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Tuesday, February 5, 2019

Are we just “lucky” that Magnetic North is very close to True North, or is there something more behind the reason?

Are we just “lucky” that Magnetic North is very close to True North, or is there something more behind the reason?


Are we just “lucky” that Magnetic North is very close to True North, or is there something more behind the reason?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 05:18 AM PST

Why doesn’t the LHC use an extra electric field to curve its beams instead of relying on magnets and the Lorentz force? Wouldn’t it be possible to have another electric field coming from the “sides”?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 10:29 AM PST

How is it that voltage lags current in a capacitive AC circuit?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 04:13 AM PST

I thought that voltage is the force that "compelled" current to flow, so how could it be that current can flow "ahead" of voltage?

submitted by /u/Fatty_McFatty
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What direction do hurricanes spin in the equator?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 03:25 AM PST

Can any theoretical physicist help me understand what Ed Witten's "hat and ball" diagram is all about in this String Theory lecture?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 07:13 AM PST

See this lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKehm-o8snU.

There is a fascinating (but exotic!) diagram on page 45 of the slides here: http://wwwth.mpp.mpg.de/members/strings/strings2012/strings_files/program/Talks/Saturday/Witten.pdf.

(Note: Witten mentions in the lecture that the hat's lip ought to have been drawn smaller, since the whole point is that an explanation is being sought for WHY the lip is so small, and hence why gravity is such a weak force.)

The point is that this is a fascinating/exotic diagram, but I have zero clue what it means or what it is all about.

I am intrigued.

submitted by /u/PencesElectrician
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With a powerful telescope, is it possible to see the 'outline' of certain stars? Or are they all simply too far away for them to appear as anything else other than a point of light no matter the magnification?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 01:30 PM PST

And if it turns out that it is possible, please share a picture or two!

submitted by /u/MisterLambda
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Is there a “Goldilocks Zone” on a galactic scale?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 03:31 AM PST

Hypothetically, could humans or other life survive near the dense center of our galaxy or on an earth-like planet orbiting a solitary star not in a galaxy?

Edit: Sorry if I'm using the term "Goldilocks Zone" rather loosely, I'm just curious if a stars location would have any impact on the habitability of an earth-like planet orbiting it.

submitted by /u/pseuzy17
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Being that neutrinos are so hard to detect, how can we make accurate estimates about how many are produced?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 01:14 AM PST

We've all heard the stats like: 20 trillion neutrinos from the Sun pass through your body every second. Or however many. Given that they interact with matter so little, and are so hard to detect, how can we make accurate estimates about how many are being produced? Is it purely down to math, e.g. theories predict that we'd expect X number of interactions in Y detector if Z neutrinos are produced, and the detection rate matches that? Or is it some other method?

Appreciate any answers!

submitted by /u/rich-creamery-butter
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Why can’t we just use the natural flow of rivers to generate electricity without dams?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 09:33 PM PST

Why don't we basically use water wheels or underwater pinwheels to generate electricity without trapping the water?

submitted by /u/Wafflotron
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How did viruses evolve if plasmids can't reproduce?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 01:44 AM PST

First of all let me say this is a legitimate question and I'm not trying to disprove evolution; that being said I've heard a hypothesis that viruses came from DNA or RNA that evolved from escaped plasmids and transposons. What I want to know is: How did plasmids and transposons evolve into viruses if they can't reproduce?

submitted by /u/Forsaken_Dot
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How good works shielding from solar radiation by being at planetary L2 lagrange points?

