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Thursday, March 14, 2019

A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?

A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?


A person died in the apartment below me, and the body stayed there for 3 weeks. Why is the smell not leaving the walls/furniture, and why is that smell still occuring without the body? What are those chemicals? Are those chemical "sticking" to materials the same way it does for urine?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:26 AM PDT

If gold is a worse electrical conductor than silver and copper, why are gold plated contacts considered "better" by the market?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 10:26 AM PDT

I've always wondered if this is just a marketing thing, but all across the electronic supply spectrum I see "gold plated" listed as the best conductors for various contacts and connectors. However, silver is considered the most conductive element (6.2×107 S/m), followed by copper (5.9×107 S/m), with gold (4.5×107 S/m) being third. I get that any of those are better conductors than the most common (tin and steel) but I would think silver, being less expensive, more abundant, and a better conductor, would be preferred over gold. What am I missing here?

Source for conductivity values

Edit: Asked and answered, just like that. I have no idea why oxidation didn't even enter my mind but regardless, thanks Reddit!

Edit 2: My first ever gold, on a post about gold. M E T A. Thanks anonymous Redditor!

Edit 3: First gold, now silver...is there a Reddit Copper to complete the trifecta? Thanks!

Final edit I promise: Thank you to all of you who are making me feel better about missing the obvious answer. Also, thanks to the anonymous Platinum donor! Hey, speaking of which, platinum is a decent conductor too...

submitted by /u/catonmyfeet
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I read that scientist reversed time in a quantum computer, what does that mean?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 12:46 AM PDT

How big do people from "pygmy" groups get when raised with a post-scarcity diet?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 05:18 AM PDT

It's known that human stature is a product of both genetics and diet/upbringing. There are various peoples throughout the Earth who are considered to be "pygmies" where the men barely reach five feet, in Africa and Southeast Asia. Most of these people I imagine are raised with a traditional diet, and I was wondering if it's known how big they get if raised with a Western diet and lifestyle, the kind that leads to second-generation immigrants in North America being a head taller than their parents.

submitted by /u/iorgfeflkd
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What is soil liquefaction and how does it work ?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 05:13 AM PDT

I saw this post on r/gifs where the ground was acting like water but was actually dirt. I was wondering how this kind of effect happen and what are the consequences.

submitted by /u/Gw3nn2B
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How much power does it take to drive an LCD display?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:56 AM PDT

Not counting the backlight, signal processing, etc. how much power is needed to change the state of a single LCD pixel? What about to keep it in the same state? How does this scale to larger displays?

submitted by /u/0x0BAD_ash
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What molecular structure binds ATP as a cofactor to an enzyme?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 04:54 AM PDT

Like my title reads I am wondering what makes enzymes bind ATP to use during phosphorylation as a cofactor? There are 2 hydroxal groups, are they drawn by hydrogen bonds to the enzyme? What draws the adenosin to the enzyme? What makes the AMP post phosphorylisation leave the enzyme? When I asked my teacher she said that specific pocket contained phrolin but she wasn't sure. If you have any recommendations on where to read more about ATP please let me know.

Best regards

SomeCynicalNihilist

submitted by /u/SomeCynicalNihilist
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How are noble gases collected?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 01:33 AM PDT

I understand how some elements are collected, like hydrogen, which is collected from water. Or some of the heavy ones that are just synthesized by heavy bombardment. But how do you accumulate lots of helium, neon, or some other noble gas?

submitted by /u/PiranhaShroom
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When a star is being formed, how big is it physically right before nuclear fusion occurs?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 06:28 PM PDT

How can the electric field of a uniform volumetric charge density be in a particular direction?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:36 PM PDT

There's a real interesting problem in Griffith's Introduction to Electrodynamics that's tripping up me.

Assume there's a field E = axî, where a is constant. curlE = 0, and divE is just equal to a, so there's a constant charge density ρ(x, y, z) = ε₀a. So Griffith asks, "How can the E-field from a uniform charge density point in a particular direction?" Well, obviously this charge distribution isn't unique to just that field; any field of the same form along the y- or z-axes gives the same distribution, which I feel should mean I'm violating the Helmhotz theorem somewhere, but I'm not sure.

