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Saturday, December 15, 2018

What are the simplest animals that sleep? Amoebas? Hydras? Water Bears? Zooplankton? Or what?

What are the simplest animals that sleep? Amoebas? Hydras? Water Bears? Zooplankton? Or what?


What are the simplest animals that sleep? Amoebas? Hydras? Water Bears? Zooplankton? Or what?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 10:18 PM PST

Do unvaccinated people pose a danger to vaccinated people? Why or why not?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 07:32 PM PST

Disclaimer: I am vaccinated, and all for vaccinations, I underatand the importance of them fully. I overheard a coworker the other day say he didn't agree with forcing people to be vaccinated because the only pose a risk to themselves by not being vaccinated. I just want a way to rebutle his claim in a rationale way, or just to understand better myself. Thanks!

submitted by /u/UncleGreggers
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How different was plant life during the time of the dinosaurs vs now?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 09:10 PM PST

I would think there were more trees and CO2 consuming plant life than there is now, but are there any records or evidence that details how much more abundant it was?

submitted by /u/Ramher_Jamher
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Aren’t all animals part of the carbon cycle?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 05:17 AM PST

How does farming of cows and other animals affect global warming? I understand that they produce methane which is more harmful than CO2 but isn't all the carbon just recycled in the end? Say if the number of animals in the world was held constant wouldn't we reach an equilibrium of CO2 in the atmosphere?

submitted by /u/tummmmmar
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Can specific freckles/moles and their locations on the body be hereditary?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 09:15 PM PST

I know that having freckles vs not having freckles is genetic, but what about single specific freckles? My mother and I have a freckle on the exact same spot of our bodies. Not a tiny freckle, but a dark and distinct one that makes it seem like more than a fluke. Same goes with my father's side. My grandfather has a small mole on his face and my father has one that's the same size in the exact same spot. I also have this mole except maybe an inch down from where theirs are.

submitted by /u/celestialvx
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Why doesn't cholesterol build up in places other than the heart and brain?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 07:19 AM PST

I never hear about someone losing an arm, leg, liver or kidney due to buildup. It's always in the heart or brain...why is that?

submitted by /u/Lyuseefur
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When we wake up for a minute in the middle of the night, do we end our sleep cycle and start a new one?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 04:18 PM PST

So let's say you wake up in the 3rd stage even if only for a minute and you sleep in again, do you continue with the 3rd/4th stage or do you start all over again?

submitted by /u/MyLaneBeLike
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How conductive is plasma, relative to something like copper or salt water?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 12:06 AM PST

I remember listening to a sciencey song with the line '[in plasma] electrons are free' and I'm wondering if that means it is very conductive like other substances with delocalised electrons.

submitted by /u/edweirdoE
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How accurate are modern IQ tests in measuring intelligence? What type of stuff do they measure, is it more right-brain or left-brain? And can someone with a high IQ be bad at certain basic things, e.g. spelling, remembering where he/she put his keys? What’s the best way to measure intelligence?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 02:41 AM PST

Do cephalopods, e.g. squids, octopuses, have a dominant tentacle/arm similar to humans having dominant hands/feet?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 06:49 AM PST

And if yes, is the dominance wired to the left/right side of its body as it is in humans, or can one out of x tentacles be the dominant one, with no respect which half of the body it is on?

submitted by /u/TrebuchetTurtle
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How do we get bacteria in our intestines?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 06:43 AM PST

Main question how the bacteria survive the acidic environment of the stomach and get to the intestine?

I know we have bacteria in our stomach too, most of them are aerobic and an environment in the intestine is anaerobic. Can they change the way they work at will?

submitted by /u/attabey
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Are ants and bees susceptible to diabetes? Why or why not?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 06:26 AM PST

Do organisms living in complete darkness (caves, deep water, underground) have a circadian rhythm? Most organisms do, but does it ever appear in those that have no access to a 24 hr cycle?

Posted: 15 Dec 2018 05:55 AM PST

When is an island an island, and when is it big enough to be "land"?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 02:34 PM PST

Sorry but this stupid question is in my mind since this morning.

submitted by /u/originalusername107
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My toddler likes to play with my glasses, and it got me thinking. How do doctors determine babies need glasses?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:31 PM PST

I'm assuming there is some sort of test, but babies can't tell you if 1 or 2 looks better. So how do they find visual impairment in infants? Is there a drastic difference in a visual test? What about babies who see things just a little blurry, do they slip through the cracks?

submitted by /u/reanqu
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Is atmospheric pressure due to molecular collisions or gravity?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:29 PM PST

On one hand, we are told that pressure in a gas comes from the molecules bouncing against everything and itself and exerting a force against the surfaces they collide with.

