Pages

Friday, December 14, 2018

I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?

I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?


I saw a video of someone breathing in a rag of chloroform and getting instantly knocked out. I don’t think that’s real, but it made me curious. How does chloroform work? And what exactly does it do?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:22 AM PST

How does a muscle attach to a tendon and how does a tendon attach to a bone?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 08:24 AM PST

Is it physical structures like microscopic hooks/anchors? Some kind of biological "adhesive"?

Edit: Question answered. Several very knowledgeable people have done a great job of explaining that there is no "attachment" rather there is no end between bone/tendon and muscle, they all just merge into each other. Which is pretty amazing when you think about it. Thanks everyone.

submitted by /u/NaughtyFred
[link] [comments]

How do water molecules on opposite spokes of a particular flake "know" to reproduce a specific pattern?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 05:56 AM PST

When groups of animals that use echolocation do so, how are they able to differentiate which sound was theirs? Can a dolphin that’s in the middle of a group pick up on the sound of another dolphin that’s on the outer edge of said group and know exactly what the other dolphin is seeing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:24 AM PST

I was watching Blue Planet and being underwater hearing all of the clicks and whistles the dolphins were using made me wonder if all of the dolphins heard each other. Does one big pod(?) of dolphins make a huge beacon of sonar that allows each dolphin in the group to see what the others are seeing? If not and it's comparable to "how can you tell when your mother or sister calls you?", is it the frequency that each individual dolphin uses to determine which sound was theirs? Can they only hear one frequency at a time? If not, underwater must be so loud...

submitted by /u/smallwhales
[link] [comments]

Are nebulae and gas clouds in space dense enough that sound could travel through them?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 06:47 AM PST

I'm basically wondering if in a nebulae you could hear stars being created

submitted by /u/AWellSpokenBully
[link] [comments]

Because CO doesn't ever unbind from hemoglobin until the red blood cell dies, wouldn't a blood transfusion be an effective treatment for people who have CO poisoning?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:02 AM PST

Are there limits (low or high) to the frequencies that lasers can emit?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 06:16 AM PST

Do radio receivers draw some power from the radio waves they receive?

Posted: 14 Dec 2018 01:30 AM PST

I was thinking about this the other day. When I turn on my car radio, does it actually draw some power from the EM field, weakening it? Can this affect other receivers nearby, making the signal weaker for them?

submitted by /u/IndependentGuy
[link] [comments]

Do the effects of dyslexia change depending on the native language of the affected person?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 06:30 AM PST

I was wondering specifically about languages with logographic/syllabic alphabets like Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. The structure of Hangul in particular seems like it would be harder to misspell or misread a character since they are (sorta) like an instruction manual for how to pronounce each individual syllable.

I don't speak any of those languages fluently though so I could be way off base here.

submitted by /u/thelastknowngod
[link] [comments]

What are the other differences besides temperature (boiling points etc.) between water and oil that makes water 'boil' food and oil fry?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:10 AM PST

Does an electron jump back down from it's excited state to it's initial state spontaneously or is there a definite interval involved before it jumps back down?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:54 PM PST

If all it takes is moving charges to create a photon does this mean that simply waving a statically charged comb back and forth (or in a circle) is generating photons?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 04:50 PM PST

How were the first atomic clocks calibrated without an existing frequency reference that was fast and accurate enough to measure the frequency stability?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:26 PM PST

We know antennas transmit by oscillating between positively charged and negatively charged rapidly like a sine wave. But what happens if you were to rapidly force a negative charge into an antenna and then discharge it to a neutral and then do it again? What kind of EM wave would that create?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 05:09 PM PST

Pulses? is that even possible?

submitted by /u/Blueninja1000
[link] [comments]

Are the signals sent by nerves in our body "digital" or "analog"?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 11:45 AM PST

I've wondered this for a while. Are the signals sent by nerves in our body "digital" meaning that they are simply on or off, or analog, sending an increased signal when more pressure or heat is applied?

If they were digital they'd send "more signal" by simply more nerves being activated.

If they're analog... then what do they look like?

submitted by /u/corrado33
[link] [comments]

What happens when two batteries are in parallel?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 03:24 PM PST

Statistically speaking, how common are sex chromosome variations (eg. XXX, XXY) in the general population?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 05:02 AM PST

For example, in a group of 1000 people how many would have chromosomes other than XX or XY?

submitted by /u/wnokie
[link] [comments]

Why does greater Mongolia have so much rare earth metals?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:55 AM PST

Most rare earths (Cerium, Gadolinium, etc.) are mined in Inner Mongolia, and Mongolia proper has a lot of it too. What's so special about the historic Mongol lands that gives them so much of these useful elements?

submitted by /u/SlavophilesAnonymous
[link] [comments]

Are String Theory "Fuzzballs" and Loop Quantum Gravity "Plank Stars" the same thing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 12:33 PM PST

If I understand correctly, and I probably don't, they both hypothesize that at and inside the event horizon there is some sort of super dense "material", strings in ST and I don't know what in LQG.

