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Monday, December 31, 2018

What maintains the amount of blood in your body?

What maintains the amount of blood in your body?


What maintains the amount of blood in your body?

Posted: 31 Dec 2018 05:18 AM PST

If you donate blood your body loses that amount but your body also can replace it, but what keeps your body from continuing making blood? If the human body can only maintain a certain amount of blood.

submitted by /u/pacman327233
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What happens when you project an electron(like in projectile motion)? Does it behave as a particle or wave?

Posted: 31 Dec 2018 05:13 AM PST

Does the magnetic field energy around a magnetar type neutron star have mass?

Posted: 31 Dec 2018 06:18 AM PST

From wikipedia: A magnetar's 1010 tesla field, by contrast, has an energy density of 4.0×1025 J/m3, with an E/c2 mass density more than 10,000 times that of lead.

If I'm understanding this, it's saying that the energy stored in any given cubic meter of magentic field around a magnetar is 10,000 times the energy of 1 cubic meter of lead converted to energy in accordance with E =mc2

First off, this completely blows my mind. I didnt realise anything could store energy at a higher density than matter besides maybe a black hole.

Second, does this magnetic field energy have mass? Does this mass make the neutron star more massive? Like, from outside the strong field, looking in, is the total mass in a sphere around the neutron star and its magnetic field higher than the mass inside a sphere around only the actual neutron star?

Could this energy be released quickly?

submitted by /u/ataraxic89
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Are earthquakes only dangerous to people in/around buildings? If im outside and an earthquake happened do I just not care? Am I in any danger?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 10:21 PM PST

Why do some plastics get stronger when stretched?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 02:29 PM PST

I was trying to tear a plastic bag from the grocery store apart when I thought about this. I was trying to rip the "handles" off, but it just stretches to the limit of my strength, extends but doesn't tear. Why is that? I know I could tear it apart easily by applying force from another angle and whatnot, but I'm curious to why it's strengthened by the pulling.

submitted by /u/Westenaxe
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Do different tire threads actually increase traction/range/fuel efficiency etc. or is it mainly a marketing trick?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 02:46 PM PST

We just got winter tires and I was just curious as to if they, along with "performance" and "off road" tires, really make a difference and if so how much?

submitted by /u/AahilD
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Do astronauts percieve the passage of time differently in space from the ISS? (ex. Are the days seeminly longer, shorter, or about the same?)

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 07:42 PM PST

How does the many worlds interpretation explain quantum entanglement?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 08:45 PM PST

It is said that the many worlds interpretation mantains both determinism and locality. If so, how does it explain quantum entanglement? How is this interpretation able to explain quantum entanglement and mantain locality at the same time?

submitted by /u/SHoDAN9000
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Is it possible, or is it not possible, to see stars when in outer space?

Posted: 31 Dec 2018 02:56 AM PST

I'm curious, because I can't seem to find a conclusive answer. The old astronauts all claim space is completely black, while the more recent astronauts claim it's full of stars. I can find no video footage of stars in space, and yet Hubble keeps spewing out star-filled images.

Does the atmosphere do something that lets us see starlight, which doesn't happen when you're in outer space? Did NASA change the windows on spacecrafts/ISS to allow astronauts to perceive starlight as opposed to older astronauts who couldn't? Is Hubble magic?

What's going on?

submitted by /u/stickfigureenthusias
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How does gravitational confinement fusion work?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 07:19 PM PST

So stars utilize quantum tunneling for fusion and gravity to hold themselves together.

Physicists mention that gravitational confinement can satisfy the Lawson criterion (conditions needed for fusion). So how do they know this? And how do you figure it out?

Like if you had one cubic meter of deuterium tritium that had a mass of 0.5 grams, how do you figure out how much mass is needed to reach 40 million Kelvin?(ignition temperature)

submitted by /u/Shaq1994
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Does The First Step of the Proton Proton Fusion Chain Release Energy?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 05:56 PM PST

The first step in the Proton Proton Chain involves two hydrogen atoms fusing briefly into a diproton (helium-2) but my understanding is that (far) more than 99% of the time, this helium-2 decays back into a pair of hydrogen nuclei, and only very rarely into the deuterium needed for the next step in the Proton Proton reaction.

My question is: does this part of the chain release energy? I assume that it must, but if it does, wouldn't that mean that the majority of the sun's energy is from proton proton fusion that doesn't result in deuterium (and eventually helium-4?)