On the other hand, we hear that the pressure of the atmosphere comes from the fact that there is so much atmosphere being weighed down above us.

Where is the connection or bridge between these two?

submitted by /u/enzotiger
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If graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms, how would it conduct electricity?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 09:37 PM PST

Essentially asking the mechanics of how graphene conducts electricity. Is it possible to make a super durable/malleable wire/"tape" that can conduct electricity for a cheap price?Any research papers I can dive into too?

submitted by /u/gidude_
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What sound does a kangaroo make? Any at all?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 07:26 PM PST

How is the frequency response of a microphone determined?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:17 PM PST

How do engineers and manufacturers verify that the microphones they produce have a flat frequency response? Wouldn't such verification require a sound transducer that displaces a known volume of air to work over a similar frequency range, or multiple transducers of overlapping frequency bands? Do such standards exist? If so, how are they calibrated?

submitted by /u/Killavolt
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What makes and erupting volcano like the 1883 eruption of Anak-Krakatau loud enough to be heard at great distances?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 08:57 PM PST

Is there a way to create 3D models of small objects, a few cm across, that would be accurate down below a millimeter in resolution?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 02:29 PM PST

I know this is not a direct "science question", but a technical question for scientists/engineers. It is non-hypothetical, closed-ended, with a definite answer, and targeted at the science community at large, so I hope it will not run afoul of sub rules.

Anyway, I am aware of LiDAR used to scan large areas (rooms, buildings, etc), but am not aware of a way to capture a high resolution virtual model of something like a chess piece or acorn that wouldn't cost a million dollars. Is this within our technical capabilities at this time, outside of massive machines like MRIs?

submitted by /u/MomentarySpark
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How does Riemann integration work with hyperreals?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 09:20 PM PST

All the discussions of integration with the hyperreals I've seen prove that the Riemann sum is finite, but not that its standard part is something other than 0. My confusion stems from the fact that the product of any finite number and an infinitesimal is itself an infinitesimal, as is the sum of two infinitesimals. So if we say the Riemann sum Σf(x)dx really is adding a series of numbers that have been multiplied by the infinitesimal dx, it sounds like we would get an infinitesimal result. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/plugubius
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Friday, December 14, 2018

I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?

I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?


I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:22 AM PST

How does a muscle attach to a tendon and how does a tendon attach to a bone?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 08:24 AM PST

Is it physical structures like microscopic hooks/anchors? Some kind of biological "adhesive"?

Edit: Question answered. Several very knowledgeable people have done a great job of explaining that there is no "attachment" rather there is no end between bone/tendon and muscle, they all just merge into each other. Which is pretty amazing when you think about it. Thanks everyone.

submitted by /u/NaughtyFred
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How do water molecules on opposite spokes of a particular flake "know" to reproduce a specific pattern?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:56 AM PST

When groups of animals that use echolocation do so, how are they able to differentiate which sound was theirs? Can a dolphin that’s in the middle of a group pick up on the sound of another dolphin that’s on the outer edge of said group and know exactly what the other dolphin is seeing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:24 AM PST

I was watching Blue Planet and being underwater hearing all of the clicks and whistles the dolphins were using made me wonder if all of the dolphins heard each other. Does one big pod(?) of dolphins make a huge beacon of sonar that allows each dolphin in the group to see what the others are seeing? If not and it's comparable to "how can you tell when your mother or sister calls you?", is it the frequency that each individual dolphin uses to determine which sound was theirs? Can they only hear one frequency at a time? If not, underwater must be so loud...

submitted by /u/smallwhales
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Are nebulae and gas clouds in space dense enough that sound could travel through them?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 06:47 AM PST

I'm basically wondering if in a nebulae you could hear stars being created

submitted by /u/AWellSpokenBully
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Because CO doesn't ever unbind from hemoglobin until the red blood cell dies, wouldn't a blood transfusion be an effective treatment for people who have CO poisoning?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:02 AM PST