The infinite volume integral of a constant charge density in Coulomb's law just diverges, right? Normally I'd think we need a symmetry argument to determine this kind of field. Since a constant ρ is rotationally and translationally symmetric in all 6 d.o.f., that tells me E 's gotta be uniformly 0. But the divergence of an identically zero E-field is just zero too, which now says there's no charge at all. So far I'm not good enough with calculus to recognize what's going on. Is there something wrong with the differential form of Gauss's law here (divE = ρ/ε₀)?

submitted by /u/Rightwraith
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Is there any shape that's impossible to calculate the area of?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:48 PM PDT

When calculating the area of a weird shape, what you normally do is break it up into easier shapes to work with, like triangles, squares, etc. I'm not aware of any other way you can calculate the area of more irregular shapes.

So is it possible to create an irregular shape that is impossible to break up into other shapes, making it impossible to calculate the area of that shape?

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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How does the blood-brain barrier in humans not get clogged up with molecules bigger than what can fit through?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 04:55 PM PDT

Do other mammals get aroused by watching other members of it's species have sex, similar to humans and pornography?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 07:47 AM PDT

Is there any way to create light without heat?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 12:43 AM PDT

And if so is there any way I could rub my hands together and create light without burning my hands?

submitted by /u/lix-lyte
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How do high temperatures kill pathogens on a physical level?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:49 PM PDT

What happens to the germ on a small scale, do the hot air or water molecules rip the germ apart? Do they shoot through the walls of the germ?

submitted by /u/Danderson98
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Why does adsorption in a lattice favour the ions of its constituents, like AgI adsorbing I- or Ag+ ions preferentially?

Posted: 14 Mar 2019 02:17 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 08:11 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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[Physics] Why is it important we know the structure of molecules?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 11:40 PM PDT

I was reading about the synchrotron science facility 'Diamond Light Source' and read that there, they use diffraction patterns to figure out the structures of things such as proteins.

What is the significance of this kind of work?

Bonus if someone can go into detail about the process.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/EndOnAnyRoll
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With the innumerable amount of objects in the vast expanse of the observable universe, and our current/near-future technology that allows us to see and study such long distances from Earth, how do astronomers decide what to study first?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:14 PM PDT

With so many potential objects/areas to study, and a limited number of observatories/powerful telescopes, how do scientists decide where to start? What gets priority?

Is there a systematic approach to scanning, studying, and mapping the universe? Is someone in charge of doing a "general sweep" of the cosmos and identifying potential important areas of study?

Sorry if something similar has already been asked. Thanks!

submitted by /u/SometimesHelpful123
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(Myrmecology/Entymology) Is ant behavior contextual? Do ants react to life-threatening situations differently based on hive strength/health?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:08 PM PDT

Do ants change their behavior in-the-moment based on broad contextual issues like hive health? (To clarify: question is not whether they collect different resources or perform different duties based on hive needs. Although if you have information on that I'd be very interested in the manner of transmission. Really anything about ant behavior.)

We have a pretty serious ant situation in my house, and we've tried a number of... solutions. We've deployed the chalk they don't like walking over, spray-on pesticides and those long-delay poison traps. I think I've noticed a contextual attitude change in the ants, but I'm wondering if I'm just making it up.

It seems like the ants I discover after a particularly successful decimation of a hive are more likely to scatter at "threatening" signs like changes in light and vibrations, and run for longer. By contrast, when the hive is thriving and numerous, there are more "exploratory" ants who are more bold when similar prompts happen. Am I making up the difference? Or do ants have a sense of what the status of the hive is and respond in kind?

I believe they change their tasks based on need (e.g. food, water, protection), but I'm specifically interested if whether or not the impulse for self-preservation is changed based on hive context?

Having been in the Air Force, I think of it kind of like Force Protection Condition levels -- security protocol set base-wide to indicate the likelihood of an attack. Obviously ants don't have a daily briefing, but do they have a "hive health awareness" that basically tells them, "Alright gents, we lost half the hive yesterday to that unknown illness, so be careful out there! You see something, you run away!" versus "Gents, we're doing great -- more food than we know what to do with, and lots of babies -- the hive is at full strength and if you see something danger, be stupid!"

submitted by /u/heinyken
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How does an anti-inflammatory medicine target where to work in the body?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 12:47 PM PDT

If we get inflammation in any body part, for whatever reason, we take an anti-inflammatory medicine. A small example might be tooth extraction or inflammation on toes due to cold. How does the medicine know which body part to target and reduce the inflammation? Doesn't it harm the overall body by trying to reduce "inflammation" globally?

submitted by /u/saurabh69
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Where does rabies lyssavirus actually originate from?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 05:15 PM PDT