Both seem to solve the information paradox (inside the black hole there is no infinite collapse to a singularity, so information is not lost) and both stay black holes for any far away observer.

Are Fuzzballs == Plank Stars?

submitted by /u/hvgotcodes
[link] [comments]

Why do blue stars tend to reside closer to the galactic plane?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 10:21 AM PST

I was recently on the 1000,000 stars site and they showed how blue stars tend to reside closer to the galactic plane. Why is that?

submitted by /u/AGiantRetard
[link] [comments]

How does HIV resistance work? Is it similar to antibiotic resistance?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 09:15 AM PST

In practical terms, if once a type of medicine no longer works against the pathogen, and you change your medicine, and the pathogen develops a new resistance again, and so on... Will it at some point become vulnerable again to your first medicine?

If it's possible to develop resistance to multiple medicines, how is the new pathogen not vulnerable in ways it was not vulnerable before? Isn't picking up an advantageous trait also confer a potential weakness we can exploit? How does evolution and natural selection play out here?

submitted by /u/shivabreakstheworld
[link] [comments]

How do scientist knew back in the days when chemical elements were discovered if you had a mono constituent substance?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 01:00 PM PST

How do Biologists Determine what “Normal” is for a New Species?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 07:50 AM PST

Thursday, December 13, 2018

How did we eradicate Smallpox?

How did we eradicate Smallpox?


How did we eradicate Smallpox?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 02:26 AM PST

How does an entire disease get wiped out? Do all the pathogens that cause the disease go extinct? Or does everyone in the human race become immune to that disease and it no longer has any effect on us? If it's the latter case, can diseases like smallpox and polio come back through mutation?

submitted by /u/HeisenBohr
[link] [comments]

Is Dark Time a thing?

Posted: 13 Dec 2018 06:09 AM PST

I am aware of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. I know that space and time are intertwined. But does that lead to Dark Time or Dark Spacetime?

submitted by /u/badgerprime
[link] [comments]

How does an electric arc choose it’s path in air (ex: a lightning bolt or Tesla coil)?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 10:04 PM PST

They all seem so very random, but is there an actual scientific or mathematical equation for the path/arc they create? Or is it just randomly jumping from one molecule to the next?

submitted by /u/TheReiterEffect_S8
[link] [comments]

I just heard on NPR that 56 million years ago, the earth was 11 degrees warmer. How do they know this?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 03:29 PM PST

How does my computer precisely know what time it is?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 04:47 PM PST

It seems that even if a global server that is deemed the correct time sent this time to my computer, given latency and network delays, my computer would be working off the old time, without knowing how much to adjust for this delay. I realize you could easily calculate the round trip delay by feeding this same time back to the original computer, and say half it, but this doesn't seem very precise given the up and down legs could have different latencies.

I realize the total variance wouldn't be huge, but still significant when accuracy matters for things like GPS, MLAT calculations, etc.

Enlighten me, please.

submitted by /u/jbbwa
[link] [comments]

Why is it that Scanning Tunneling Microscopes are only capable of scanning conductive and semiconductive materials yet Atomic Force Microscopes can scan any sort of material?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 05:24 PM PST

How do modern Gas Mask filters work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 10:51 AM PST

Would it be possible to mitigate / account for the hyperthermia danger of 2,4-Dinitrophenol by simply being in a sufficiently cold environment for the duration of its effect?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 07:53 PM PST

I figure that if it's cold enough you would ordinarily experience hypothermia, it should offset the DNP's effect.

submitted by /u/JellyBellyBitches
[link] [comments]

Is there any relation between the laws of thermo dynamics and quantum decoherence?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 07:30 PM PST

Do Insects feel pain the way animals do?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 11:31 AM PST

How does cancer kill?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 01:51 PM PST

I understand what cancer is and how it works. What i'm wondering is how do cancers that are not in organs, like prostate cancer, kill you without spreading to any other body parts?

submitted by /u/noobweeb
[link] [comments]

Can a conductor "saturate" in the presence of a strong electric field and become nonconductive?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 09:28 AM PST

It's my understanding that there can be no net electric field inside a conductor. That if a conductor is placed in an electric field, electrons will migrate in the positive direction until the electric field generated by charge displacement cancels the externally applied field.