And, if 99%+ of the time diprotons just decay back into two hydrogen nuclei, do they 'gain back' the mass lost during fusion, or did they not lose any in the first place (and so, did they actually release any energy?)

Thanks for any clarity that can be provided!

submitted by /u/HenriettaLeaveIt
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If I braced myself against the side of the ISS opposite its motion, and pushed off as hard as I could, would I lower my velocity enough to fall down to Earth?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 03:06 PM PST

What is the minimum population count for a species to have enough genetic diversity for them to continue existing?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 09:11 AM PST

I read about the extinction of a white rhino and I read somewhere that even if the male were to survive, there would be lack of genetic diversity for the species to continue to thrive?

submitted by /u/Zanitar405
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How do calculators work things out using pi? How do they incorporate an infinite number into an equation, surely it would get stuck infinitely calculating it?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 04:47 PM PST

When physicists say that the fabric of spacetime will be torn apart if the Big Rip model is true, what does that mean?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 08:04 AM PST

Could someone elucidate the idea of spacetime getting ripped apart by accelerating expansion? What would be the physical description of this scenario? Does this mean that time itself would cease to exist?

I know that there are certain fields inherent to space, such as quantum and Higgs. What would cause these fields to be destroyed instead of just stretched out?

submitted by /u/thebestdaysofmyflerm
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Why do people think that in quantum physics a particle is in a superposition of multiple states?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 06:54 PM PST

Where does this "superposition" come from? What's the rationale for thinking that an electron is spinning both clockwise and counter-clockwise at the same time when it's not entangled with an observer?

I think what's really counter-intuitive about quantum mechanics is this idea of superposition, not so much as what kind of interpretation is correct for the decoherence, Copenhagen or many worlds.

submitted by /u/LowEnergyWolf
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Why do cats shake their butts before pouncing on something?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 05:15 AM PST

You know, like this.

submitted by /u/backreddit
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Why do you have to remove the testicle when having testicular cancer?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 09:06 AM PST

Can they use radiation or the other kinds of treatment? Or do they fuck up the testicle anyways?

submitted by /u/deduson_blaze
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What is the purpose of the inflammation response in humans?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 08:07 AM PST

From regular NSAIDs to steroids, there seem to be a lot of medicines dedicated to lessening the inflammation response or halting it altogether. Does the inflammation response ever have a useful physiological purpose?

submitted by /u/some_neanderthal
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Can a black hole support a solar system?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 04:55 AM PST

Lets assume that the black hole had the same mass as our sun, and was "somehow" suddenly swapped in place of our sun.

Given the same mass, would the gravity, and thus the stability of the solar system remain the same?

And as a fun aside, would it be at all possible for this new solar system to support any type of life?

submitted by /u/bizzehdee
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What's the difference between rod-shaped and bacilli-shaped bacteria?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 09:05 AM PST

I often see the terms bacilli and rod-shaped used interchangebly or one is preferred over the other - but why? Are they really the same? Or is "rod-shaped" used more often to distinguish between Bacillus? Or am I just being stupid?

submitted by /u/Aristo_socrates
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Why does human perception seem to follow a logarithmic scale?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 07:57 AM PST

Sunday, December 30, 2018

Why is the gravitational constant, a value that is fundemental to so many fields of science, only know to within 4 significant digits? What about this figure is so intrinsically difficult to measure?

Why is the gravitational constant, a value that is fundemental to so many fields of science, only know to within 4 significant digits? What about this figure is so intrinsically difficult to measure?


Why is the gravitational constant, a value that is fundemental to so many fields of science, only know to within 4 significant digits? What about this figure is so intrinsically difficult to measure?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 06:17 AM PST

According to the wikipedia page, the gravitational constant is " known with some certainty to within four significant digits". What is it that prevents us from getting a more accurate calculation of this value?

submitted by /u/Math-Code-Love
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Why do fluorescent and phosphorescent materials emit photons of lower energy than they absorbed?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 05:58 AM PST

Intuitively, that makes sense. But if an electron absorbs a photon by being excited into a higher-energy orbital, and it emits a photon by "falling" down to its original orbital, should it not then emit a photon with the same amount of energy as the one absorbed?

Mechanistically, where in the process is the energy lost?

submitted by /u/Roswalpg
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How do Einstein-Rosen bridges help us reconcile the AMPS black hole complementary paradox?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 01:06 AM PST

I hope my title is sufficient. Its hard to sum all this up in one question.