I am wondering where the rabies lyssavirus originates from. Obviously the mode of transmission is via being bitten by an animal already carrying the disease, but that animal itself got bitten by a rabid animal and so on, so how can we trace it back to where it actually comes from?

submitted by /u/whatisuniqueusername
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Wednesday, March 13, 2019

AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Nina Kraus and will talk about how music and concussion impact brain health. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Nina Kraus and will talk about how music and concussion impact brain health. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Nina Kraus and will talk about how music and concussion impact brain health. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 08 Mar 2019 04:00 AM PST

How do our experiences, such as learning how to play music and playing sports, affect our brain? Although we are surrounded by sound all of the time, we rarely give much thought to this invisible yet powerful companion. The auditory system is a uniquely complex sensory system and the ability to make sense of sound relies on exquisite precision by the brain. Given the complexity and precision of the auditory system, accurate sound processing is particularly vulnerable to head injury. On the other hand, its precision can be honed by activities that exercise the auditory brain such as playing a musical instrument.

We have discovered a way to objectively capture the imprint that sounds leave on our brains. This biological approach empowers us to learn more and more about this invisible ally and enemy of brain health. Dr. Kraus will examine the promise of measuring soundprints in the brain to assess and manage sports-related concussions. She will discuss how music training is beneficial for the brain, strengthens our communication skills, and can inform health care, education, and social policy.

Dr. Kraus will be here at 2:00 CT (3 ET, 19 UT). Ask her anything!

Links:

articles: Kraus N, White-Schwoch T (2017) Neurobiology of everyday communication: what have we learned from music? *The Neuroscientist(. 23(3): 287-298.

Kraus N, Nicol T (2017) The power of sound for brain health. Nature Human Behaviour. 1: 700-702

Kraus N, Thompson EC, Krizman J, Cook K, White-Schwoch T, LaBella CR (2016) Auditory biological marker of concussion in children. Nature: Scientific Reports. 6: 39009.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can you use a regular compass on Mars?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 02:15 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: I am Professor Kartik Hosanagar and I'm here to discuss how algorithms and AI control us and how we can control them. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 04:00 AM PDT

Through the technology embedded in web-enabled devices, algorithms and the programs that power them make a staggering number of everyday decisions for us, from what products we buy, to where we decide to eat, to how we consume our news, to whom we date, and how we find a job. We've even delegated life-and-death decisions to algorithms-decisions once made by doctors, pilots, and judges.

In my new recently published book, ``A Human's Guide to Machine Intelligence: How Algorithms Are Shaping Our Lives and How We Can Stay in Control'', I have surveyed this brave new world and revealed the potentially dangerous biases they can give rise to as they increasingly run our lives. I make the compelling case that we need to arm ourselves with a better, deeper, more nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of artificial intelligence. I have examined episodes like Microsoft's chatbot Tay, (which was designed to converse on social media like a teenage girl, but instead turned sexist and racist), the fatal accidents of self-driving cars, and even our own common, and often frustrating, experiences on services like Netflix and Amazon.

I will be available fro 3-5PM ET (19-21 UT). Ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is it possible to give a planet without an active core a magnetic field?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 04:48 AM PDT

I'm mostly thinking of Mars, inspired by a top post in this sub about compass use on the planet. I know the reason Mars is barren is it's lack of a protective magnetosphere, but could the planets core be jump started or an artificial field be developed? Obviously both require vast amounts energy but let's pretend such energy is available for said purposes.

submitted by /u/DarthReeder
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How are various sea creatures such as dolphins and whales, able to "hold their breath" for so long under water?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 01:25 AM PDT

What is different about their physiology that allows them to stay under water for so long?

submitted by /u/Sol33t303
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How do aeroplane black boxes withstand crashes which otherwise destroy the plane and everything inside of it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 02:49 PM PDT

I get that they are built to a higher specification, but not how that is achieved.

submitted by /u/mattjstyles
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Are drops of water consistent in size? How big is that, and why? And what about other substances like oil, or molten metal?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:04 PM PDT

“Wigner’s Friend” thought experiment — How does this suggest objective facts don't exist?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 06:06 AM PDT

I understand that according to the laws of quantum mechanics, the photon exists in a superposition until it's measured.

