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Wednesday, January 16, 2019

Why do people with iron deficiencies crave ice?

Why do people with iron deficiencies crave ice?


Why do people with iron deficiencies crave ice?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 11:37 PM PST

Is it possible to have a form of electricity other than AC or DC?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 06:28 PM PST

Why is sound-insulating material typically textured with pyramid-shaped protrusions, why wouldn't you just use a uniformly thick material instead?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 11:12 PM PST

Light comes in form of photons right? So what happens when you have a single photon, is it possible to see the photon as the light coming into your eye are also photons?// is it posible to see a single photon?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 03:09 AM PST

Does the size or speed of an object have any effect on the sonic boom it creates (and we see/hear) when passing the sound barrier?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 06:33 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Is the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum still hold true in the face of expansion of the Universe?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 06:35 AM PST

For example, angular momentum for the Earth-Sun system is L = r*m*v (assuming Sun's centre as reference). Universe's expansion will cause r to change year over year. So how does angular momentum L remain conserved?

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What happens during a hypoglycemic episode? (Symptoms, brain function, etc)

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 04:37 PM PST

How do we know what electron shells look like?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 06:06 AM PST

I was in my introductory chemistry class today, learning about orbitals and subshells, and we looked at the shapes of different subshells. Ive learned about experiments that taught us about how we know what an atom looks like but ive never heard of how we know what orbitals look like.

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If you were to get the two most genetically different humans on earth and compared their DNA how different would those people be?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 09:08 PM PST

How is, say, lung cancer from smoking contracted?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 07:47 AM PST

Is it through continuous exposure of harmful chemicals to the body or is it some kind of 'virus' per se that we can suddenly contract by sheer luck of having smoked a single cigarette?

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Why does an object projected above escape velocity follow a hyperbolic path?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 07:22 AM PST

So I just learnt this in school and our teacher didn't explain too much else,and I couldn't find a lot on the internet too,can anyone explain this to me,or is it just too much complicated math?

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How does boil-dry protection in electric kettles work?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 07:15 AM PST

I have known how electric kettles shut off after water boils -- with the help of thermostats. The water vapor heats the thermostat, causing it to be bent (in case of the mechanical one), finally causing shut down.

I recently bought a water kettle which had boil-dry protection as well. I could not understand how boil-dry protection in that device works. If thermostat is also at play here, how could hot air significantly heat the thermostat?

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Does a uniform magnetic field accelerate ferromagnetic objects inside of it? And if not, how do solenoids launch ferromagnetic projectiles?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 07:13 AM PST

I wanted to build myself a little solenoid cannon for fun, and wanted to calculate the acceleration that a ferromagnetic projectile would undergo with different parameters (turns, current, projectile size, etc.). While searching I came across people stating that a ferromagnetic material would experience no net force in a uniform magnetic field. If this is the case, how have I seen that exact process occur in solenoids before?

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What is the average intensity of radiation released from the Earth?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 06:48 AM PST

I'm pretty terrible at science, but I've been trying to learn a little bit about climate change. One of the concepts that's been explained to me is that when greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere, the Earth's surface temperature will gradually increase until outgoing and incoming radiation are in equilibrium with each other.

One person who I talked to over the summer seemed to indicate that in order for outgoing and incoming radiation to be in equilibrium with each other, the Earth would have to emit 340 W/m2. And I can see in this diagram that the total amount of incoming solar radiation is indeed about 340 W/m2.

But more recently, someone else told me that the Earth only has to emit 240 W/m2 in order for incoming and outgoing radiation to be in equilibrium with each other. Because the diagram also shows the total amount of reflected radiation as 99.9 W/m2, this seems to make sense.

"Reflection" and "emission" are separate processes, right? So would it be accurate to say that the total amount of outgoing radiation from the Earth is 340 W/m2, but that the total amount of radiation emitted from the Earth is only 240 W/m2? Am I putting all of that together correctly?

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A Neuroscience major I know argued that the mind is separate from the body and modern Neuroscience backs that assertion up. Is consciousness rooted in physical processes?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 02:04 PM PST

I apologize if this post doesn't belong here. I attempted to do my own research and I'm pretty sure this is a faulty claim. Her whole argument was that "consciousness is not understood" and that modern Neuroscience thinks of the mind as non-physical.

She's currently studying alternative medicine.

Can someone shed some light on this, given that "consciousness isn't fully understood?"

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How does our solar system compare size wise to the other ones out there?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 08:35 PM PST

Is the universe’s rate of acceleration increasing, decreasing, or steady?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 04:06 PM PST

So I know the current scientific consensus is that the universe is expanding at a rate that is accelerating.

My questions are: Is this rate of acceleration steady? Would a decreasing rate of acceleration suggest that some day the universe may start condensing? Do we have this information, or do we even have a way to calculate it?

