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Saturday, December 29, 2018

What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?

What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?


What kind of reactions are taking place inside the barrel of whiskey to give it such a large range of flavours?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:58 AM PST

All I can really find about this is that "aging adds flavor and gets rid of the alcohol burn" but I would like to know about the actual chemical reactions going on inside the barrel to produce things like whiskey lactones, esters, phenolic compounds etc.
The whiskey before it is put into barrels is just alcohol and water, so what gives?

Also, why can't we find out what the specific compounds are in really expensive bottles of whiskey, synthesize them in a lab, and then mix them with alcohol and water to produce cheaper, exact replicas of the really expensive whiskeys?

submitted by /u/Crowbars2
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What are the downsides to donating a kidney?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:55 PM PST

Does having one kidney work equally as well as having two, or is it slightly worse but still functioning?

Also, are there are any other risks involved (i.e during operation or health complications afterwards)?

submitted by /u/locustontheloose
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Why does the water retract from the shoreline before a tsunami?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 05:21 AM PST

I get thet the water has to come from somewhere, but what force causes the water to move in the opposite direction of the wave before it hits?

submitted by /u/Nordicmoose
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Why does having had a concussion make one ineligible to donate bone marrow?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:13 AM PST

Why not hurl the Parker solar probe into the sun at the end of it's mission instead of letting crash into Venus?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 07:55 AM PST

I know at the end of the mission, the solar probe is supposed to be crashed into Venus (or so I think). So, if it's just going to be trashed, why not hurl it directly into the sun and continually take measurements and send data so as to see how close to the sun the probe can actually get before all gadgets stop working; it might also give extra data being closer than the other flybys.

I'm a chemist but not an astrophysicist, so I do have much education in this area.

submitted by /u/Need_A_minute
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Does every celestial body (like Planets, stars, satellites, nebula etc) always rotate around their axis? Why do they rotate?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:58 AM PST

Are Europa’s water plumes constantly active? Or do they have periods of being “off”?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:54 AM PST

What mechanism is responsible for competition between different species of mosquito?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 11:02 PM PST

Is there aggression? Do larval populations compete? Is the process merely passive or incidental? Do adult mosquitoes of differing species simply ignore one another?

submitted by /u/ForgottenMajesty
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What exactly happens when you're anesthetized?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 06:14 AM PST

When they anesthetize you for surgery, what's the exact name of the chemical they put in you? It's not just called "local anesthetic" is it? Like is that its actual name or some kind of medical colloquialism? What does it do? To your brain? Your body? What does it feel like? As it settles in, during? After? Will one just feel like they're dreaming? I've heard it looks you're looking down at yourself. What could a person expect?

submitted by /u/Goose420420420
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If earth was on a collision course with a planet 2x our size, would we (our bodies) get sucked up and get hurled towards the other planet due to it's gravitational pull as the planets got closer?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 02:08 AM PST

What if the other planet was the exact same size as earth? Would we be off the ground but in suspension (floating) at some point?

submitted by /u/mfairview
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Can phone microphones record frequencies higher/lower than what is audible to the human ear?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 03:48 AM PST

And can phone speakers play said frequencies?

submitted by /u/dopedude99
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What percentage of the U.S. adult population (18+) is currently on some type of prescription medication?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 02:16 PM PST

First question in title. I'm curious what percentage of the U.S. adult population currently has a valid prescription of any type (antibiotics, pain relief, SSRIs, etc.).

Second question -- what percentage of the U.S. adult population has, at one point in their life, been written a prescription for some reason? (This obviously would be a larger percentage than the first question).

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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Why is proton used in LHC in CERN?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 02:12 AM PST

In CERN scientists are searching for subatomic particles and they smash protons to analyze them. My question is why don't they smash neurons? Aren't there subatomic particles in neutrons? I know neutrons are neutral so it would be hard to accelerate them too much to crash. But are there any specific reason for it? Note: I am historian, so don't take me as Edward Witten while you are giving your answers :)

submitted by /u/FlagellumDeiTR
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Why are atoms with full outermost shells more stable?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 11:05 AM PST

It's always been a given that atoms which have their outermost shells fully occupied are the most stable- but why? What deters the electrons from being lost or gained or shared?

submitted by /u/TheZkiller99
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Does gas from Earth escape through the hole in the ozone layer?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 04:35 AM PST

What part of the light spectrum is correctly stored on a photo?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 05:19 AM PST

Is the reflected IR and UV light from a photo the same as it would be observed in the real scenario, like visible light? Is there a significant difference in results between digital and analogue photo's?

submitted by /u/zypthora
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If everything was the same, except 1 million years in the past, would we be able to view early universe as we do today?

