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Wednesday, February 27, 2019

How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design?

How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design?


How large does building has to be so the curvature of the earth has to be considered in its design?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 03:40 AM PST

I know that for small things like a house we can just consider the earth flat and it is all good. But how the curvature of the earth influences bigger things like stadiums, roads and so on?

submitted by /u/harryalerta
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Is elevation ever accounted for in calculations of the area of a country?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 10:19 AM PST

I wonder if mountainous countries with big elevation changes, like Chile or Nepal for example, actually have a substantially bigger real area, or if even taking in account elevation doesn't change things much.

submitted by /u/green_pachi
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Does the method of drying hands (e.g. cloth towel, paper towel, hand dryer) affect the quantity of microbes left on the hands after washing?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 12:06 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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I've seen the charts for temperature rise, the scientific models predictions, the consensus statistics of scientific agreement on Climate Change. I believe it to be fact, but I do not actually understand WHY CO2, Methane, Water Vapor, etc.. cause this to occur. Can anyone explain *why*?

Posted: 27 Feb 2019 07:01 AM PST

I have done my fair share of trying my best to understand this issue, primarily to help explain to relative/friends/co-workers which are 'non-believers' but the truth is that I must not truly understand the issue either. I feel as though all of those skeptical also see "the charts for temperature rise, the scientific models for the future, and the consensus statistics of scientists agreement of climate change happening rapidly", but if you really think about it - none of those things give reasoning or logic as to WHY this is happening. They are just things that you see that show it is happening.

I had one co-worker give me the classic argument, "well yea that chart shows the temperature is rising but that doesn't mean CO2 is causing it."

Another statement I get when trying to explain, "The models the scientists have may agree, but you know how many assumptions we have to make for our models here [at work, engineering], imagine how many assumptions they have to input for the globes climate and atmosphere/ocean circulation.

WHY is climate change occuring due to CO2, Methane, Water vapor, etc...?? Do the molecules vibrate or hold vibration (temperature?) longer than simple air (O2, N2, etc etc)?? Is it because CO2 is more dense and therefore creates a denser environment which in turn holds the heat down on the surface easier?? Any insight is appreciated. I would like to be able to debate those without facts and actually be able to explain. If this takes further education/reading on my part, I'm not afraid to spend time learning.

I hope my question makes sense. Any responses like "It happens because CO2 causes warming" obviously don't understand why I'm asking. I'm asking why that exists. This is my plea for logical understanding. Thanks in advanced for your help.

submitted by /u/YoureProbablyRiiight
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Is human labor and delivery more dangerous than other primates'? Why?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:06 PM PST

How do we know how many calories are in food or drinks?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 08:44 PM PST

Why is superheated steam used in turbines since according to Gibbs‘ free energy formula, at higher temperature, the ability to produce work is lowered?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 03:10 PM PST

So Gibbs' free energy is the maximum reversible work that can be produced in a thermodynamic system at constant P and T, and according to the formula, higher T means lower ΔG. Then why is Superheated steam used as means to produce work? Or am I looking at it wrong?

submitted by /u/lessavyfav68
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What is the exact difference between genotype and karyotype?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 10:17 PM PST

When I say "genotype" I'm referring to the entirety of the chromosomal configuration or said differently, full genetic makeup of a human.... full, not just one aspect as I've seen used in some cases.

Given that we're using genotype in that context, what is the difference between genotype and karyotype?

submitted by /u/TheMythof_Feminism
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Why do gravitational lenses sometimes result in Einstein-crosses rather than full circles?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 08:09 AM PST

In what way can the light be "bent" by a gravitational lense so that an observer sees two (or more) copies of the object rather than seeing a full circle? E.g. in Einstein-crosses you see 4 copies spaced evenly around the center. What about the spaces between those 4 copies? Why does the light not take these ways?

