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Wednesday, December 26, 2018

Why do electrons form pairs if they repel each other?

Why do electrons form pairs if they repel each other?


Why do electrons form pairs if they repel each other?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 06:45 PM PST

What is it about space-time that limits the speed of causality to something finite?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 06:01 PM PST

The standard answer to why the speed of light is finite usually just boils down to that the speed of causality is finite. Is there a deeper explanation? How does relativity theory calculate this speed?

submitted by /u/yesireallyamthatdumb
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Are there infinite sets of 1-10 that have 4 primes?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 07:46 AM PST

Question is basically what it says, for example, 1-10 has 2,3,5,7. 2081-2090 has 2081,2083,2087,2089. I kind of view shifting the set (say 7:16) as not counting, but maybe it gives a different result that gives infinite groups of 10 with 4 primes?

submitted by /u/shmeerk
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How is symmetry spontaneously broken in superconductors?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 05:50 AM PST

I was reading about how spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs in superconductors and how Nambu proposed that by "breaking the symmetry" you give energy to break apart Cooper electron pairs resulting in giving them mass. I don't really get how this occurs in superconductors.

submitted by /u/MammothTriceps
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Can someone explain what Clausius inequality and clausius theorem is?

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 05:34 AM PST

The theorem says that for a system undergoing a cycle dQ/T=0 While the inequality says dQ/T<=0 Can someone clear it out for me?

submitted by /u/alchemink
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 26 Dec 2018 07:14 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Whats more wasteful..Throwing away plastics and glass or wasting the water to clean them for recycling?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 05:48 PM PST

Do bonobos have any pair bonding, and do males invest in children?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 07:47 AM PST

Do bonobos have any pair bonding, and do males invest in children? I know they aren't monogamous.

submitted by /u/OXIOXIOXI
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If you donate blood with low levels of cholestorol into a body with previously high levels of cholesterol, would there be any discernible effects?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 06:30 AM PST

Do all transistors, regardless of their size, produce the same amount of heat?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 03:38 PM PST

A professor of mine said that all transistors produce the same amount of heat regardless of their size. In other words, if you have two transistors and one is really small (a few atoms) and the other is large (a couple of milimeters), they would produce the same amount of heat. They also stated that this was the reason why there is a limit to how much transistors can be put on a single chip (because it would melt).

Is that true?

submitted by /u/StefanDimeski90
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Did people who existed before electricity was a widespread thing experience the shocks you might get randomly when touching metal? What did they think it was? How do these shocks happen?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 01:07 PM PST

How do we know that our Lagrangian is correct other than just because it works?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 05:55 PM PST

I'm trying to make my way through the course on classical mechanics and while I think I'm fine with understanding what is action and how it leads to E-L equations IF we already have Lagrangian given to us. By given I mean we just assume that it is in a form of L=T-V because it kinda appears to work. I do know that the most commonly presented to me Lagrangian L=T-V holds only in classical mechanics, but I also know that L can be written in different forms to make it usable to work with relativistic physics and also EM fields afaik, so the general idea of Lagrangian can reach much further than just classical mechanics. I have no problem with seeing how it can make descriptions of complicated system much easier and how much freedom in choosing coordinates suitable for different problem symmetries it gives. Yet still all of this doesn't explain what is Lagrangian other than that it's there because it works. It's like saying something along the lines of "it is a function for which action is the smallest and therefore it meets the requirements of least action principle, which can give us CORRECT equation of motion". The longer I try to understand this, the more I fell like there is virtually no reason for Lagrangian to be in any specific form, for example L=T-V for classical mechanics, other than because it works. It seems to me that CORRECT trajectories define Lagrangian, and not the other way around. Function is Lagrangian if it gives us the correct answer... but you have to find another way of verifying that answer. For example going back to Newtonian physics for classical problems, if it gives us the same answer then our function is in fact Lagrangian. We have some tools(action, least action principle and whole calculus), we have some objects which behave the way they please to, taking into consideration vastly different kind of effects and interactions depending what field we currently study. Then we assume that least action principle holds and there must exists some function L which can give us equation of motion based on said principle. Then we notice that for our specific kind of problem, Lagrangian in a specific form tend to work, so we assume it is the correct form and use it to other similar problems?

