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Wednesday, December 5, 2018

Why is the Ozone Layer Hole in the South Pole? Why isn't it in the North Pole?

Why is the Ozone Layer Hole in the South Pole? Why isn't it in the North Pole?


Why is the Ozone Layer Hole in the South Pole? Why isn't it in the North Pole?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 02:04 AM PST

Every time i see articles or news about the Ozone Layer Hole (for which the media is kind of silent recently), I always see photos/graph of the hole in the South Pole, but I've never heard about it in the north pole. Is there something to do with the Antarctic land mass?

submitted by /u/Tdaxiao
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How does dark matter effects black holes?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 05:53 AM PST

If scientists have concluded that dark matter interacts through gravity with it's surrounding then shouldn't black holes be affected by it?

Shouldn't black holes be getting "more stuff in them" than what is being calculated using visible matter? Or is dark matter taken under consideration in those calculations?

submitted by /u/parthtrap
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What problems do different programming paradigms try to address? Why were newer paradigms thought of?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 12:56 AM PST

Having read through http://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms/ and some Wikipedia pages to try and understand what programming paradigms are and examples of them, I've been left wondering why many different ones exist.

submitted by /u/VoidNoire
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How do investigators determine the source of a hack (such as a state actor)?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 07:46 AM PST

It seems like any hacker worth their salt knows how to protect their identity online, and when carrying out these attacks surely they use TOR or other methods to keep their IP secret. How then do investigators determine the likely source of an attack?

submitted by /u/clunky404
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During the Neolithic Subpluvial era, how did South American rain forests get their minerals?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 07:01 AM PST

https://earthsky.org/earth/saharan-dust-feeds-amazon-rainforest-perfectly

I'm a bit confused here. How would that have occurred during a wet Sahara?

submitted by /u/bluefirecorp
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What is limiting the speed in which quantum computers can run? For instance, besides security issues, why can’t quantum computers guess a password by trial and error? Is the bottle neck just our interpretation of the information?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 05:07 PM PST

Sorry if the example was bad I didn't really have a good one in my head.

submitted by /u/TheWaMR
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 07:12 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why do plastic bottles contract with heat?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 07:05 AM PST

Just threw a plastic bottle into a fire (sorry) and watched it contract and curl about the middle of the bottle. It looked like the middle was pulling both ends of the bottle towards it so i'm fairly certain it wasn't just melting.

submitted by /u/thepoobums
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Do trees capture more carbon during their growth stage or at full growth? How do trees store carbon when they are no longer adding woody material?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 07:00 AM PST

Do trees capture more carbon during their growth stage or at full growth? How do trees store carbon when they are no longer adding woody material? I imagine part of it is through leaf growth, but how else? If in the soil, how does that work?

submitted by /u/remynwrigs240
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How does my immune system know not to kill my gut flora? Could diseases exploit this?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 01:04 PM PST

I would imagine that an enormous repository of bacteria in the intestine would look a lot like a bacterial infection to an immune system.

Also, given that my immune system doesn't kill my gut flora (by whatever mechanism that is), could harmful bacteria exploit this mechanism to prevent me from fighting off an infection?

submitted by /u/BrainEnema
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How is it that batteries can provide constant voltage until they’re dead, but a capacitor slowly drops in voltage output until it’s dead? Why don’t batteries do the same thing?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 10:09 AM PST

What is the proper name for a period T, when two wavelengths of different periods simultaneously intercept the x-axis after every T units of time?

Posted: 05 Dec 2018 01:19 AM PST

Suppose you are observing your car indicator beeping at a certain periodical frequency (every x seconds) and the car in front of you also has an indicator beeping (every y seconds). After every x•y seconds, the beeps appear to synchronize at least once. I tried to visualize it as wave functions, but what is the proper term for me to lookup the solution online? Thanks a bunch

submitted by /u/Zeitgeist94
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Why is brain death final? Like, why can't we restart or reboot a brain that's been dead for only a few hours?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 12:16 PM PST

I can understand why catastrophic brain damage would be hard to come back from, but let's take a case where the brain just goes without oxygen for a few hours without any other physical trauma. Why can't we bring it back by giving it oxygenated blood again? Is it decay or something else?

submitted by /u/DB487
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How do silkworms produce silk?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 11:18 AM PST

Is there an electron hammer?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 09:46 AM PST

I'm pretty well familiar with the idea of a water hammer when a valve is shut off quickly along a piping system. Is there a similar phenomenon in electricity?