(Btw I asked this several times in different places now and never got an answer, sometimes I just got downvoted - I hope this sub is the right place)

submitted by /u/cptviolation
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how does red shift show that the big bang theory could be a possible theory, for the formation of the universe?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 11:50 AM PST

Can solar panels run out of electrons?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 01:50 PM PST

I understand that photons "bump" electrons, that the movement of electrons transform solar energy into electricity and that the electrons first come from the silicon in the solar panel, but do the electrons leave the solar panel since they are the current? If so, can a solar panel get its electrons back or is it doomed to die even if nothing else fails? If not, do the electrons stay in the solar panel somehow?

submitted by /u/AmIDumbOrWhatSerious
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What does ampicillin target?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 09:37 PM PST

I know penicillin targets transpepidation, but how do the two differ? What makes one more effective than the other?

submitted by /u/__jerbear_
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If you placed a Foucault pendulum at the equator, would it fully rotate in one year?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 04:45 PM PST

So I know the earth rotates under the pendulum, which majes the pendulum appear to rotate to us. What I wonder is if you put a pendulum at the equator and ran it for a year, would it fully rotate or nearly fully rotate over the course of the year? Although at the same time with this logic, it might seem that the foucault pendulum will have to become upside down instead of rotating. Does the pendulum do anything interesting?

submitted by /u/instantlightning2
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Can a pair of binary planets share an atmosphere without exceeding the Roche Limit?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 05:19 AM PST

Can the distance between a pair of binary planets be close enough that the gasses making up their atmospheres could mix at the L1 Lagrange point, without either planet being pulled apart by their partner planet's gravitational field?

submitted by /u/Legendtamer47
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What state of matter is light?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 09:51 PM PST

Wave particle duality says that light is a particle or a wave depending on how it is observed. It also introduces momentum and mass for light. If light is clearly matter, which state of matter is it in?

submitted by /u/sthornr
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Do caffeine and amphetamines like adderall affect the same parts of the brain?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:52 AM PST

How to quantify political/diplomatic relationships between countries?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:53 PM PST

Hi, I'm not sure if this is the best place to ask this.

I'm starting a project that will attempt to estimate the state of political relationships between countries through a set of data. The data set will comprise of certain keywords that indicate hostility, friendliness, etc. I was wondering if there was some equation or theory, paper, idea etc that could help me develop one. I'm searching for something similar to the Drake equation, or a comparable idea.

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

submitted by /u/Fuser55
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What portion of female cheetahs raise a cub to maturity?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 07:51 PM PST

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature?

How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature?


How close would you have to get to the sun for the vacuum of space to be at room temperature?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 04:08 PM PST

Hi, are there non-lattice solids? My physics textbook mentions most solids are in a crystal lattice.

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:16 AM PST

Are there non-lattice solids?

submitted by /u/bruhbruhbruhbruh1
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1000kg of cotton, 1000kg of nails, or both?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 03:49 AM PST

There are two trucks, 1 truck contains 1000kg of nails and the other 1000kg of cotton assuming that the trucks are identical with both their drivers being the same person(also run in then same speed),and they have the same starting point and end point .if the two trucks have a race on a football field. Which one will come first?

So my science teacher asked the whole class this question and all of our class answered that the two trucks would have a tie(since all of their features are identical).

To our surprise our teacher answered that the 1000kg of cotton would be the first them the 1000kg of nails would catch up. Our teacher then asked us why would the cotton win, so my classmates made some hypothesis why the cotton would win. Like the truck with the 1000kg nails on which the nails were bouncing up and down the truck then one of the nails went through the engine which caused the truck to explode or one the other truck was made of cotton. His answer to our hypothesis was that it was wrong since we were making assumptions since there were parts that was not in his given question

My question is that does the cotton, the nails or both win?

(I really have no idea on why the answer is cotton. For me I strongly believe that the answer is both. The teacher even called us "slow" because we could not explain why the cotton would win.)sorry for the bad grammar

submitted by /u/1234Name4321
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According to quantum physics, electrons can technically be anywhere in the universe, but I learned in my physical science class (8th grade) that in each electron shell of an atom, there is a maximum amount of electrons that it can hold. Don’t these two ideas contradict each other?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:03 PM PST

I watched a few short YouTube videos about quantum physics, and they said that electrons can technically be anywhere, but this contradicts what I learned in class. If the innermost shell, for example, is already full, but electrons can technically be anywhere, could another electron still just ride over into the innermost shell?

Does this mean that there are limits to "electrons can be anywhere"? Or do laws of quantum physics just not apply here (I feel like I heard that before)?