Is it possible to apply an electric field so intense that all electrons have moved to their limits without canceling the external field? If so, does the conductor no longer conduct?

submitted by /u/NewRelm
[link] [comments]

Does alcohol type has any affect on cloud chamber work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 02:55 PM PST

Hello everybody. I'm trying to make myself working cloud chamber (simple scheme: https://imgur.com/a/5mLtIyI). There are 3 wooden walls, front wall is glass. Top is also wooden, with 2 large sponges attached. Bottom is from thick sheet metal which is sealed with silicone to wooden and glass walls.
I tried to experiment with this chamber, I raised the temperature inside with heat gun, then heated sponges and soaked them with ethanol. And closed the lid letting alcohol to evaporate inside the chamber. Then I just placed upper part (box), on dry ice in bottom container lined with styrofoam. I waited a few minutes, but nothing happened. I just saw cloud of, what i presume was just alcohol vapor. But I did't see any traces of particles. And I can't figure out what am I doing wrong. I saw somewhere, that with cloud chamber I should use isoprophylic alcohol, not ethanol. Could this be true?
Or maybe it could rather be matter of tightness of chamber, or too high/low concentration of alcohol vapors?

submitted by /u/Shedog
[link] [comments]

What is the difference between real power, complex, average, reactive, and apparent power?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 11:02 AM PST

I think some must be different names for the same things?

submitted by /u/AllWork-NoPlay
[link] [comments]

Do different animals interpret smells differently?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 03:17 AM PST

Say, a skunk's spray is stinky to us, but some other creature with a sense of smell may see it as attractive?

submitted by /u/SYwaves
[link] [comments]

Do plants replace their cells too? If so, how fast? [Biology]

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 01:21 PM PST

Wednesday, December 12, 2018

Why does the order parameter of nematic liquids become zero for isotropic liquids?

Why does the order parameter of nematic liquids become zero for isotropic liquids?


Why does the order parameter of nematic liquids become zero for isotropic liquids?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 02:15 AM PST

Hello

The order parameter for nematic liquids ( liquid crystals) is
S = 1/2 <3cos²q-1> according to multiple sources.

q being the average angle between the molecular axis and the directional axis of the liquid.

I get that for a perfectly ordered liquid q = 0 ( all molecules point in the direction of the directional axis), then you get 1/2*(3-1) = 1. Which is an expected outcome, as S = 1 for perfectly ordered liquids.

However, the sources say that for an unordered liquid S becomes zero. Doing some maths reveals that the average angle would then be about 55°. Why would a liquid with an average of angle of 55° be 'perfectly unordered' but a liquid with an average angle of 50° not?
So in short: why would S become zero for isotropic liquids?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/lolspek
[link] [comments]

What portion of long term treatment resistant depression patients never really get better?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 07:46 PM PST

https://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/treatment-resistant-depression-what-is-treatment-resistant-depression

"Living With Treatment-Resistant Depression

Life with depression is hard, but treatment-resistant depression can be especially brutal. When one treatment after another doesn't help, you can lose hope that you'll ever feel better. All your efforts -- the doctor's visits, the medication trials, the therapy sessions -- might seem like a waste.

But they haven't been a waste. Arriving at the right treatment for depression can take time. It can take some trial and error. Look at it this way: if you try a particular treatment and it doesn't help, you're that much closer to finding the one that will make you feel better.

Whatever you do, don't settle. Don't give up and accept the symptoms of depression. Remember, the longer a depression goes on, the harder it may be to treat. Go back to your doctor and see if there's something else you can try. There are so many good treatments for depression out there. You just need to find the right one for you."

This seems to imply that all cases of depression can eventually be effectively treated.

That seems dubious to me.

What portion of long term treatment resistant depression patients never really get better?

What portion just keep on trying different different meds until they die of natural causes?

What portion choose to end their lives?

What portion eventually choose to discontinue treatment, but continue to suffer?

What portion discontinue treatment, but feel better?

Any other possibilities I'm missing?

How well can this even be measured and known?

submitted by /u/benjaminikuta
[link] [comments]

Where in the night sky is Voyager 1 headed, in the long term?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 04:30 PM PST

From this skypath of Voyager 1's trajectory, generated from NASA data, it looks like Voyager 1's location in the night sky is asymptotically approaching a point somewhere in the triangle formed by Rasalhague (α Ophiuchi), Rasalgethi (α Herculis), and HIP 84671 (e Ophiuchi). Will Voyager keep approaching this point indefinitely? Or are there any long-term effects that will cause its position in the sky to drift over the coming hundreds or thousands of years--a time scale long enough that these effects haven't been observed yet, but short enough that the stars will stay in roughly the same places?