Posted: 29 Dec 2018 03:00 AM PST

Hopefully this title wasn't too confusing, I'll elaborate. If we lived 1 million years in the past, everything the same as it is now with science and technology, would our telescopes be able to see the earliest stages of the universe's creation or would the light not have had enough time to travel to the Earth?

submitted by /u/bombdigie
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Why is the size of a particle collider important? Why can't they just keep letting it travel and speed up over the distance of a solar system, say, before letting the particles collide?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 10:26 PM PST

How does air friction affect hypersonic flight? How does this relate to the maximum speed of the SR-71 if at all?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 09:17 PM PST

I've been reading several articles about hypersonic weapons as replacements for traditional intercontinental ballistic weapons and had some questions. I had the understanding that the the SR-71 was limited in speed due to air friction heat at about Mach 3. Scramjets are supposed to be able to push Mach 7 and hypersonic weapons pushing Mach 10. Does air friction play into this? Why or why not? If so, how is it designed against?

submitted by /u/mbizjo
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How exactly does “losing” your voice work? What causes it/what is it?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 07:37 AM PST

Friday, December 28, 2018

Why does string theory require eleven dimensions?

Why does string theory require eleven dimensions?


Why does string theory require eleven dimensions?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 04:25 PM PST

In 3-phase AC, what is the actual motion of electrons?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 02:33 AM PST

I understand that AC is electrons "wiggling" rather than flowing.

But what about multiple phases of AC?

Does it simply mean they wiggle faster in the same space of time, or each wiggle is stronger or farther, or are they performing some more complex motion, or is something else happening?

submitted by /u/ten_mile_river
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Why do arctic climates often have days where night is warmer than day?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 11:34 PM PST

I just looked at the weather for McMurdo Station in Antarctica and Longyearbyen in Svalbard, and this upcoming week has many consecutive days where it is 3C warmer at night. How is this possible?

My guess is that the sun loses much of its influence on the daily weather cycles, and that wind and sea currents become more influential.

submitted by /u/lax_incense
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How does regenerative braking recharge the battery in an electric car or motorcycle?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 07:26 PM PST

Why does dispersion need to be accounted for even in single mode fiber?

Posted: 28 Dec 2018 03:38 AM PST

Light of different wavelengths travel at different speeds through glass, like a glass fiber. In a single mode fiber there's only one wavelength going through at any given time. Both the transmitter and receiver (should) know the wavelength so why does there need to be dispersion compensation?

submitted by /u/lion342
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What leads to transformer explosions emitting the colors they do? (i.e. green or blue vs red)

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 06:50 PM PST

Here in NYC, the sky was glowing a light bluish color 4 hours after sunset when a transformer blew up in a nearby neighborhood.

submitted by /u/GigaRebyc
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Which is the furthest star we can see with our naked eye? How does that compare with the size of the milky way?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 07:46 PM PST

Do asteroids that are rich in ferromagnetic materials change trajectory significantly because of the earth's magnetic field?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 11:08 AM PST

Why does lightning occur when a volcano erupts?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 05:30 PM PST

Does blood clot when you die?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 02:30 PM PST

Say you're hunting a deer and you fatally wound it, would the bleeding stop like it normally would, if the wound wasn't fatal?

submitted by /u/wilsonmack13
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How can we tell that we are moving in space?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 04:50 PM PST

I read that we travel 300 miles a second. That old of course include the sun I would figure. How do we know this. I mean I can understand and see that we know the earth moves around the sun, and I guess I can wrap my head around that we move around the galaxy too... I think I can at least sure but I mean how do we know that we are actually moving?

Further more what tells us that we (the galaxy) is actually moving and not that just everything else is.