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How does lotion moisturize skin?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 09:20 PM PST

Why is it easier to physically break something than to reverse the change? Did something change on the molecular level that cause it to “identify” as separate objects?

Posted: 16 Jan 2019 04:16 AM PST

Why is it that light with short wavelengths (x-rays) can penetrate objects, but so can light with long wavelengths (radio waves) yes visible light can't?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 08:07 AM PST

What do particle accelerators do?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 03:32 PM PST

I recently saw someone on how there are plans on building a particle accelerator significantly larger then the LHC and it made me realize. I don't actually know what they do. Do they provide energy? Or give us a look inside an atom? Or do they have multiple uses?

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Tuesday, January 15, 2019

How do pigeons know where to go, when used as means of transporting messages?

How do pigeons know where to go, when used as means of transporting messages?


How do pigeons know where to go, when used as means of transporting messages?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 02:30 AM PST

How do molecules have such unique properties just being made up of atoms?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 08:22 PM PST

I dont get how molecules can tuen out to have such radical properties, when atoms themselves are so bland? Like if you put a bunch of lego pieces together it'll still be a lego conglomerate, but if you put a bunch of atoms together you get an interesting substance. Its like making a lego set from bland legoes but afterwards when the set is done it magically glows or suddently becomes liquid at room temp. Like lets say pure carbon is just pencil lead or a diamond. Then you add a bunch of hydrogens to it, which is literally just adding a few more protons and you get oily fuel. Or you get the synthetic smell of bananas. Just by adding some atoms to it.

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How are islands connected to the internet?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 05:26 AM PST

Hello there. I'm wondering how islands are connected to the internet? Is it a matter of a simple cable connection? And in the case of larger islands, (Ireland or Britain), are they connected at multiple points or in conjunction with satellites?

Cheers!

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Why are Bio-Fermentors always tall and narrow?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 02:17 AM PST

Is it because it makes diffusing air or mixing the broth easier? Or is there a more sciency reason? Thanks!

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What in our universe is constant and not relative?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 04:12 AM PST

If I'm not mistaken the speed of light in a vacuum is always the same no matter where you are in the universe. That is a speed. Are there other units which arent relative. Is there a size which it constant? (E.g the size of an atom, but i don't think that is constant). Or a weight, a temprature, another speed etc

submitted by /u/swegling
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If a young child is the recipient of an organ transplant, are they expected to be on Immunosuppressant drugs for life or is it possible that, atleast some organs, can be "replaced" on the cellular level in a ship of theseus sense?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 06:05 PM PST

Is over or under generating truly possible in terms of matching generation to load on the power grid?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 07:03 AM PST

When load increases frequency lowers until governors open more to restore frequency to nominal (60.00 Hz US). During these transients however is MW produced constantly matching MW consumed? The way I understand it you're never truly under or over generating, you're deviating from nominal frequency. Note, I understand that individual entities are over/under generating constantly in relation to other entities, and this is measured by their ACE equation.

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What cause a jet engine to "flame out"?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 03:52 AM PST

When a jet engine is deprived of an oxidiser they shoot a flame at the back. It seems counterintuitive to me because shouldn't this prevent combustion from occurring? Could someone please explain this to me?

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When an electron quantum tunnels, does it physically move through a barrier or does it "teleport"?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 05:29 AM PST

Is there even a actual physical barrier or do people just use it as a way to explain tunneling? Any details about this subject would be welcomed.

I have a very rudimentary understanding of quantum tunneling, so please excuse my terminology.

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Anti-deuterium from proton collisions ?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 03:19 AM PST

Is there any experimental evidence of antimatter deuterium produced as a daughter product from a proton+proton collision ? Would appreciate a published citation.

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In the time of supercontinents, where was the sea level and how does this affect maps?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 01:09 AM PST

Its common to see images of former supercontinents with today's continent or even country boundaries overlaid (e.g. Pangea) and the landmasses seem to neatly fit together like a puzzle.

But as I understand sea levels have fluctuated hundreds of metres across the same time periods which would presumably place vast areas underwater. For example for Pangea (see link above) ~350m years ago the sea level might be 200m higher than today, presumably putting much of the modern world underwater including eastern north america, much of australia and russia.

Maybe I'm missing something here. Are these maps wrong? Or have the continents changed in height?

Thanks in advance

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What causes lightning to form jagged shapes and strands as it comes to the ground?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 06:12 PM PST

Why do dogs howl at seemingly random hours of the night?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 02:42 AM PST

I was outside late tonight, and was treated to a choir of distant doggos howling away with each other. This made me wonder if there is some kind of instinct responsible for this behavior, and also why they feel compelled to join other howling dogs?

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Why do we wake up with bad breath?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 03:09 PM PST

What is the difference between Ergodic hypothesis and postulate of equal probabilities in statistical mechanics?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 09:18 PM PST

It sounds like both the hypotheses states that each available microstates will be equally occupied. What am I missing?