I've been watching a bunch of Leonard Susskind lectures on YouTube. The questions I have come up in several of the videos, but this one seems to have all the elements that I'm confused by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBPpRqxY8Uw

1) At the 17 minute mark, he starts talking about entanglement of space in a vacuum (https://youtu.be/OBPpRqxY8Uw?t=1028). He draws a vertical line to represent a divide between two adjacent areas of space. He then draws little circles on the left and right side ("cells") and talks about how the circle on the left is entangled with the circle on the right. Later at minute 21, he starts talking about how the entanglement holds space together. Ok, so the entanglement is holding the left cell to the right cell... but what is holding the left cell to the cell below it or above it? It feels like we have a bunch of chain links, and we keep making little groupings of two. But we aren't forming a fabric of any sort.... just a bunch of tiny chains of length 2. Wouldn't we need more connections? If we allow for 2 connections per link, we could form a long chain. We still don't really have a fabric. For a 2D fabric, it seems like we'd need at least 3 connections per cell. But wouldn't that violate the monogamy of entanglement? Or does that only apply to entangled particles?

(Actually, that principal is what is chaffing at me in all of these questions.)

2) A theme throughout the whole video is an attempt to reconcile the paradox that comes from the AMPS thought experiment. Specifically, it is to address the problem when we create entangled particles, feed one particle to black hole A and one to black hole B, and then consider what is happening at the event horizon of either black hole. If we consider a particle inside the event horizon but at the edge, then it should be entangled with a particle just outside the event horizon. But that particle is already entangled with a particle in the other black hole. Hence the paradox. His solution is to say that it isn't actually three particles, but two. And he uses an Einstein-Rosen bridge to reconcile how we seemingly have 1 particle in two different places. But what I can't understand is that we fed both of our original entangled particles to the black holes. So they both went past the event horizon. Yet we have one entangled particle outside the event horizon. How did it get out? Presumably it never went in, but we specifically built our two black holes from these particles. The starting premise of our thought experiment is that they are both inside the event horizon.

3) Why do we treat the two black holes as if they are one giant entangled particle? This seems to be problematic if we change the way we build our black holes. We start as normal creating entangled particles and putting one into black hole A and the other into black hole B. But now lets create more pairs, putting one into black hole B and the other into a new black hole: C. Ignoring the question of what is happening at the event horizon and just considering the entangled particles in each black hole, this situation seems fine as long as you consider each pair of particles individually. You have a bunch of tiny Einstein-Rosen bridges between each entangled pair. But if we consider the black holes as a whole and try to build a large Einstein-Rosen bridge, we run into that pesky monogamy of entanglement problem again.

I should mention that while I'm an enthusiast, I'm a novice. I understand only the most basic of the math behind all of this.

If you've made it this far, thank you for sticking with me. And if you have input, thank you for your help!

submitted by /u/ibn4n
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Does the buildup of massive cities (NYC, Dubai, etc.) impact the wobble / axis of Earth in any discernible way?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 07:23 AM PST

Whats the difference between cAMP and the IP3-DAG pathway?

Posted: 30 Dec 2018 03:15 AM PST

I'm actually confused. I know that both are G protein coupled receptor pathways. This is my understanding:

Activation of the Gs protein causes activation of adenyl cyclase, which causes cAMP levels in the cell to increase, which caused calcium influx.

Activation of another Gs protein causes activation of the phospholipase pathway and caused IP3-DAG, which causes calcium influx.

Is my understanding correct?

submitted by /u/HouhoinKyoma
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Is the percentage of people born with Autism higher than it used to be?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:39 PM PST

It seems like you hear about people being born with Autism more and more.

Is there of an actual increase in the percentage of people being born with autism, or do you just hear about it more because of increased population size, social media/discussion, improved diagnosis criteria, higher quality of medical care, decreased childhood mortality rates, etc.?

If there has been an increase, do we know the reason(s)?

I guess this could be asked about any condition. Just curious about Autism.

Not sure what to flair this, so sorry if it's incorrectly flaired.

submitted by /u/Ballistic_Turtle
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How do climate scientists isolate human activity from other factors that may contribute to climate change?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:50 PM PST

Is there good reason that the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is so popular?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:40 PM PST

The underlying issue I'm having is that science is terrific at not giving anything value without evidence, but I hear about the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics all the time.

So I'm wondering first, is there some conceivable method of testing this someday that I'm not aware of? I get that it's only an interpretation, and could explain what we see in a way, but I worry that this interpretation is just a lot of fun and that's what's making it popular.

