction patterns to figure out the structures of things such as proteins.

What is the significance of this kind of work?

Bonus if someone can go into detail about the process.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/EndOnAnyRoll
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With the innumerable amount of objects in the vast expanse of the observable universe, and our current/near-future technology that allows us to see and study such long distances from Earth, how do astronomers decide what to study first?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:14 PM PDT

With so many potential objects/areas to study, and a limited number of observatories/powerful telescopes, how do scientists decide where to start? What gets priority?

Is there a systematic approach to scanning, studying, and mapping the universe? Is someone in charge of doing a "general sweep" of the cosmos and identifying potential important areas of study?

Sorry if something similar has already been asked. Thanks!

submitted by /u/SometimesHelpful123
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(Myrmecology/Entymology) Is ant behavior contextual? Do ants react to life-threatening situations differently based on hive strength/health?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:08 PM PDT

Do ants change their behavior in-the-moment based on broad contextual issues like hive health? (To clarify: question is not whether they collect different resources or perform different duties based on hive needs. Although if you have information on that I'd be very interested in the manner of transmission. Really anything about ant behavior.)

We have a pretty serious ant situation in my house, and we've tried a number of... solutions. We've deployed the chalk they don't like walking over, spray-on pesticides and those long-delay poison traps. I think I've noticed a contextual attitude change in the ants, but I'm wondering if I'm just making it up.

It seems like the ants I discover after a particularly successful decimation of a hive are more likely to scatter at "threatening" signs like changes in light and vibrations, and run for longer. By contrast, when the hive is thriving and numerous, there are more "exploratory" ants who are more bold when similar prompts happen. Am I making up the difference? Or do ants have a sense of what the status of the hive is and respond in kind?

I believe they change their tasks based on need (e.g. food, water, protection), but I'm specifically interested if whether or not the impulse for self-preservation is changed based on hive context?

Having been in the Air Force, I think of it kind of like Force Protection Condition levels -- security protocol set base-wide to indicate the likelihood of an attack. Obviously ants don't have a daily briefing, but do they have a "hive health awareness" that basically tells them, "Alright gents, we lost half the hive yesterday to that unknown illness, so be careful out there! You see something, you run away!" versus "Gents, we're doing great -- more food than we know what to do with, and lots of babies -- the hive is at full strength and if you see something danger, be stupid!"

submitted by /u/heinyken
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How does an anti-inflammatory medicine target where to work in the body?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:47 PM PDT

If we get inflammation in any body part, for whatever reason, we take an anti-inflammatory medicine. A small example might be tooth extraction or inflammation on toes due to cold. How does the medicine know which body part to target and reduce the inflammation? Doesn't it harm the overall body by trying to reduce "inflammation" globally?

submitted by /u/saurabh69
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Where does rabies lyssavirus actually originate from?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 05:15 PM PDT

I am wondering where the rabies lyssavirus originates from. Obviously the mode of transmission is via being bitten by an animal already carrying the disease, but that animal itself got bitten by a rabid animal and so on, so how can we trace it back to where it actually comes from?

submitted by /u/whatisuniqueusername
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