If Wigner's Friend measures it and Wigner doesn't, doesn't Wigner just have a lack of information? Wigner hasn't taken the next step to get the answer. Can his friend measure the polarization and get a different result each time? I'm having a difficult time reconciling how this is different than if Wigner looked into the distance and couldn't give a measurement for where the horizon disappeared, but his Friend could because he DID measure it. His Friend has more information — it doesn't mean objective facts don't exist. I have to be missing something super simple here or the experiment wouldn't have credence. I'm not trying to say it's wrong I just don't understand.

submitted by /u/Ikioi
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Do insects need to sleep too?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:57 PM PDT

As in, does the mosquito that pesters me when I sleep need to sleep as well or do small lifespans of some insects means they die before they need to sleep (if they do sleep).

submitted by /u/LeNerdNextDoor
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Why do some quantum interactions cause entanglement, and some interactions cause wave function collapse?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 11:22 PM PDT

Two particles interacting can enter a superposition / become entangled.

But also, some interactions are an observation / measurement that cause wave function collapse.

How does this work? What's special about 'observations', why don't they just become entangled with the system rather than causing wave function collapse?

submitted by /u/imMAW
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If carbon dioxide is only 0.0391 percent of the atmosphere, how does it have such a big impact on climate change?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 02:22 PM PDT

Hi everyone, I have a teacher who believes that humans are not to blame for climate change and that climate change is not a real thing due to the fact that carbon dioxide only makes up a very small part of the atmosphere. I have tried to research this, but found conflicting results. Can you please help me to find an answer?

submitted by /u/Wavymiik
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Can the new fission reactor designs completely guard against nuclear meltdowns?

Posted: 13 Mar 2019 04:58 AM PDT

Hi all,

I hope some of you can clarify a discussion I had with a colleague. We talked about the safety of Nuclear Fission Reactors. And my colleagues contention is that the new fission reactors are completely safe. That they can't melt down. Which I highly doubt.

His argument is that the new reactors are designed to remove fuel materials from one another, and thus stopping the reaction (as opposed to fuel control rods), and that by removing the fuel material from eachother would cause the fuel to stop generating heat, and thus would never get hot enough to melt the material.

But my counter is that the residual heat from the fuel elements would be enough to melt the fuel material in case of a completely loss of coolant. Now I get that the newer tier IV reactor designs incorporate security measures, such as a closed loop system without the needing of pumps etc. - Which does make the design much more secure.

But can someone clarify whether a core meltdown can be avoided by separating the fissionable material even if there is a loss of coolant?

submitted by /u/Xenoxsis
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How to turn a sphere inside out?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 11:49 AM PDT

I recently saw an animation in which they said mathematicians have figured out how to turn a sphere inside out. The material was stated to be an abstract elastic material that can stretch, bend and pass through itself.

The rules of the game were: - You cannot rip or puncture the material without destroying it. - You cannot crease or sharply bend the material without destroying it.

I wondered if someone could either explain the maths behind it or how the mathematicians came to the conclusion it was possible.

Here's the link to a similar video from Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CymaticUniverse/videos/330251244444076/

submitted by /u/AtomicGeckoIII
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Are autoimmune diseases and allergies related? How do they differ?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:07 PM PDT

Who invented or discovered the concept of mass as distinct from weight?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 12:56 PM PDT

If all early science took place on earth where gravity is constant, mass and weight are seemingly interchangeable. So, someone at a certain point had to make the distinction between the two. It seems likely that this couldn't happen until after Newton. Did he discover this distinction? It doesn't seem completely necessary for him to discover this. F=ma looks a lot like F=wa when gravity is constant. This is a fundamental unit of science and the history of the distinction doesn't seem well documented based on some searching.

submitted by /u/lizzardman
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In massive stars, hydrogen fuses into helium, then carbon, neon, and oxygen before eventually fusing into iron. During the oxygen fusion phase, why doesn't all the oxygen simply ignite/catch fire?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 01:59 PM PDT

The male hormone testosterone causes hair loss at males, but increases the beard growth. How does that work? Isnt hair=hair, no matter if in the face or at the head?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 11:51 AM PDT

Are there any major cases of speciation/evolution in invasive species that we know of?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:20 PM PDT

Are any invasive species known to have diverged substantially from original populations after years of isolation?

Obviously evolution is ongoing and continuous but what about obvious physical differences that are already the result of a species being relocated by humans?

submitted by /u/cncwmg
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[Physics] Spin - If I give Sally an electron in the morning, can I tell if Sally rotated an even number of times at the end of the day?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 01:39 PM PDT

This is what my Naive pop-sci knowledge of spin tells me.

We would some measuring device that first measures some quantity ( call it electron-rotation) of the electron and then measures it again at the end of the day. We can only tell the difference between the number of rotations mod 720° though.