Posted: 05 Feb 2019 04:37 AM PST

How good is the shielding provided by the planets radiation shadow and are there planets in our solar system where this might not work?

submitted by /u/TOSkyLAX
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How do birds grow feathers?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 01:57 PM PST

Is it just like how we grow hair? Can they re-grow after falling out? If so, how long does that take?

submitted by /u/Zmorrison2112
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Is there a process for calculating the size of a tsunami? Are the height and length relative to each other?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 11:07 AM PST

For example; is it confirmed that the length of a tsunami will always be significantly larger/smaller than its height by X amount?

submitted by /u/BxLorien
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Does dark matter and dark energy also exist on Earth or only in space?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 11:44 AM PST

Is there dark matter in our atmosphere surrounding us right now? If not, where is it found? As close as our orbit or way farther out in space?

submitted by /u/MrTotoro1
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How do strong nuclear forces create mass?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 09:22 PM PST

I came across the sentence, "Most of the mass of a common proton or neutron is the result of the strong force field energy; the individual quarks provide only about 1% of the mass of a proton." in the wikipedia page. But it also says that they're caused by Gluons which have no mass. I thought conservation laws meant that mass couldn't be created or destroyed. How does this work?

submitted by /u/MiguelDeMiel
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Is CBD oil effective at treating anxiety/depression?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 10:02 AM PST

I noticed CBD oil is available without prescription. The pamphlet has a disclaimer saying they can only call it a food supplement and not a medicine for treating/curing ailments. This suggests that they have no evidence of their claims and it is unregulated because it is harmless. It seems like it might be another homeopathy type "cure". I know that there is cannibas oils that are effective but it seems to me that some of them might not be. Can anyone please clarify if CBD is legit or if only the controlled versions are effective?

submitted by /u/Kellhus0Anasurimbor
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Why does the LHC need to pre-accelerate particles?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 04:07 PM PST

Why can't they just accelerate them in the larger accelerator from the start?

submitted by /u/mordego
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Why do high performance cars get worse gas mileage than economy cars?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 12:34 PM PST

Okay I understand why cars with larger engines with higher power outputs consume more fuel just because their larger displacement, but I'm more curious about why they use more fuel to do roughly the same amount of work.

For an extreme example, the 2008 Lamborghini Murcielago has a 6.5 liter V-12, and makes 631 horsepower. The 2008 Toyota Corolla has a 1.8 liter I-4 and makes 126 horsepower. The cars weigh around the same, and have similar drag coefficients, but the Lamborghini will do 14 miles per gallon on the highway whereas the Corolla can do 37.

In theory, shouldn't they get around the same mileage if the transmission in the Lamborghini was geared up to allow the car to cruise at highway speed at a very low engine speed? I'm just thinking that a very powerful engine is capable of doing the same work as a smaller less powerful engine but it doesn't have to work as hard since it produces so much power.

Can someone help me understand?

submitted by /u/PeanutButterBuddie
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Can protactinium be removed from a LFTR without shutting off the reactor? If so, how?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 07:21 PM PST

I also wanted to know if anyone knew of an online resource where I could find designs for a LFTR that could possibly be scaled-down and built given enough money, time, and research.

submitted by /u/AJ_De_Leon
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Would a test for toxoplasmosis detect an infection that occurred 10 years ago?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 11:20 AM PST

When Graphene is used in practical applications, it’s obviously not still 1 atom thick. So how is Graphene different than Graphite?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 01:21 PM PST

Searching online, the difference given is that Graphene is the same as graphite, just only 1 atom thick. So what happens to the strengths of Graphene when it's used in practical applications, where there's obviously more than just 1 layer used? A Graphene battery is many many layers thick. Not 1 atom thick. How does this turn out differently from graphite?

submitted by /u/BlevelandCrowns
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Japanese banana with edible skin claims to have reactivated ‚ice-age genes‘ by freezing the seedling using a ‚frost-thaw-awakening‘ method. How does that work?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 09:32 AM PST

Since last year, there have been numerous news reports of a Japanese farmer who invented a banana with edible skin. He claims that freezing banana seedlings up to -60°C will reactivate ‚ice-ages genes'. After the freezing period the banana is supposed to grow way faster and produce fruit earlier with thinner skin. How would a plant survive this and why would it trigger ancient DNA?