Second, let's assume we could devise some experiment, and it turned out that everything that could happen indeed does, what could we do with this knowledge? Or maybe that's not even possible to speculate about.

submitted by /u/squeth
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How does the current extinction rate compare to previous mass extinction events?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 08:49 PM PST

How does the eye actually turn photons into signals in our brain? What's the physical process that allows that to happen?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 10:18 AM PST

What about rabies makes it to where a blood test cannot determine if an animal or person is infected?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 09:42 AM PST

Can you convert a 2D movie to 3D?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:02 PM PST

I just saw The Polar Express in 3D and was surprised that such an old movie would be animated with 3D in mind. Is there some kind of process to convert 2D footage into 3D?

submitted by /u/Legate_Invictus
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With the Flu vaccine only able to target a few strains and subject to mutation during production, is there a reason why anti-virals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are not used as an option for annual flu preventative?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 01:14 PM PST

Why does coming into contact with a dangerous substance like di-methyl-mercury kill you?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 01:45 PM PST

How is the charge of an electron measured as accurately as it is?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 09:56 AM PST

I roughly understand how the milikan oil drop experiment showed how electric charge was quantized, but how was the experiment able to differentiate such small amounts of charge? How has the measurement of the elementary charge improved since then?

submitted by /u/yesireallyamthatdumb
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What is the genetic origin of a “house cat?”

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:00 AM PST

Domesticated dogs are genetically identical to grey wolves. What kind of feline do domesticated cats come from?

submitted by /u/Elmerthe3rd
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Do chickens or other birds have unique “voices”?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 06:53 AM PST

I'm curious about a unique identifiable pitch or trait in their cluck

submitted by /u/Sramirez91
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How do we develop nonstandard mapping motor skills, such as when moving a computer mouse to rotate in a pan-based 3d FPS game, and how does this differ from standard mapping?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:59 AM PST

I'm not sure if the question makes sense... But if you imagine playing an FPS game and how you are rotating in a 3d, pan-based environment to aim the reticle (which I understand to be nonstandard mapping?) - what happens in the brain?

My second question would be: is the brain activity different from the same scenario but instead the cursor orientation happens in a 2d environment such as your desktop?

And the third question: are these visuomotor skills developed differently from "normal" visuomotor skills where you grab an object in real life or shoot a real gun at a target?

submitted by /u/CHADLETKING
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If space time / the universe is actually curved, is there evidence that the furthest galaxies we can see are not actually our own galaxy or that we are simply looking back on ourselves?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 12:00 PM PST

I've often heard that we need to think of ourselves as residing on the surface of a balloon that is expanding ever outward and that the universe is not actually a straight line. So if what we peer out at the universe in what we perceive is a straight line, how do we know that at some point that light hasn't come full circle and that we aren't actually looking at our own galactic neighborhood? Would we even be able to recognize the Milky Way from so far away and among trillions of others?

On a related note, we say that distance galaxies are expanding away from us at rates that defy our current understanding of the universe. Would this not make since if we are expanding away while also observing ourselves expand away from across the cosmos? It seems to me that the rate and/or red shifting would increase proportional to the distance if this were the case, similar to what we are actually observing. What am I missing that would otherwise suggest that this is not actually how the universe works?

submitted by /u/ColoradoPrime
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Saturday, December 29, 2018

What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?

What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?


What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:58 AM PST

All I can really find about this is that "aging adds flavor and gets rid of the alcohol burn" but I would like to know about the actual chemical reactions going on inside the barrel to produce things like whiskey lactones, esters, phenolic compounds etc.
The whiskey before it is put into barrels is just alcohol and water, so what gives?

Also, why can't we find out what the specific compounds are in really expensive bottles of whiskey, synthesize them in a lab, and then mix them with alcohol and water to produce cheaper, exact replicas of the really expensive whiskeys?

submitted by /u/Crowbars2
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What are the downsides to donating a kidney?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:55 PM PST

Does having one kidney work equally as well as having two, or is it slightly worse but still functioning?

Also, are there are any other risks involved (i.e during operation or health complications afterwards)?

submitted by /u/locustontheloose
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Why does the water retract from the shoreline before a tsunami?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 05:21 AM PST

I get thet the water has to come from somewhere, but what force causes the water to move in the opposite direction of the wave before it hits?

submitted by /u/Nordicmoose
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Why does having had a concussion make one ineligible to donate bone marrow?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:13 AM PST

Why not hurl the Parker solar probe into the sun at the end of it's mission instead of letting crash into Venus?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:55 AM PST

I know at the end of the mission, the solar probe is supposed to be crashed into Venus (or so I think). So, if it's just going to be trashed, why not hurl it directly into the sun and continually take measurements and send data so as to see how close to the sun the probe can actually get before all gadgets stop working; it might also give extra data being closer than the other flybys.