Lastly if we are moving, why do we not see evidence of it like we so with comets? Shouldn't sun flares be longer on the side opposite the direction that it is moving too, as well as shorter on the outwardly facing side (the side that is facing into its forward direction?

submitted by /u/Licalottapuss
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How does that brain physically recall memories?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 08:24 AM PST

Example when we recall a name previously forgotten" what are physical, cellular, and biochemical changes that occur in that instant that allow us to remember?

submitted by /u/Slampig1
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Is it possible to simulate simplest, smallest life form on a molecular level?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 12:01 PM PST

Its difficult to create simplest life form physically in the lab, are we currently capable of doing it on supercomputers?

submitted by /u/smusamashah
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Is the plane of the Suns orbit around the galactic center the same as the plane of the planets orbit around the Sun ? If so when in the cycle of the earths orbit are we in the front of the Sun's path.

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 12:33 PM PST

Is there a Relationship between LDL Cholesterol and risk of CVD/atherosclerosis?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 04:39 PM PST

Not sure if this belongs here, and I apologize if it doesn't.

Over the holiday I had a conversation with someone who claimed that they had read some recent medical studies that claims there is no relationship between LDL Cholesterol and CVD (Cardiovascular Diseases) and/or atherosclerosis and that all past studies were wrong in that they were citing a flawed study that proved it. I am very ignorant of this topic so I was unable to respond with any meaningful counter arguments. Another person (second year nursing student) joined the conversation and retorted that there was plenty of evidence for the relationship between LDL-C and CVD.

I was under the impression that the relationship of high LDL-C and CDV was common knowledge and that high levels of LDL-C was bad. I began my own research and found one article that clearly supports the first person's position but was unable to find conclusive evidence for the opposite (that high level of LDL-C contributes to higher risk of CVD).

My two questions are:

1.) Is there any reliable sources (articles, studies, journals, etc) that would support the position that high levels of LDL-C are bad in that they contribute to a higher risk of CVD?

2.) where is the best place for me to research and find these studies on my own besides google scholar.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Chanchitovilla
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What is the space between the tectonic plates like? Is it hot? Cold? Flooded with water? How big are the divides at their widest points?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 09:07 AM PST

Is there evidence that other planets undergo plate tectonics similar to earth?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 02:58 PM PST

Why does ice stick to a metal spoon?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 11:06 AM PST

What's the difference between glass and crystal?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 03:21 PM PST

How was the first nucleic acid formed?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 06:54 AM PST

Hi, I recently read online that the initial experiment about how the first nucleic acid was formed was tampered with (I think it was watson and kirk) where they showed the conditions that were during that time period and tried to recreate that experiment but it didnt show the nucleic acid being formed. Since it is the basis for all evolution I want to ask how do we know or hypothesize how it was formed since all of the later experiments use Watson&Kirk as their starting point

submitted by /u/deadshot92
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How does acid rain causes marble monuments to undergo discoloration?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 10:24 AM PST

If white marble is calcium carbonate and acid rain is sulphuric and nitric acid, their reaction will give us calcium sulphate and calcium nitrate as products both of which are white in color. Then where is the discoloration coming from. Please explain with equations.

submitted by /u/6inc
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Thursday, December 27, 2018

How does a zygote transcribe its DNA initially given that RNA Polymerase is a protein and has to be transcripted and translated to form? Would it use cytoplasmic egg RNA Polymerase then change to use the zygote RNA polymerase?

How does a zygote transcribe its DNA initially given that RNA Polymerase is a protein and has to be transcripted and translated to form? Would it use cytoplasmic egg RNA Polymerase then change to use the zygote RNA polymerase?


How does a zygote transcribe its DNA initially given that RNA Polymerase is a protein and has to be transcripted and translated to form? Would it use cytoplasmic egg RNA Polymerase then change to use the zygote RNA polymerase?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 01:53 PM PST

Has the invent of traffic tracking/auto rerouting in modern satnav/mobile phone navigation systems caused a demonstrable difference in traffic levels from say 15 years ago?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 12:42 AM PST

Is another earthquake less likely to happen after an earthquake?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 08:12 AM PST

Hello. I live in Catania (Sicily) and we had 2 earthquakes in 2 days. The first one was very weak and short but the other one was quite powerful and it lasted for ~10 seconds (magnitude 4.8 I believe).

I'd think that after an earthquake most of the energy would be released, making another one less likely to happen, though that doesn't seem to be correct as in my case it just got stronger.