Whats the science behind all this? How would that possible work? I couldnt find any studies or scientific explanations about this or the so-called ‚frost-thaw-awakening method'

There's no real article either that questions the explanations given or goes into detail.

exemplary news article: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/01/bananas-edible-peel-developed-japanese-farmers/

submitted by /u/bmV3X3VzZXI
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Why do certain foods, notably meats and cheeses, taste differently depending on how finely they're cut or shredded?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 08:47 AM PST

Monday, February 4, 2019

Do people of all cultures report seeing "their life flash before their eyes" when they (almost) die?

Do people of all cultures report seeing "their life flash before their eyes" when they (almost) die?


Do people of all cultures report seeing "their life flash before their eyes" when they (almost) die?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 07:33 PM PST

In general, is there any universal consistency between what people see before they die and/or think they are going to die?

submitted by /u/_____pantsunami_____
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The difference between Gold and Mercury on the Periodic Table is one Proton. If I add one proton, solid Gold turns into a silvery liquid metal that's extremely toxic to humans. How can the addition of a single proton have such a profound effect on an element's properties?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:14 PM PST

If stars conserve angular momentum when they collapse into a black hole, shouldn't the rate at which the black hole spins that tell us that whatever is in the center of a black hole has a measurable diameter rather than being an infinitely dense point?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 08:48 PM PST

After all, if there were an infinitely dense point with no diameter at the center of a black hole, wouldn't the black hole have to spin infinitely fast?

submitted by /u/Throwaway_8580
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How EXACTLY do Two-Higgs-Doublet Models work?

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 03:14 AM PST

I've become fascinated in particle physics as of late. However I can't wrap my head around these swanky models. For instance, one old one I've found is the Peccei-Quinn model. So this is a theory that there is an extra particle, an Axion. Got it. However, how does this interact with a Higgs Field? What does it tangibly do? And why does it solve the CP problem?

I'm really concerned I've gotten confused with my terminology here, because this paper discusses Peccei-Quinn and 2HDM as if they're related but there's little else I can find on the topic.

submitted by /u/Whores_anus
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what is the difference between a space time graph and a normal distance time graph??

Posted: 04 Feb 2019 02:40 AM PST

How can our brain distinguish between sound coming from above and sound coming from below?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 01:09 PM PST

If drugs themselves do not cause addiction, how do we explain withdrawal?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 03:41 PM PST

Been seeing a lot of literature and videos suggesting that our conceptions about addiction are entirely wrong, suggesting that the change in cognition and behavior etc. is not caused by "chemical hooks", but by processes that govern learning and bonds.

In case I need to explain myself a little:

Kurzgesagt did a very snappy, digestible video on the misconceptions surrounding addiction here that's been widely proliferated).

I also found a presentation here by a published research chemist to that effect that is significantly more thorough but difficult to watch.

If this is true, then how does opiate withdrawal or delirium tremens fit into this equation?

submitted by /u/elhawiyeh
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How smart are octopi? I know they can solve puzzles and mazes and open lids to jars, but how to they compare to humans? Are they as smart as a young child, for example?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:56 PM PST

How were the temperature scales derived?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:09 PM PST

Hey, so I am aware that 0 °Celsius the freezing point and 100° the boiling point of water at sealevel is. However when it was introduced how were the the points between 0-100° estimated. Like how could you establish how "hot" 30° was. Did they meassure the density of the water or what?

I jope my question is kind of unnderstanable

submitted by /u/Metatronx
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Will a Strong Enough Electric Field Permanently Break an Intermolecular Dipole Dipole Attraction?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:12 PM PST

Suppose I've got borosilicate (mostly composed of SiO2 & B2O3), and due to the Diboron trioxide has dipole moment.
Now the dipole moment creates dipole dipole attraction with a whole lot of other molecules. I'm trying to get rid of these other molecules.