I'm a chemist but not an astrophysicist, so I do have much education in this area.

submitted by /u/Need_A_minute
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Does every celestial body (like Planets, stars, satellites, nebula etc) always rotate around their axis? Why do they rotate?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:58 AM PST

Are Europa’s water plumes constantly active? Or do they have periods of being “off”?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:54 AM PST

What mechanism is responsible for competition between different species of mosquito?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 11:02 PM PST

Is there aggression? Do larval populations compete? Is the process merely passive or incidental? Do adult mosquitoes of differing species simply ignore one another?

submitted by /u/ForgottenMajesty
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What exactly happens when you're anesthetized?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 06:14 AM PST

When they anesthetize you for surgery, what's the exact name of the chemical they put in you? It's not just called "local anesthetic" is it? Like is that its actual name or some kind of medical colloquialism? What does it do? To your brain? Your body? What does it feel like? As it settles in, during? After? Will one just feel like they're dreaming? I've heard it looks you're looking down at yourself. What could a person expect?

submitted by /u/Goose420420420
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If earth was on a collision course with a planet 2x our size, would we (our bodies) get sucked up and get hurled towards the other planet due to it's gravitational pull as the planets got closer?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 02:08 AM PST

What if the other planet was the exact same size as earth? Would we be off the ground but in suspension (floating) at some point?

submitted by /u/mfairview
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Can phone microphones record frequencies higher/lower than what is audible to the human ear?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 03:48 AM PST

And can phone speakers play said frequencies?

submitted by /u/dopedude99
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What percentage of the U.S. adult population (18+) is currently on some type of prescription medication?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 02:16 PM PST

First question in title. I'm curious what percentage of the U.S. adult population currently has a valid prescription of any type (antibiotics, pain relief, SSRIs, etc.).

Second question -- what percentage of the U.S. adult population has, at one point in their life, been written a prescription for some reason? (This obviously would be a larger percentage than the first question).

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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Why is proton used in LHC in CERN?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 02:12 AM PST

In CERN scientists are searching for subatomic particles and they smash protons to analyze them. My question is why don't they smash neurons? Aren't there subatomic particles in neutrons? I know neutrons are neutral so it would be hard to accelerate them too much to crash. But are there any specific reason for it? Note: I am historian, so don't take me as Edward Witten while you are giving your answers :)

submitted by /u/FlagellumDeiTR
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Why are atoms with full outermost shells more stable?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 11:05 AM PST

It's always been a given that atoms which have their outermost shells fully occupied are the most stable- but why? What deters the electrons from being lost or gained or shared?

submitted by /u/TheZkiller99
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Does gas from Earth escape through the hole in the ozone layer?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:35 AM PST

What part of the light spectrum is correctly stored on a photo?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 05:19 AM PST

Is the reflected IR and UV light from a photo the same as it would be observed in the real scenario, like visible light? Is there a significant difference in results between digital and analogue photo's?

submitted by /u/zypthora
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If everything was the same, except 1 million years in the past, would we be able to view early universe as we do today?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 03:00 AM PST

Hopefully this title wasn't too confusing, I'll elaborate. If we lived 1 million years in the past, everything the same as it is now with science and technology, would our telescopes be able to see the earliest stages of the universe's creation or would the light not have had enough time to travel to the Earth?

submitted by /u/bombdigie
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Why is the size of a particle collider important? Why can't they just keep letting it travel and speed up over the distance of a solar system, say, before letting the particles collide?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:26 PM PST

How does air friction affect hypersonic flight? How does this relate to the maximum speed of the SR-71 if at all?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 09:17 PM PST

I've been reading several articles about hypersonic weapons as replacements for traditional intercontinental ballistic weapons and had some questions. I had the understanding that the the SR-71 was limited in speed due to air friction heat at about Mach 3. Scramjets are supposed to be able to push Mach 7 and hypersonic weapons pushing Mach 10. Does air friction play into this? Why or why not? If so, how is it designed against?

submitted by /u/mbizjo
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How exactly does “losing” your voice work? What causes it/what is it?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 07:37 AM PST