Forgive me if this is pretty much a stupid question, but I'm uneducated in physics, especially quantum physics, so when I thought about these two concepts and put them together, they didn't make sense.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/throwaway1590337
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Why doesn't it lightning and thunder during snow storms like it does in rainstorms?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:13 PM PST

Is there something drastically different about the clouds producing the precipitation?

submitted by /u/LaBuddaMyBiscuit
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Is it theoretically possible to melt wood in extremely hot temperatures in the absence of oxygen and an ember?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:33 PM PST

I've always wondered this and I finally remembered to be able to ask this sub

submitted by /u/imaaronman
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In regular blended gasoline with some percentage of butane or other volatile hydrocarbons, why do they not just immediately evaporate from the gasoline once stored in a vented tank?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:12 PM PST

Why our sight gets blurry when we are tired?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:09 PM PST

When i´m tired, my sight starts to get blurry, and I need to rub my eye with my hand to "clean" it, why is this?

submitted by /u/SrFodonis
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How do space suits protects astronauts from space?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:35 PM PST

Is there a limit to how long a person can stay out in space to both hot and cold extremes?

submitted by /u/cellardoorProgrammer
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Is the stellar life-cycle of a Pop I star affected by the gravitational absorption of heavy elements in its accretion disk from progenitor Pop II and III stars?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 06:25 AM PST

Every observable solid gravitational body in the solar system exhibits impact craters, so it would seem obvious that the Sun would be impacted by as much, and probably much more asteroid and comet material than the planets and moons. It seems the absorption of elements heavier than iron would shorten the lifespan of a star. Just wondering if any astrophysicists have modeled this, or even put any thought into it? One could imagine, that if this is true, heavier elements would tend to build up as the universe ages, forming a trend toward denser bodies over time.

submitted by /u/jdouglittle
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Is lead only dangerous through physical contact and/or ingestion? Can you also get lead poisoning through proximity?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:40 PM PST

How would I check a vacuum insulated bottle for lead? Is it just the solder point on the bottom? Or the powder coated paint as well? Would I need to check the inside of the bottle too? What's the best home kit?

submitted by /u/Thomastran911
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existence of a triple point?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:20 AM PST

given that water needs to boil to vapourise and needs to freeze to solidify, how is there a certain set of Pressure and Absolute Temperature at which water (or any other substance) exist as solid, liquid and gas?

submitted by /u/legitmxn
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How do ring laser gyroscopes work?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:05 PM PST

I heard (I think) they were used in an experiment to measure the rotational speed of the Earth. I dunno how though

submitted by /u/Archlor
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When the daylight per day is longer, why is more daylight added to the evening hours than the morning hours?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 05:28 AM PST

The shortest period of daylight in my area is 7:30 am - 4:30 pm and the longest period of daylight is 5:30 am - 8:30 pm. There's a 2 hour difference in the starting point and a 4 hour difference in the end point. Why is that?

submitted by /u/BlueSky1877
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How does Lamotrigine treat depression if it suppresses the release of both glutamate and aspartate?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:51 PM PST

I've been trying to understand Lamictal's mechanisms of action for someone with unipolar depression since it's mainly prescribed for bipolar disorder and epilepsy. I have major depressive disorder and general anxiety disorder, however the medication actually decreases GABA levels, which should, in theory, increase anxiety; I've been prescribed gabapentin for anxiety in the past and it was effective. The only information I've found regarding Lamictal's action on depression is that it has some effect on sigma receptor activity. Since the medication is approved by the FDA for bipolar disorder and mania, and is only given off-label for depression, wouldn't Lamictal bring down my mood as well?

submitted by /u/mayagabby
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How can life exist if it is essentially a form of ‘Anti-Entropy’ ? Does life’s existence defy the law of entropy in the universe?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 10:51 PM PST

Do all isotopes of elements get a unique name?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 12:42 PM PST

So I was learning about isotopes today, and I learned that the main three stable Hydrogen isotopes all have a unique name: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium. When I looked at Helium, I noticed that there is Diproton and Helion, but I couldn't find a name for H-4, which is the most stable of the Helium isotopes. Is there a name? Do all of the stable isotopes have a unique name, and where can I see them?

submitted by /u/runningforpresident
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Why isn't the entire ocean illuminated at night?