Am I missing something crucial and fundamental here? Is there any more general property which function must have to be considered Lagrangian other than 'just work'?

submitted by /u/Zychuu
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Physical meaning of matching output impedance to headphone impedance?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 04:49 PM PST

I've repeatedly read that you want an AMP's output impedance to be less than 1/8th the impedance of the headphones connected to it. I don't understand the physical considerations behind this.

Impedance is just the complex ratio between AC voltage and current passing through an element in the circuit. Thus, it measures how much voltage is required to get a current flowing (magnitude) and the phase between these two. However, in all the recommendations I've seen, only the magnitude is considered.

So we start with an AMP of, say, 1 Ohm resistance. Out of it comes a voltage and current that goes straight to the headphones. The headphones also have a given resistance, say 10 Ohm. But from the headphones's perspective, it only cares whether the signal going into it has the right amount of voltage and current. Why does the AMP's resistance matter here? The AMP will take a source of power and produce a suitable current and voltage (which is what the headphones care about), why does it matter what its resistance is?

submitted by /u/quantinuum
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How accurately can we send large objects from the orbit back to earth? with a 100km2 margin of error or..?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 07:05 AM PST

Double Split Experiment: Would you still get an interference pattern with macroscopic objects?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 08:31 AM PST

What would happen if you scaled everything up? For example: instead of firing photons at a small plate with 2 small slits, you go to outer space and launch bowling balls at a giant plate with 2 giant slits.

submitted by /u/Jamessherman
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Are the 'I am not a robot' puzzles for website verification used to train robots?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 05:10 AM PST

If yes, isn't that a problem? If no, why not? (Seems like a great resource for machine learning)

submitted by /u/swift_air
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How does ABE fermentation work?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 10:11 AM PST

Hi! I'm studying ABE fermentation, a process that perduces acetone, butanol and ethanol from glucose. it consists of 4 main steps. glycolysis, chain elongation, acidogenesis and solvengenesis. I understand glycosis, but the other steps are lacking in good internet resources. would some please explain these steps? Just a general description of enzymes and reactions would be great, but references for detailed mechanisms would be even greater. thanks in advanced!

submitted by /u/Springo1808
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How are price-inelastic markets caused and do these markets and their condtions benefit or harm anyone?

Posted: 25 Dec 2018 05:52 AM PST

Tuesday, December 25, 2018

Why do dogs tilt their heads when curious / confused?

Why do dogs tilt their heads when curious / confused?


Why do dogs tilt their heads when curious / confused?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 09:27 PM PST

Can the speed of light be theoretically calculated using quantum mechanics?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 08:43 PM PST

I know the speed of light can be accurately predicted from Maxwell's equations, is there a mathematical way to arrive at the speed of light another way? Can you do it using quantum mechanics?

submitted by /u/yesireallyamthatdumb
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How do we know the age of the universe?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 09:01 PM PST

And due to time dilation, does that mean that some parts of the universe are "younger" than others?

submitted by /u/AtLeastIHaveJob
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Are there any animals that don’t fit easily into a group (mammals, birds, etc)?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 07:30 PM PST

Like a mammal that lays eggs or a bird that's cold blooded? Obviously that's pretty extreme. But are there any animals whose group is debated?

I find it kinda of amazing that in the process of evolution and natural selection, these groups would be so distinct and animals fit so well in them.

submitted by /u/ChuckSRQ
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How does luminosity scale with human perception of brightness?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 10:17 PM PST

Bear with me; I'm struggling with the terms involved. I can find some information on this question concerning the use of apparent magnitude in astronomy. But I'm having a hard time comparing apparent (and absolute) magnitudes with SI units for luminosity and such.

Say I step into a closed room with a single light source that's a fixed distance from my eye. The light initially appears at the brightness of a "typical" candle. (So that would be one candela? which is 12.57 lumens?) I turn down the brightness until the light is JUST at my limit of perception. How many lumens is it now?

I guess we need to define a distance between the candle and the eye, so let's say 1 meter? I guess the alternative approach here would be to keep the brightness (luminance?) constant and move the candle further away until I can't quite see it. I found an article saying this distance is something like 2.5 km, but I didn't quite follow how they got there and I can't piece together how that relates to the "decrease the brightness" approach.