Are there limits (low or high) to the frequencies that lasers can emit?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 06:16 AM PST

Do radio receivers draw some power from the radio waves they receive?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 01:30 AM PST

I was thinking about this the other day. When I turn on my car radio, does it actually draw some power from the EM field, weakening it? Can this affect other receivers nearby, making the signal weaker for them?

submitted by /u/IndependentGuy
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Do the effects of dyslexia change depending on the native language of the affected person?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 06:30 AM PST

I was wondering specifically about languages with logographic/syllabic alphabets like Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. The structure of Hangul in particular seems like it would be harder to misspell or misread a character since they are (sorta) like an instruction manual for how to pronounce each individual syllable.

I don't speak any of those languages fluently though so I could be way off base here.

submitted by /u/thelastknowngod
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What are the other differences besides temperature (boiling points etc.) between water and oil that makes water 'boil' food and oil fry?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:10 AM PST

Does an electron jump back down from it's excited state to it's initial state spontaneously or is there a definite interval involved before it jumps back down?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:54 PM PST

If all it takes is moving charges to create a photon does this mean that simply waving a statically charged comb back and forth (or in a circle) is generating photons?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 04:50 PM PST

How were the first atomic clocks calibrated without an existing frequency reference that was fast and accurate enough to measure the frequency stability?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:26 PM PST

We know antennas transmit by oscillating between positively charged and negatively charged rapidly like a sine wave. But what happens if you were to rapidly force a negative charge into an antenna and then discharge it to a neutral and then do it again? What kind of EM wave would that create?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 05:09 PM PST

Pulses? is that even possible?

submitted by /u/Blueninja1000
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Are the signals sent by nerves in our body "digital" or "analog"?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 11:45 AM PST

I've wondered this for a while. Are the signals sent by nerves in our body "digital" meaning that they are simply on or off, or analog, sending an increased signal when more pressure or heat is applied?

If they were digital they'd send "more signal" by simply more nerves being activated.

If they're analog... then what do they look like?

submitted by /u/corrado33
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What happens when two batteries are in parallel?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:24 PM PST

Statistically speaking, how common are sex chromosome variations (eg. XXX, XXY) in the general population?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 05:02 AM PST

For example, in a group of 1000 people how many would have chromosomes other than XX or XY?

submitted by /u/wnokie
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Why does greater Mongolia have so much rare earth metals?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:55 AM PST

Most rare earths (Cerium, Gadolinium, etc.) are mined in Inner Mongolia, and Mongolia proper has a lot of it too. What's so special about the historic Mongol lands that gives them so much of these useful elements?

submitted by /u/SlavophilesAnonymous
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Are String Theory "Fuzzballs" and Loop Quantum Gravity "Plank Stars" the same thing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 12:33 PM PST

If I understand correctly, and I probably don't, they both hypothesize that at and inside the event horizon there is some sort of super dense "material", strings in ST and I don't know what in LQG.

Both seem to solve the information paradox (inside the black hole there is no infinite collapse to a singularity, so information is not lost) and both stay black holes for any far away observer.

Are Fuzzballs == Plank Stars?

submitted by /u/hvgotcodes
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Why do blue stars tend to reside closer to the galactic plane?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 10:21 AM PST

I was recently on the 1000,000 stars site and they showed how blue stars tend to reside closer to the galactic plane. Why is that?

submitted by /u/AGiantRetard
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How does HIV resistance work? Is it similar to antibiotic resistance?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:15 AM PST

In practical terms, if once a type of medicine no longer works against the pathogen, and you change your medicine, and the pathogen develops a new resistance again, and so on... Will it at some point become vulnerable again to your first medicine?

If it's possible to develop resistance to multiple medicines, how is the new pathogen not vulnerable in ways it was not vulnerable before? Isn't picking up an advantageous trait also confer a potential weakness we can exploit? How does evolution and natural selection play out here?

submitted by /u/shivabreakstheworld
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How do scientist knew back in the days when chemical elements were discovered if you had a mono constituent substance?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 01:00 PM PST

How do Biologists Determine what “Normal” is for a New Species?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:50 AM PST

Thursday, December 13, 2018

How did we eradicate Smallpox?

How did we eradicate Smallpox?