Posted: 26 Feb 2019 12:41 AM PST

On a clear night by the sea, I can visibly see a light source coming down from the moon and illuminating a section of the ocean. This section has a width of maybe 10 meters.

Now here's the interesting part, no matter how far I walk across the shore, I am NEVER in-front of that light source. It is always just ahead of me, never changing in width and intensity.

Therefore, why isn't the entire ocean illuminated by this light and why is it always just ahead of me. If it is always just ahead of me then in reality the whole ocean should be lit up and there should be no dark parts.

I can obviously assume it's a optical illusion, but I'd like to understand the mechanics of what is actually happening.

Thanks Login

submitted by /u/Loginwars
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If you had a ship that can accelerate forever is it possible to maintain a constant perceived (such as 1G) acceleration for all occupants as you approach the speed of light?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 12:38 PM PST

I imagine the energy requirement increases as the Lorenz factor increases, but I'm not sure what the subjective acceleration experience is as one approaches the speed of light.

submitted by /u/LaconicLacedaemonian
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Are visual inputs in the center of your retina processed and perceived faster than those in your retina's periphery?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 09:53 PM PST

Ok, so perfect example: I'm sitting here in my car looking at my phone, scrolling up and down Reddit. In the upper left corner of my left eye, I can see my phone's reflection in my left front window.

Now, I SWEAR TO GOD, I'm seeing the reflection in the corner of my eye happen slightly after the scrolling that I see happening on my phone in the center of my vision. Like maybe a few miliseconds after. Every time I scroll.

Now, assuming light speed is too fast to notice this difference, my guess is the time dilation happens in my brain somewhere. I know the fovea is the most sensitive part of vision. But, is it actually so important to survival that the brain processes information in the fovea before it processes information outside the fovea? Meaning, we become consciously aware of phenomena from our fovea before we become aware of phenomena from outside our foveas?

So, am I crazy? Or, am I really seeing the same event essentially happen twice in my head due to seeing it from different places in my eye?

submitted by /u/Master_Vicen
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Are there any stable/long lifetime exotic atoms that can conceivably be produced with today's technology?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 08:34 PM PST

By "long lifetime" I mean a timescale comprehensible by good ol' human intuition. By "conceivable" I mean within 1ish order of magnitude of current accelerator energies, and involving particles with long enough lifetimes to interact with each other. Like, positronium and positronium compounds have already been identified, but they decay on the scale of nanoseconds.

Alternatively: Is there any theoretical obstacle to producing macroscopic collections of exotic atoms, under laboratory conditions?

submitted by /u/semiconductress
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Are Life Expectancy Calculation Methods Homogeneous Between Countries, Agencies and Organizations?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:50 PM PST

Is there some set standard on how to calculate life expectancy for a population?

Is it simply some sort of leading average of the age in which people died? Or is it more complicated than that? Where can I find the data sets that are used to calculate life expectancy?

I want to better understand death rates and I feel like the only way to do that is to understand how it is calculated first.

submitted by /u/Tasty-Tyrone
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Monday, February 25, 2019

How many lines of code does new PC games take?

How many lines of code does new PC games take?


How many lines of code does new PC games take?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 08:35 AM PST

Can fire occur from a non-oxygenated reaction?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:13 AM PST

Combustion is the reaction of a material with oxygen, right? But the fire is a result of the energy being released from the exothermic reaction. So does that mean that other exothermic reactions can create fire? Or is it just oxygen, and why?

submitted by /u/jamest3163
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In math, is the order of operations arbitrary? Meaning is there a real reason x and / comes before + and -, or is that just the order we decided and as long as the operations are consistent and that's what really matters?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 06:41 PM PST

If unobstructed, does gas dispersion have any kind of set path or is it completely random?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:18 AM PST

I know very little about science so forgive me if this is an ignorant question. As far as I know, gas dispersion is random. I was wondering, if there is no obstruction (other molecules, etc.) does gas dispersion follow any kind of pattern?

submitted by /u/JustaSecondWut
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Do 'normal' cats have the same wrinkles that sphinx cats have under their fur?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 07:07 PM PST