Now, a different question. If before measuring Sally, I grabbed my device and I did a 360° rotation. And then I measured Sally. Would it add 360° to the measured electron rotation?

So if I could paint electrons with rotation between 0°,360° as green, and 360°,720° as blue, then if I did a 360° rotation they would all swap colors right?

submitted by /u/TransientObsever
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How are modern processor architectures tested and refined?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 10:06 AM PDT

How do counterweights at the tops of tall buildings such as a pendulum or pool of water counteract the buildings swaying?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 10:02 AM PDT

Why do people say it’s the current that kills you and not the voltage?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 10:24 AM PDT

Tuesday, March 12, 2019

How can a device on an aircraft or car be electrically grounded?

How can a device on an aircraft or car be electrically grounded?


How can a device on an aircraft or car be electrically grounded?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:38 PM PDT

Is there a material? A static discharging pole maybe?

submitted by /u/okijhnub
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When you build a tolerance to alcohol, does your body get better at removing it, better at functioning with it, or just better at not feeling it?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 07:30 PM PDT

Would a helium balloon rise faster in air or water?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 09:31 PM PDT

The buoyant force in water would be greater but so would the drag. Anyone know the answer???

submitted by /u/KnuckleSniffer
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Why is the error term in the Störmer-Verlet method O(Δt²) and not O(Δt³)?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 06:56 AM PDT

If positions at t + Δt are:

r(t+Δt) = r(t) + v(t) + ½a(t)Δt² + ⅙b(t)Δt³ + O(Δt⁴)

and for t - Δt the positions are given by:

r(t-Δt) = r(t) - v(t) + ½a(t)Δt² - ⅙b(t)Δt³ + O(Δt⁴)

And the subtraction of both equations results in

r(t+Δt) - r(t-Δt) = 2v(t) + ⅓b(t)Δt³ + O(Δt⁴)

Which is the same as

r(t+Δt) - r(t-Δt) = 2v(t) + O(Δt³)

Why is the velocity given by

v(t) = [r(t+Δt) - r(t-Δt)] / 2Δt + O(Δt²)

And not

v(t) = [r(t+Δt) - r(t-Δt)] / 2Δt + O(Δt³)

Thanks

submitted by /u/blackbat24
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If mouthwash supposedly kills 99% of the bacteria then wouldn't this contribute to creating mouthwash resistant bacteria similar to how antibiotics use creates superbugs?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:58 AM PDT

And does this cause any long term concerns when it comes to using mouthwash?

submitted by /u/NicoAtWar
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How does critical mass in an atomic bomb work?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 06:41 AM PDT

If all the atoms in a small block of Uranium are Uranium-235, what does it matter how much is in there for a chain reaction to occur?

submitted by /u/-james--
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Did humans and fish came from the same biological organism (like the saying "we all come from the sea") or is it possible that life developed independently in the oceans and on land?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 09:06 PM PDT

P.s.- sorry if I messed up some of the "terms" I'm no expert. 🙈

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Magnets stick together one way and repel the other. If you had something that could clamp some big magnets together while they were trying to repel. Overtime is there any reaction?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:25 AM PDT

Are anti-photons a thing?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:26 PM PDT

If so could you have a flash light that emits darkness?

submitted by /u/claytonkevin777
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Does what language you’re raised with change your behaviour?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 04:46 AM PDT

If you were raised with English, would you have a higher chance of being more aggressive, timid or anything like that? Does a language that could have more words with more aggressive connotations lead to someone with that ingrained in their personality, and if they were to learn a second language, could it bleed into that?

I'm not sure if I've worded my question properly because the though just appeared in my mind.

submitted by /u/Papershredder11
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How will the James Web Space Telescope orbit AROUND L2 lagrange point?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 08:15 PM PDT

I've been reading up on the James Web Space Telescope and how it will orbit around the L2 point. I'm familiar with lagrange points and the balance of gravity which allows objects to be stable or meta-stable to have the same orbital speed around the sun as the Earth does while being in a different orbit "elevation", but how will the telescope orbit around the L2 point when there's not actually any attractor there?

As I understand it, the L1, L2, and L3 points are the meta-stable ones, akin to a bowling ball being able to sit on top of a very small plateau on top of a peak. Move too far from the L plateau, and the ball will roll down the mountain into the nearest gravity well. The JWST orbiting around the L2 at a distance seems to me like it would be circling the mountain at a constant elevation contour line below the level of the plateau, without ever rolling down hill.