If a place the borosilicate in an electric field, the dipole moment of the 'other molecules' will experience torque towards the direction of the electric field. If the bond direction is perpendicular to the electric field will this cause intermolecular bond to permanently rupture?

submitted by /u/dmgsoch
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How are some images taken using an electron microscope?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 10:41 AM PST

I saw this post where a picture of a needle and a thread was taken using an electron microscope. But I've read that for an electron microscope the samples have to be dried and sliced into thin pieces. So, how was this picture taken?

submitted by /u/horribus3
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If the law of physics are the same regardless of what frame, does a stationary charge experience a Lorentz force when a magnet moves near it?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:06 PM PST

Are there some cases where, given the Oberth effect, you'd actually want to release reaction mass at a lower velocity?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 12:01 PM PST

I was thinking about the Oberth effect, and the implications of leaving your propellant at a lower orbit with less potential energy. I was thinking: what would be the best way to extract all the energy possible from that reaction mass? Well, that would be to leave the propellant with zero potential and zero kinetic energy, but given that is impossible (maybe except for at the event horizon of a black hole?), with zero kinetic energy and minimal potential energy.

So here's the question that lead to the question: do I waste energy by burning propellant _faster_ than I am going, and thus sending both myself and the propellant to a higher orbit?

I know that's not the case, as you get ISP from exhaust velocity, but is there any benefit in doing so, and why _isn't_ this the case?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/CompellingProtagonis
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Can we align the direction of an atom's electrons?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 08:04 AM PST

In the Wikipedia page for Neodymium magnets, it is stated of the magnet's construction:

In a magnet it is the unpaired electrons, aligned so they spin in the same direction, which generate the magnetic field.

Is it not true that our understanding of electrons has progressed to the point where we now know that they are quantum variables, that they are mathematically in all places at once? How, then, could we be aligning their paths to create a magnetic field?

submitted by /u/TheRemedialPolymath
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Does Biologic Carbon Sequestration Actually Help Stop Long Term Climate Change?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 06:22 AM PST

There is this popular belief that trees or plants help prevent climate change by sequestration of carbon dioxide. But I believe that over the long term (100 to 1000 years) the tree will have died and released all of the carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. So growing some plants might reduce carbon dioxide in the short term but longer term will have no effect. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/Gravityparticle
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What is happening on the molecular level as paint (or any similar substance) is "drying"?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 07:12 AM PST

How does compound ear pro work in terms of NRR?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 06:29 AM PST

If you wear 24nrr earmuffs over 24nrr earplugs, will that give you a 33nrr overall, or is that now how it works?

submitted by /u/Spyrothedragon9972
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Sunday, February 3, 2019

AskScience Panel of Scientists XX

AskScience Panel of Scientists XX


AskScience Panel of Scientists XX

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 02:24 PM PST

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does our Sun have so many planets compared to other stars/solar systems?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 04:55 AM PST

Our star has eight planets and numerous dwarf planets. On Wikipedia, I read that most stars only have 0 or 1 exoplanets. Is the difference:

a) our Sun is simply a statistical anomaly

b) other stars likely have similar numbers of exoplanets, but we can only detect large ones

c) related to something unique about our Sun?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/www_earthlings_com
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Does the size of your stomach actually shrink when you decrease your daily portion size?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 04:36 PM PST

I always hear people telling me their stomach shrank and can no longer take in the amount of food that they once used to. Does your stomach really shrink/expand in size depending on how much you eat on a daily basis?

submitted by /u/NeuroendocrineDrug
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Have there been Mountains Taller than Mt. Everest on Earth in the Past?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 11:54 AM PST

So, reading a post on this sub detailing the Wilson cycle and was wondering if there has been any evidence of mountains that in the past were either taller than 30,000ft or significantly taller?

I understand it might be nearly impossible to determine this but was wondering if there has been any research into it.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/UltraRunningKid
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Is the phase velocity of a signal in a transmission line dependent on the frame of reference?