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How do scientists know how many animals of a specific species there are (are are able to give estimates)?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 09:07 PM PST

I see this a lot on many informational pages about animals but never know where these numbers come from.

EDIT: the title is supposed "or are", whoops

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[Biology] How much did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the discovery of DNA's double-helix structure?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 05:33 PM PST

I've tried to Google this answer after Watson's sexist/racist beliefs recently came up in the news again. Everything I google basically tells me that they stole her data/didn't credit that data. Some pop-sci and bloggy type articles I read imply or state that Franklin discovered DNA's shape.

Can anyone explain this situation to me? Is there something that kept Franklin from the "Aha!" Moment specifically? How much did she discover or understand about what her data proved? How much/what is lost to time?

submitted by /u/VagabondingCanada
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Why were Space Shuttle satellite deployment missions crewed with up to 7 people?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 07:14 PM PST

Most early Space Shuttle missions were just deploying satellites, something we have pretty much always been able to do without requiring human intervention.

Why were those missions crewed by up to 7 astronauts?

submitted by /u/Serialk
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death by Drowning: do people die because of the water in the lungs or lack of air?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 03:51 AM PST

not sure if right sub but yeah.

submitted by /u/TheMadCherry
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What's the science behind sunsets/sunrises? Why do some make more vibrant colors than others?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 02:09 PM PST

If someone burnt 3,500 calories in a workout, at what time/point would they be 1 pound lighter?

Posted: 15 Jan 2019 03:24 AM PST

Excluding sweat and water weight, when does your body actually use up that pound of fat?

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Does big flying objects like asteroids when passing through bigger celestial bodies like Earth or Moon alter their gravitational path?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 06:52 PM PST

Is there any known correlation between smell or flavor (bitter, sweet, etc) and nutritional value?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 10:57 AM PST

Curious as to what taste buds are detecting, chemical composition?

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Monday, January 14, 2019

A flu shot is a vaccine, right? But they seem to be far less reliable than other vaccines (I know many people who get flu shots each year then get the flu). What is the reason for this, and are flu shots really that important?

A flu shot is a vaccine, right? But they seem to be far less reliable than other vaccines (I know many people who get flu shots each year then get the flu). What is the reason for this, and are flu shots really that important?


A flu shot is a vaccine, right? But they seem to be far less reliable than other vaccines (I know many people who get flu shots each year then get the flu). What is the reason for this, and are flu shots really that important?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 07:45 AM PST

How did scientists calculate the amount of hydrogen left on the sun and thus calculated the age of the sun?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 10:36 PM PST

Can you grow a plant just by the light from a wood fire?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 02:41 PM PST

Also, would there be a difference in growing a plant by a wood fire or a natural gas fire, given both flames were the same general brightness?

Is it possible to grow food by that firelight?

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Is the universe itself spinning just like galaxies do?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 03:01 PM PST

Is there any difference between mine salt and sea salt? How do we have 2 seemingly different sources of salt?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 03:50 AM PST

How does a strong magnet fall in a copper tube?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 08:41 PM PST

It can be shown when a magnet is dropped through a copper tube its change in magnetic flux creates a retarding force therefore slowing the magnets rate of decent. It can also be shown that this flux is proportional to the change in the magnets velocity. My question plainly is what happens when the magnets "strength" or corresponding electromotive magnitude approaches infinity?

At first I assumed the magnet would no longer move but if that where the case there would no longer a velocity, resulting in the retarding force becoming zero. It seems the magnet would neither fall or not fall. The paradox at hand and my lack of knowledge of Lenz law has prevented me from studying this case in any intimate mathematic detail.

Perhaps such a strong magnet and uniform field would not initiate enough change in flux to create a retarding force at all. What could this say about uniform fields and "infinitely strong" sources?

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How massive can a rocky planet be?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 10:10 AM PST

Is there an upper limit to how much mass a rocky planet can have? If so what happens beyond this limit?

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How do we know it takes plastic 1k yrs to decompose if we used plastic for only 100 yrs?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 02:18 PM PST

Is there any difference in getting vitamins and minerals from a multivitamin as opposed to actual food?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 07:40 AM PST

For example, could one live a healthy lifestyle by eating a a good mixture of whatever fats, carbohydrates, and proteins they prefer plus a multivitamin?

submitted by /u/IntoTheMystic1
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Does the efficiency of a nuclear power plant depend on the level of uranium enrichment? And if so, where is the “sweet spot” of enrichment?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 07:30 PM PST

Context: I was reading a little on the Iran nuclear deal in the news and they mentioned that the deal limited them to a pretty low percentage, but the Iranians had considered making a plant that could produce up to 20% enrichment. A quick google search suggested 80-90% enrichment is needed for weapons.... so what would the higher enriched uranium be good for?