How did we eradicate Smallpox?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 02:26 AM PST

How does an entire disease get wiped out? Do all the pathogens that cause the disease go extinct? Or does everyone in the human race become immune to that disease and it no longer has any effect on us? If it's the latter case, can diseases like smallpox and polio come back through mutation?

submitted by /u/HeisenBohr
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Is Dark Time a thing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 06:09 AM PST

I am aware of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. I know that space and time are intertwined. But does that lead to Dark Time or Dark Spacetime?

submitted by /u/badgerprime
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How does an electric arc choose it’s path in air (ex: a lightning bolt or Tesla coil)?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 10:04 PM PST

They all seem so very random, but is there an actual scientific or mathematical equation for the path/arc they create? Or is it just randomly jumping from one molecule to the next?

submitted by /u/TheReiterEffect_S8
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I just heard on NPR that 56 million years ago, the earth was 11 degrees warmer. How do they know this?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 03:29 PM PST

How does my computer precisely know what time it is?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 04:47 PM PST

It seems that even if a global server that is deemed the correct time sent this time to my computer, given latency and network delays, my computer would be working off the old time, without knowing how much to adjust for this delay. I realize you could easily calculate the round trip delay by feeding this same time back to the original computer, and say half it, but this doesn't seem very precise given the up and down legs could have different latencies.

I realize the total variance wouldn't be huge, but still significant when accuracy matters for things like GPS, MLAT calculations, etc.

Enlighten me, please.

submitted by /u/jbbwa
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Why is it that Scanning Tunneling Microscopes are only capable of scanning conductive and semiconductive materials yet Atomic Force Microscopes can scan any sort of material?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 05:24 PM PST

How do modern Gas Mask filters work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 10:51 AM PST

Would it be possible to mitigate / account for the hyperthermia danger of 2,4-Dinitrophenol by simply being in a sufficiently cold environment for the duration of its effect?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 07:53 PM PST

I figure that if it's cold enough you would ordinarily experience hypothermia, it should offset the DNP's effect.

submitted by /u/JellyBellyBitches
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Is there any relation between the laws of thermo dynamics and quantum decoherence?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 07:30 PM PST

Do Insects feel pain the way animals do?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 11:31 AM PST

How does cancer kill?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 01:51 PM PST

I understand what cancer is and how it works. What i'm wondering is how do cancers that are not in organs, like prostate cancer, kill you without spreading to any other body parts?

submitted by /u/noobweeb
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Can a conductor "saturate" in the presence of a strong electric field and become nonconductive?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 09:28 AM PST

It's my understanding that there can be no net electric field inside a conductor. That if a conductor is placed in an electric field, electrons will migrate in the positive direction until the electric field generated by charge displacement cancels the externally applied field.

Is it possible to apply an electric field so intense that all electrons have moved to their limits without canceling the external field? If so, does the conductor no longer conduct?

submitted by /u/NewRelm
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Does alcohol type has any affect on cloud chamber work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 02:55 PM PST

Hello everybody. I'm trying to make myself working cloud chamber (simple scheme: https://imgur.com/a/5mLtIyI). There are 3 wooden walls, front wall is glass. Top is also wooden, with 2 large sponges attached. Bottom is from thick sheet metal which is sealed with silicone to wooden and glass walls.
I tried to experiment with this chamber, I raised the temperature inside with heat gun, then heated sponges and soaked them with ethanol. And closed the lid letting alcohol to evaporate inside the chamber. Then I just placed upper part (box), on dry ice in bottom container lined with styrofoam. I waited a few minutes, but nothing happened. I just saw cloud of, what i presume was just alcohol vapor. But I did't see any traces of particles. And I can't figure out what am I doing wrong. I saw somewhere, that with cloud chamber I should use isoprophylic alcohol, not ethanol. Could this be true?
Or maybe it could rather be matter of tightness of chamber, or too high/low concentration of alcohol vapors?

submitted by /u/Shedog
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What is the difference between real power, complex, average, reactive, and apparent power?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 11:02 AM PST

I think some must be different names for the same things?

submitted by /u/AllWork-NoPlay
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Do different animals interpret smells differently?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 03:17 AM PST

Say, a skunk's spray is stinky to us, but some other creature with a sense of smell may see it as attractive?

submitted by /u/SYwaves
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Do plants replace their cells too? If so, how fast? [Biology]

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 01:21 PM PST