Ultimately it's about the number of photons hitting your eye, so distance means less flux. I get that much very well. There's just some link in the chain that I'm getting lost here as I've never worked with these units much.

(And yes, I'm specifically interested in a human eye. I'm aware that these units "filter" light wavelengths so they are weighted based on human perception.)

submitted by /u/jofwu
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Do we know exactly what the atmosphere was composed of when cyanobacteria producing oxygen 2.7-2.8bya?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 08:58 PM PST

What is the minimum velocity an electron needs to escape through a vacuum after entering the conduction band of the metal electrode?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 12:05 PM PST

Why does fish decay faster (and smellier) than meat?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 01:06 AM PST

It looks like fish ---and i don't mean just zoological Fish, but seafood, sea dwellers in general, including mollusks, shrimps, urchins etc--- rots a lot sooner than land animals flesh.

It is as if the bacteria responsible of the decay in the dry find, in anything that has grown in water, their absolute favourite food.

Is there a reason for this?

submitted by /u/itsmemarcot
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Have any species followed an evolutionary path like cetaceans, only to revert to land-dwelling?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 11:00 PM PST

Monday, December 24, 2018

How did the physiology of the horse change once we started riding them?

How did the physiology of the horse change once we started riding them?


How did the physiology of the horse change once we started riding them?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 07:46 AM PST

[Zoology] I recently learned that giraffes don't have the ability to cough. How do they survive when they get a bolus or some water stuck in their esophagus?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 09:26 PM PST

Apparently it is due to their long neck, which seems to be an evolutionary glitch to me. I would assume they are in even more danger of restriction to their windpipes. Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/FlammableFishy
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If you asked me if I had read a particular book, I could tell you instantly. However, if you asked me to list all the books I'd read, I'd not be able to recall them all - why is this?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 05:06 AM PST

How do we precisely know how much gravitational force an object like a planet or a moon exerts on a satellite that is using it for a gravitational boost?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 02:44 AM PST

How do we actually know how much mass a planet or moon has? Wouldnt its make up be kind of a complete ball park, therefore its mass be just a guess? Therefore its gravitational force be sort of a ballpark? But then how can we use it precisely?

submitted by /u/MyNameIsGladiat0r
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What factors cause/increase the chance of rain?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 04:34 AM PST

I am a student studying software and im playing around with a simple machine learning library. I want to create a small program that can predict if it is raining or not by looking at a list of numerical attributes that may suggest rainfall. Im dont have much knowledge of meteorology, what atmospherical attributes am i looking for? (things such as high humidity % or high pressure)

thanks

submitted by /u/tom2kk
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How do you accurately calculate an azimuth between faraway countries?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 02:43 AM PST

Hi, reddit! I am a travelling Network engineer about to travel to Poznan, Poland for work. Before leaving I wanted to give my son a compass because I thought it would be cool for him to be able to tell which direction I was. I started to do the math to calculate the azimuth between my (aprox) home and my (aprox) work location but I ran into some unexpected problems. I used online tools to help calculate, but all of them give impossible answers when I run the numbers.

EX. lat,lon: 16.9, 52.4 (Poznan, Poland) and -81.2, 33.9 (Columbia, South Carolina)

if I run the numbers with a standard azimuth calculator like: https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1317262499

then the answer I get is somewhere around 298 degrees in the northwest! I would expect some small margin of error, but results like this seem nonsensical. Can someone with more experience in this area help me find where I am going wrong?

submitted by /u/alexanderj1991
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Are atoms with a high electron count more likely to form bonds with other atoms because their valence electrons are far away from the nucleus?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 06:38 AM PST

Do our ears adjust when listening to very quiet sounds?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 06:36 AM PST

More specifically, is there a change that happens to our ears akin to pupils dilating in low light in order for quieter sounds (or sounds of different frequencies) to be picked up?

submitted by /u/AdamxKH
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Is psychopathy considered a binary diagnosis or is it seen as a spectrum?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 07:36 AM PST

Basically, could a person who displays a lack of empathy for the most part but displays genuine empathy in certain situations be accurately diagnosed as a psychopath?

submitted by /u/Flumper
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After a critical point, in language acquisition, babies can no longer acquire new phonemes. Is it possible for a baby to acquire phonemes in a language, and use these skills to be able to pronounce phonemes in other languages as they get older?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 07:28 AM PST