Does this apply to other mammals with fur? Also, is there an evolutionary advantage to the large amount of wrinkles sphinx cats have?

submitted by /u/missmcg33k
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8 bit, to 16 bit, to 32 bit, to 64 bit. Much of the focus in the computing industry seems to be "what's going to replace silicon", but what about something like 128-bit architecture? Is such a thing even possible?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 08:35 AM PST

Just a random question I thought of when looking into performance jumps between the different bit architectures. If there has been any research into the topic, have any of those investigations turned up any theories on possible increases in processing power?

submitted by /u/BiggerestGreen
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How often does any given red blood cell cycle through the heart?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 07:17 PM PST

When losing weight, how does the body choose where to pull fat from?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 05:52 PM PST

Is electrical current affected by gravity?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 07:08 PM PST

I mean since electrons have mass they must be affected by gravity to some slight degree, but is it enough the say an electrical engineer might have to calculate that factor for wiring up a skyscraper or something?

submitted by /u/Crazy_ManMan
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Is it possible to break RSA encryption without the public key given an infinitely powerful computer?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 07:13 AM PST

Why don't drug doses (e.g., ibuprofen, allergy medicine) depend on body weight?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 08:20 AM PST

It seems that all over-the-counter and prescription drugs have a single prescribed dosage for an adult, regardless of body weight. Intuitively, however, it would seem that the concentration of the active ingredient in the bloodstream of a 95lb woman vs. a 200lb man would be substantially different.

I get that body fat doesn't factor as much into the efficacy of a drug in the bloodstream, but wouldn't blood volume / tissue mass have a major bearing on this?

submitted by /u/uberdev
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How does dexamethasone kill leukaemia cells?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 08:35 PM PST

I understand its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action and side effect profile but cant find a good explanation of its use as a chemotherapeutic agent. I gather that leukaemia cells have alot of glucocorticoid receptors and that high doses of dexamethasone somehow causes apoptosis, but cant find any detail about the pathways involved.

submitted by /u/jk4728
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Do all seed plants have pollen?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:42 AM PST

Does L-theanine interact with non-caffeine stimulants?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:21 AM PST

Why does wind whistle when it blows through objects like doors, trees etc?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 05:14 AM PST

What actually IS a flame?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 02:05 PM PST

Why does fire create a visible flame, why does it exist and what is it made of?

submitted by /u/FireOfNite
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How do people figure out the nutritional information in food?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 08:54 AM PST

I've always wondered how they know exactly how much of each vitamin, mineral, fat content, etc is in food.

submitted by /u/Mspritch87
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Do the other terrestrial planets have tectonic plates too?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 03:48 PM PST

Could a battery system like the one Tesla built in Australia be used in The United States to hell switch to more renewable energy sources?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 07:39 PM PST

Does the body create more mucus during the night?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 07:24 PM PST

I have a sinus infection and during the night it seems that my body is creating more mucus than it is during the day. Is this just due to the fact I am not getting rid of it like during the day or is it actually producing more?

submitted by /u/jordanmorris9
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Are there simple tests for vaccination status?

Posted: 24 Feb 2019 12:26 PM PST

Since vaccination status is about to become topic one for many different situations, I want to ask if we are going to demand people have their records, and if we will trust those records to be accurate and unforged. This led me to ask if there are tests (cheap easy tests) to verify vaccination status? Can we just test those who claim to be vaccinated. I realize the answer might vary for different shots. Thanks!

submitted by /u/diogenes_shadow
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Will someone help me understand circuitry?

Posted: 25 Feb 2019 12:45 AM PST

So I understand how Electrons and pushed and amps are the speed and voltage is the push and blah blah blah but I still have some unanswered question such as:

  • What happens to the volts after they've been used buy a lode in a series circuit, do the volts just disappear after being converted to useful energy? Do they carry on to the positive side with no potential energy???
  • Are Volt 'Used up' or do they just pass through
  • If they're is a 4 volt battery, and two 4 volt globes in a parallel both lights use 4 volts, where did an extra 4 volts magically come from?
  • How do amps effect volts? and vice versa
  • Do amps decrease with resistance

Thanks that all, if I can think of more question will edit it in...

submitted by /u/flamin_burritoz
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