In contrast, the L4 and L5 points, being stable points, would be more like a saddle bowl on the side of the mountain with a small lake in it. The bowling ball could orbit around those lakes in the bowl with centripetal force keeping them at a stable elevation, ignoring friction.

Is it the same phenomenon with the L2 point? Is it actually a lake at the top of the mountain with its own little bowl? I suppose that would look more like a volcanic crater, but I digress. In such a case the ball would be rolling around the rim of the crater, but would not have to stay in the center of a small plateau. But being that case, how would the L2 be meta-stable and any different from the stable L4 and L5?

Can anyone explain or point me to a good source? I've not been able to find anything Googling, but having the right term for the phenomenon might help. Thanks!

submitted by /u/rex8499
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Is it possible for something to reach quadruple point? (Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma)

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:14 PM PDT

I seen a video where a liquid was simultaneously changing to solid and gas (called triple point) and made me curious to know if it's possible for it to be plasma also.

submitted by /u/Trixsta397
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Will a beam of sound moving perpendicular to gravity begin to rise, descend, or continue straight?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 05:40 AM PDT

Can someone explain what Bose-Einstein condensate is? How does it differ from other forms of matter in regards towards physical properties?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 08:14 AM PDT

I have attempted to research this subject online, but most resources are very vague. Thanks for the help!

submitted by /u/michaelmichael12
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Is it possible to use pacemaker cells for neural stimulation?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 07:49 AM PDT

I mean maybe pacemaker cells would have to be altered to do the same therapeutic work neural stimulation devices do. But pacemaker cells implanted properly I'd imagine would have less complications and not need battery changes.

I'm just wondering if theoretically pacemaker cells could have medical value after alteration to stimulate that brain and spine for example.

Thanks

submitted by /u/nopasties1
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Approximately how fast is Sol traveling relative to the center of the Milky Way galaxy?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 04:50 PM PDT

Does the Earth's orbit decay into the sun?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 11:36 PM PDT

I want to know if the earth would eventually fall into the sun assuming the sun doesn't go super nova on us. Does the earth's orbit decay like satellites and if so by how much and how (if) it affects us.

submitted by /u/Deusbob
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What is the smallest physical size that a flame can be?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 05:52 AM PDT

How is age of our universe calculated if our solar system was born after the Big Bang? Thanks

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:07 PM PDT

How is the age of our universe calculated if our solar system was born after the Big Bang?

submitted by /u/BlackClamSlammer69
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I have heard many times that we can't invent images of human faces so everyone we see in a dream is someone we've seen somewhere in real life. How do we know this?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 05:21 AM PDT

If Yellowstone decided to finally go supervolcano on us, how much forewarning, if any, would the planet give us? Would it be instantaneous, or would we have days/weeks/months to prepare? What would any such forewarning look like?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:06 AM PDT

What has changed in drug use over the past decades?

Posted: 12 Mar 2019 01:05 AM PDT

As someone who hasn't lived in the 70s and 80s, I often see it portrayed as being an age of parties and drugs.

Is anything known about changes that happened in the drug scene over the past decades (mainly interested in the european scene)? Did drug use increase or decrease? Did drug use stay recreational or did it become more self-medicational? Did the variety used increase or did a lot of kinds of drugs disappear from the streets?

submitted by /u/Amayax
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What is the part of the brain, and how does it function, that allows us to process and repeat units of time (like in a beat)?

Posted: 11 Mar 2019 10:39 PM PDT

Basically the title.

I (and everyone else) can move my hand back and forth, and repeat that motion forever, with the same unit of time elapsing between each movement. That was a really wierd way of describing the motion of a conductor, with the time elapsing between the two peaks of the swing of their arm being the same.

The same can be done by vocalizing, or merely in my head. At first I assumed it had something to do with counting (and it still might idk), but I don't have to assign any unit value (like a second) to it. I can arbitrarily choose a length of time, without even knowing what it would be in seconds, yet I can swing my hand to that exact unit of time over and over again. I can do it for any length, and can alternate it (1 second then 3 seconds then 1 second continuing). Again this can also be spoken or merely thought.

What is the part of the brain that allows me to determine a period of time, recognize it as such, and maintain a repeating pattern where I am aware when each period of that time elapses? I first assumed it had something to do with like a base time, but I can choose or be shown any length of time and can repeat it in my head rhythmically. Where in the brain is this process? How does it work - is there a neuron that holds and releases charge to that period of time, like a circuitboard? How can I identify a unit of time, memorize it, and consistently recognize when it elapses? How does that function?

submitted by /u/EthanMoralesOfficial
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