submitted by /u/dpitch40
[link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comments]

Do any other species besides humans bury their dead?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 06:38 AM PST

Are there animals that tend to, or protective of, their grandchildren?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 06:19 AM PST

How can electric devices and other sources of rather large voltages be lethal in water if the flow of electricity follows the path of least resistance?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 03:12 PM PST

So after thinking about this for a while i thought i should ask why, say 230V common electricity network (atleast in Europe it is) can electrocute someone to death in a bathtub even though both of the electrodes are very close to each other without a human in between them? Shouldn't the flow of electrons just pass through the path that has the least resistance (i would believe it would be directly between the electrodes in a homogenous electrolyte) without harming the person in the bathtub?

submitted by /u/Ollemeister_
[link] [comments]

How is air recirculated in submarines, spacecraft, and other similar structures? And why has that tech not been applied to things such as Scuba tanks?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 05:30 AM PST

Not all cigarette-naive individuals have the same experiences upon smoking. What role do MAOIs play in addiction and pleasure of cigarettes for different brains, and can we use this as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing between otherwise similar disorders and to guide prescriptions of medication?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 05:22 AM PST

Some people become addicted, while others don't. Some people experience strong headspins and nausea during their first few cigarettes, while others don't. While these could be mostly differences in mindset, lifestyle or puff speed, it's well established that there's variation in brain structures and our specific chemistries, such as alcohol metabolism or different responses to prescription medications.

The likelihood of an individual adopting a new addiction is increased through down-regulation of brain regions from existing addictions and other aspects of lifestyle such as stress and the absence of physical activity, social interaction, etc.

While some demographics are more prone to developing a substance use disorder (such as those with borderline personality disorder and adolescents) , they also tend to have the traits mentioned above which prime them for adopting addictions.

Given that nicotine has it's addictiveness enhanced by MAOIs, and SSRIs like bupropion are used as smoking cessations, could we administer cigarettes to patients to figure out which anti-depressents may work, or to distinguish between disorders with similar behaviours but very different chemistries? For instance in distinguishing whether someone has OCD or ADHD, hypothyroidism or chronic fatigue syndrome, cyclothymia vs seasonal affective disorder, etc.

submitted by /u/ThrowawayBrisvegas
[link] [comments]

How is job growth calculated? What kind of factors are accounted for?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 04:17 AM PST

Im curious how statisticians calculate how much a job market will grow or decrease in the future. Where do sites like bls.gov get their info

submitted by /u/Gofishyex
[link] [comments]

How and why does high blood volume/pressure pose a risk to health?

Posted: 12 Dec 2018 01:45 AM PST

Hi there.

I am looking to understand how high blood pressure or high blood volume alone (with no atherosclerosis or other signs of CVD) can damage health. I am interested in the specific physiological mechanisms (if any) through which chronic high blood pressure damages any part of the human body.

Thank you!

submitted by /u/4f14-5d4-6s2
[link] [comments]

In a vacuum, all objects, regardless of mass, fall at the same rate. However, since objects with less mass have less inertia and therefore they are affected more by the same amount of force, why don't object with less mass fall at a greater rate in a vacuum than more massive objects?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 05:19 PM PST

Why does a frozen turkey defrost faster in water than in the fridge?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 02:43 PM PST

When defrosting a turkey in cold water it takes approx. 30 minutes per pound, yet in the fridge it takes approx. 6 hours per pound. Why so much faster in water?

submitted by /u/KathyOlesky
[link] [comments]

Why can insulated containers, such as a thermos, keep a liquid cold for longer than it can keep a liquid hot?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 08:40 AM PST

Are Diamonds originally highly pressurized coal? And if so, Are there any other minerals that can undergo the same change to something much harder than itself?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 09:04 AM PST

Do we know what percentage of the stars visible today don't exist anymore?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 11:25 AM PST

When I say visible, I mean visible by any means (i.e. all kinds of telescopes).

submitted by /u/asmj
[link] [comments]

What is the most carbon-dense plant?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 07:49 AM PST

For individuals looking to combat climate change, what plant(s) would give you the biggest bang for your buck/space? What plant(s) are the most efficient at storing carbon?

submitted by /u/thgildea
[link] [comments]

Are the fundamental constants really constants ?

Posted: 11 Dec 2018 01:31 PM PST

I was wondering if the fundamental constants (such as the Planck constant, gravitational constant etc) are really constants or a function of "time" (if we could visualize one more time like axis along which these constants are a function of) ? If so, what are its implications ? If not, how do we prove that they are really constants in a sense and that they don't vary/ evolve ? I am curious what research has been done in this regard.

submitted by /u/aaditya314159
[link] [comments]