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Is it possible to have very vivid false memories?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 01:48 PM PST

So a good while ago, I had a traumatic experience where I was blackmailed during a conversation with 3 people/strangers that I met somewhere. Ever since, I have been medicated for severe anxiety and depression and it ruined my life.

After 3 years of digging, I still can't find a trace of these individuals. Nothing, zelch. I was on both adderall and diazepam at the time and i was a bit exhausted/sleep deprived. I am starting to question if the conversation even happened. I recall the memory with extreme clarity. Is it possible to have full on vivid and traumatic false memories?

submitted by /u/Benzorepent
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What is spreading pressure and how is it related to the description of multicomponent adsorption?

Posted: 14 Jan 2019 02:40 AM PST

How do space agencies prevent germs and bacteria on their rovers (Mars Rover) from contaminating the planet they visit?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 08:50 AM PST

Or do they even try and prevent it? Am I correct in thinking that the scientists have something in place to stop living organisms/bacteria contaminating Mars when objects come in contact with the planet? If so how is it done?

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Why doesn’t chemotherapy have a 100% success rate?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 11:57 AM PST

From what I understand from A level chemistry chemotherapy uses cisplatin to stop the replication of the DNA in cancer, and subsequently affects the healthy DNA aswell. The Cl is displaced as the platinum bonds with the guanine in the DNA of the cancer, so if this stops it replicating why does chemo not have a 100% success rate?

submitted by /u/WombatNipples65
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How does a receiver antenna physically recieve em waves? Trying to understand bluetooth radio.

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 09:30 PM PST

Just out of generally curiousity , I'm wondering how an anetenna "recieves" the em waves / radio waves. Not sure how to google this sort of question.

Does an electromagnetic field induce an electric current in the anetnna, sending electric current patterns (pulses or waves) down the antenna? Then the antenna transfers the current to wherever, like a wave interpreter module or something.

If this is the case,

How would a Bluetooth antenna know which set of waves or current patterns to select? If they communicated on a different channel then other types of wireless antennas , how would a device work if a Bluetooth antenna was sitting in the middle of ten other blue tooth devices transmitting sending a bunch of signals?

submitted by /u/horrofan
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Why are all the continents wider in the north?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 01:39 PM PST

All the continents (except Australia) are wider in the north and thinner in the south, why is that?

submitted by /u/Yeetgodknickknackass
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Why does a positive caster angle in cars lead to the rise of a self-centering wheel effect in cars? Specifically what is the physics behind it?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 12:55 PM PST

Can isolated mountains like Erebor, the Lonely Mountain from LOTR actually exist in real life?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 08:40 AM PST

You usually find a mountain as a part of a mountain chain. Is it possible for geological phenomena to favor the formation of a fairly large mountain that exists in isolation, without being a part of a mountain chain?

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Since DNA is changed by transcription errors/ionizing radiation, do different parts of your body have very slightly different DNA?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 01:52 PM PST

DNA is changed... for better or worse (usually the latter) by transcription errors or by getting hit by ionizing radiation. But IF that cell survives to replicate, it's not like that strain of DNA will eventually be everywhere in your body. A mutated skin cell that still survives won't eventually become a blood or lung cell.

So my real question is this: Could you take samples of dna from all over your body and come up with the DNA you had when you were born? Aka YOUR genetic code before any errors were made? (Minus the telomeres of course, once those are lost it's not like you can figure out what they used to be, but it doesn't matter cause you can just throw some gibberish on there to extend them.)

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Is there a reason for rocky planets to be closer to a star and gas giants to be farther, or is that grouping in our solar system coincidental?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 11:18 AM PST

How big can a planet get??

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 11:49 AM PST

I feel like most planets fall within a certain size but I don't know why size would have anything to do with a clump is mass. What would prevent a planet from becoming the size of our solar system or something? Would it turn into black hole?

submitted by /u/VirtuousHomie
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How is a stock's price determined?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 08:17 AM PST

I understand supply and demand and so forth, I'm asking how the actual number that goes on the sidescrolling screens is determined. What is that number, exactly? Who or what gets to decide what the displayed number is?

I'm guessing it's the highest price that a share of that company is sold for, but I think I'm missing something since the price fluctuates so fast that you need supercomputers linked straight to the stock market to keep up.

My google-fu has failed me on this one, so I'm hoping someone here has an answer for me.

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Can an object move through time independent of space?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 11:22 AM PST

To preface I'm not a physicist of any kind so forgive me if this is a daft question in the field. But I was thinking about how in Doctor Strange, the Dr. moves an aple through it's timeline and does so without moving it through space.

To clarify; if 3D space is defined by the axis' X, Y, and Z on a graph. An object can move along one axis without moving on the others. If a 4th dimension of time is added to the model and defined by the axis T, could an object move along the T axis without moving on the others?

Thanks in advance.

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