Posted: 03 Feb 2019 06:13 AM PST

Say the dielectric constant is very high so that the phase velocity is much slower than the speed of light and that the transmission line is on a train moving at 100km per hour. If the signal is propagating in the same direction as the train, would an observer on the ground see the signal propagate at a higher velocity than someone on the train? Or would they both see the signal propagating at the same speed?

submitted by /u/yesireallyamthatdumb
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What impact has the US interstate road system had on wildlife?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 03:17 PM PST

It seems like the US is partitioned into a grid where land animals can't cross from one square to another without becoming roadkill. Have different biomes emerged in the squares?

submitted by /u/side_lel
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How does your body know something you ate is bad and needs to throw it up (or send it on an express delivery out the back end)?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 02:07 PM PST

Are there "anti" particles of the other forces?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 10:23 PM PST

Antimatter is a particle that is identical but has opposite electromagnetic charge. Is their any equivalent that has opposite weak force or strong force?

submitted by /u/cryolithic
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What are the "hidden variables" supposed to be in quantum pilot wave theory?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 10:53 AM PST

So when I (physics layman) started reading about quantum mechanics many years ago I got the impression that hidden variables was silly by adding needless complications and etc and was all but discarded (and eventually I settled on the "shut up and calculate" interpretation of QM).

Recently, though, I found out about De Broglie–Bohm (pilot wave) theory, and I find it rather appealing. But what are these hidden variable(s)? I know they are basically the "waves" that guide "particles," but I didn't find an interpretation for that. Would it make sense to think the hidden variables/guiding waves are simply sort of the universal state of each quantum field at any given moment? Or is that interpretation silly until when and if we marry pilot waves with at least special relativity?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Tychoxii
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What does the term "cold blooded" in cold blooded actually mean? Could someone elaborate please?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 09:54 AM PST

Do they need to warm up their blood? How do they survive in hot or cold environments? What fundamental things do they differ in from warm blooded animals?

submitted by /u/pahwadeepansh
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Do other planets have weather?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 03:07 PM PST

Does a negative focal length cancel out an equal lens of positive focal length?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 09:04 PM PST

If you have a convex lens of 20mm focal length would it be cancelled out by placing a concave lens of -20mm focal length in front of it?

submitted by /u/GuruMeditationError
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What would the stars at the South Pole look like?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 01:25 PM PST

If you were to stand exactly on the South Pole at night on a clear night, would the stars be spinning around really fast? If not, why?

submitted by /u/Savingstobig
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Is there any minimum value of hfe for Wein Bridge oscillator? (like 44.54 for RC Phase shift oscillator) If not, why?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 08:32 PM PST

Why or how does some marine mammals choose one specific island to live in? Even when there are several (apparently) identical ones around.

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 09:54 AM PST

We're in Ushuaia, argentinian patagonia. On a boat trip we've seen some lobos marinos (Brown fur seal) on a small rocky island. And this is an archipelago, there are several other similar islands around.

We've been wondering since then: why these animals choose one specific island and not another? There is an ecological or behavioral explanation?

The same for the birds, huge flocks in one island and none on other "identical" ones.

Thank you Muito obrigado :)

submitted by /u/thomasfeitoza
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Does lateral gene transfer have an effect on the human evolution?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 09:39 AM PST

I've just started a biology class and we've been talking about lateral gene transfer and how the tree of life could actually be a web of life. Could we be sharing genetic information between each other horizontally? It got me thinking that since our DNA changes over the course of our lives, maybe HGT has something to do with that. I did a little bit of research on HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer) in multicellular organisms and HGT between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and what I've gathered from it is that there is some evidence of HGT between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryote to eukaryote isn't a thing. But even HGT between prokaryotes and eukaryotes seems like it could have a big impact on the evolution of... well, everything, but more interestingly, humans. Here's a link to one of the articles I was reading.

submitted by /u/shawnalee07
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Why space/weather balloons are white instead of black ?

Posted: 02 Feb 2019 12:46 PM PST

Would'nt be beneficial to have your gas heated by radiation with a black balloon ?

submitted by /u/KeyShower
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