I definitely don't want to die crushed by a building, so yeah. Should I expect another one coming soon?

submitted by /u/cckcamel
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What is the actual science behind our estimate of the age of the earth? What is the tolerance and how was it arrived at?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 10:50 PM PST

Background: I'm a pure mathematics and theoretical physics major so I am very attuned to my side of science, but i'm afraid I am almost completely ignorant about other aspects. (Geology, biology, ecology, paleontology)

I grew up in a Southern Baptist home and was homeschooled up through junior year of high school so although I have tried to actually learn as much science outside of physics as I could, there are still huge gaps left from my parents erroneous beliefs. The biggest one is the age of Earth as they raised me a young-earther. (I'm a staunch atheist now, but would like to be better apologisist for the sciences outside my direct purview.

submitted by /u/TheVicariousVillian
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Why are the blades on wind turbines so long?

Posted: 27 Dec 2018 07:36 AM PST

I have a small understanding of how wind turbines work, but if the blades were shorter wouldn't they spin faster creating more electricity? I know there must be a reason they're so big I just don't understand why

submitted by /u/chesterSteihl69
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Do field lines compress on a quickly moving magnet like air waves on a jet?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 11:04 AM PST

Can a magnet break the 'magnet' barrier like a plane breaking the sound barrier?

submitted by /u/Nwilde1590
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Does every gene have a promoter and enhancer?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 10:43 PM PST

What's the bridge between a photon and an electromagnetic wave?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 03:49 PM PST

In other words, how does one connect the two? Is an EM wave a photon? Is a photon just one wave cycle of an EM wave? If we know the energy of an EM wave could we just divide by hv to get the number of photons?

submitted by /u/ChemAnon2018
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If gravity is the effect of space-time being stretched, wouldn't an object's angular momentum generate gravitational effects?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 11:51 PM PST

I'm thinking mainly of things like planets, stars, and black holes, and how their angular momentum stretches space-time. I'm wondering if this is an explanation for why most things celestial have prograde orbits.

submitted by /u/_Sunny--
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How does "Plan B" work?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 01:47 PM PST

During nuclear fission in uranium, what kind of radioactive rays are emitted? Alpha, Beta or Gamma?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 12:00 PM PST

I have been told that during nuclear fission that uranium releases heat and radioactive rays, but which kind of rays are we talking about?

submitted by /u/nole120
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Before Louis Pasteur discovered diseases were caused by germs, did germophobes or any variation of it exist?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 05:00 AM PST

How do Catalysts reduce the Activation Energy Needed to start a reaction?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 09:13 AM PST

Do "carbon neutrality" measurements of a nation include associated ocean territory?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 09:06 AM PST

I am aware that Bhutan is often quoted as "the world's only carbon sink nation". However I am wondering if this considers the effect of a country's ocean territory.

I know oceans are enormous carbon sinks, especially the southern ocean, so I was wondering if you included ocean then small island nations with high ratios of ocean/land or small nations with a stake in the antarctic land-grab/share might be considered carbon sinks.

I am not challenging Bhutan's status as a carbon sink, I am challenging its status as THE ONLY carbon sink.

submitted by /u/Let-Down
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What exactly is a "vitamin" and what exactly does it do for us?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 05:54 AM PST

I have always wondered this, and have the basic understanding they are type of organic material? But that's as far as it goes and before I launch myself down a wormhole of coffee and curiosity fueled googling, I wanted to ask for a primer from the smart people in the room.

submitted by /u/genmischief
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How long could you survive being in space unprotected?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 10:31 PM PST

Sci fi movies have shown people surviving being in space for various amounts of time, from being killed instantly to being able to survive for a fairly long time. How quickly would being in space with just regular clothing actually kill you?

submitted by /u/muffinsandcheesecake
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Why is hydrogen in group 1 on the periodic table instead of a halogen in group 17?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 10:25 PM PST

It's an extremely reactive nonmetal gas that can form covalent pairs with itself. That sounds like a halogen to me. What am I missing here?

I considered that it's just because it has the one valence electron like the alkali metals, and that's just how the groups are ordered, but then again, boron has 3 valence electrons but is still allowed to sit in group 13 because it shares properties with it's neighbors, so why isn't hydrogen given the same treatment with the halogens?

submitted by /u/farore3
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