For example, if a baby were to learn a language (lets call it gibberish#1) that has every phoneme+more of another language (gibberish#2) could that baby learn gibberish#2 and speak it without an accent, having acquired all the required phonemes for gibberish#2 when they learned gibberish#1?

submitted by /u/TheMetaphorer
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How does the human metabolism change in response to morbid obesity?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 05:35 PM PST

Are these changes permanent?

submitted by /u/MMMojoBop
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Were there changing seasons at all during the ice age, or was it like a long, harsh monotonous winter?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 02:54 AM PST

What is the purpose of homosexual interaction between animals?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 05:13 AM PST

I recently learned that about 90% of sexual interactions between giraffes happen between males. This surprised me, since I'd always assumed that homosexuality was a... genetic mutation that got passed down sparingly over time and was only ever present in a minority of a species? (not really sure about any of this tbh)
Yet, giraffes and I assume some other animals seem to disprove this idea.
Does this mean that homosexuality is actually useful in some way and (in some species) gets passed down a lot despite its nature? Are the animals in species that are prone to homosexual behaviour truly homosexual or rather just bisexual or something else entirely? Can the sexual interaction that happens between animals of the same sex be equated to the one with breeding purposes or is it rather a social interaction with some other type of purpose?

submitted by /u/SlimyFrog7
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What kind of soil and atmosphere analysis do Mars rovers do to test for extinct and extant life?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 05:00 AM PST

What automated tests take place on these rovers to search for extinct and extant life?

submitted by /u/_avp_
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What is the difference between Tinea Versicolour & Pityraisis Versicolour?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 04:41 AM PST

In theory, have no two events ever occurred at the exact same time (because time can be broken down into infinitely smaller units)?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 05:16 PM PST

Why do you taste things much sweeter as an adult than as a child?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 10:34 PM PST

Why when someone eats a sweet thing from their childhood, it does taste much sweeter than what you recall as a kid?

submitted by /u/angry_pinata73
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How large is Earths temperate orbital butterzone?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 03:08 AM PST

So, life on this planet is somewhat delicate. We are placed at the exact spot around a star the exact size necessary to support life on this planet and seemingly this planet alone. How large is the butterzone of this exact orbit? Would we have to move hundreds of thousands of miles in or out just to change 1 degree or is it one of those "3 asteroid strikes and you are out of bounds" kinda things?

submitted by /u/TheStreetForce
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When your body gets used to cold water, does it perceive it as a warmer temperature or does it just become less sensitive to the cold?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 03:03 AM PST

A UFC fighter was recently revealed to have trace amounts of a steroid in his system. Authorities in the UFC and USADA said that they’re from the last time he got busted and a redditor attempted to debunk this theory, could someone have trace amounts of Turinabol 18 months after use?

Posted: 24 Dec 2018 03:00 AM PST

How does a microwave melt butter?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 11:01 PM PST

Everything I've ever seen says that microwaves work by spinning water molecules, taking advantage of the fact that they're polar. If I put a stick of butter in a bowl and microwave it, it will melt, but butter is not polar as far as I know. So how does the microwave heat it?

submitted by /u/NastyDad
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Why do atoms not seem to bond in a "closed circuit" type structure?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 02:23 PM PST

Not sure if I'm wording that right. Just recently started reading online about physics and chemistry. I have lot of questions but one that I asked in highschool and never got a satisfying answer from my teacher was why o3 (ozone) doesnt make a triangle like bond within itself and has a single bond double bond thing going on. Like o=o-o rather than 3 single bonds in which all the atoms share a bond with each other. Please help.

submitted by /u/myhamsareburnin
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How does speed affect time in our galaxy that is flying through space and spinning around a SMBH?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 09:44 PM PST

From my understanding the faster you travel the slow time "tics" for you. Does that mean that time depends on how fast your host galaxy is traveling through the universe?

submitted by /u/MyNameIsDrewp
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Does your current level of health and fitness dictate the genes passed on to your kids? Like can I get really fit and then have a baby to pass on those traits, or similarly if I got really fat and then had a baby would it be more likely to inherit those unhealthy traits? Or is it all predetermined?

Posted: 23 Dec 2018 03:37 PM PST