I was vacuuming and felt uncomfortable accidentally unplugging the vacuum while it was on then replugging (the brave little toaster scarred me with vacuum damage). I thought more about it and decided maybe it wasn't terrible due to AC current but then I wondered heavily about even that sudden cycling.

Is an "electron hammer" a thing? Is the force negligible due to the low mass of electrons? Could it theoretically cause damage in the worst of circumstances (high amp DC)?

Thank you so much in advance!

Ninja edit: son of a gun aren't most electric motors DC? So yeah back to my original fear of damaging the vacuum with on/offing.

submitted by /u/Dantelaw
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How much does body fat influence our perception of temperature?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 10:02 AM PST

Let's say you have a 5'5" 100 lb person, a 5'5" 150 lb person, and a 5'5" 200 lb person. Assume all other factors have been controlled eg they're all clones of the same person who are acclimated to the same climate etc etc.

You put them all outside in 100F, or 0F, or -40F, in the same clothing. Do they all feel equally as warm, or does the insulating effect of fat cause some of them to feel perceptibly more or less comfortable?

And is this something we've been able to measure I.e. if you weigh 200lbs you'll feel x degrees warmer than someone who weighs 100lbs?

submitted by /u/your_internet_frend
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Why is Uranus's odd axial tilt more than 90°?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 08:05 AM PST

So Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77° "as defined by prograde rotation", or the rotation of most of the other planets in the solar system. My question is how come it's not 82.23° and rotating in the opposite direction instead of assuming the entire planet has flipped over? Also the same would go for Venus with its axial tilt of 177.4° instead of 2.6°; is it impossible for a planet to naturally rotate around its axis in the opposite direction of that of its home star? What are the mechanics involved in deciding which way the planets will spin during the birth of a solar system?

submitted by /u/marvindakat
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In descriptions of Hawking radiation, why is t always the matter particle out of the matter/antimatter virtual particles that escapes?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 10:27 AM PST

I see Hawking radiation described as matter/antimatter pairs of virtual particles coming into existence at the event horizon with the matter one escaping , therefore leaving the antimatter behind in the black whole to reduce its mass. Shouldn't the antimatter virtual particle also escape half the time balancing it out?

submitted by /u/Khoalb
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How could an ultra massive black hole form?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 07:33 AM PST

I've read that solar or near solar mass black holes would form mostly from novae. And that larger black holes could be primordial, or mergers, or black holes that have eaten a significant amount of matter. These were the theoretical explanations for the first LIGO merger black holes. (Could be wrong on that one).

My question is, since supermassive black holes seem to be "common" and ultra massive black holes like the one in TON618 exist, what explanation could there be for the huge variance in mass?

It seems to me that the black hole in TON618 would have had to consume 4+ solar masses per year for the entire age of the universe to be that large.

submitted by /u/aneyeohlayer
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What advantages did Archosaurs have that allowed them to diversify in the Triassic and eventually dominate?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 09:54 AM PST

After the Permian extinction, what allowed Archosauriformes to dominate (Phytosaurs, Crocodylomorphs, Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, etc.) rather than Therapsids, other reptiles, or amphibians? Is there a reason other reptiles took over the seas and Archosaurs did not? Why were Archosaurs equipped to survive the Triassic/Jurassic Extinction and continue to dominate?

submitted by /u/TomorrowMayRain065
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Tuesday, December 4, 2018

Since we measure nuclear warhead yields in terms of tonnes of TNT, would detonating an equivalent amount of TNT actually produce a similar explosion in terms of size, temperature, blast wave etc?

Since we measure nuclear warhead yields in terms of tonnes of TNT, would detonating an equivalent amount of TNT actually produce a similar explosion in terms of size, temperature, blast wave etc?


Since we measure nuclear warhead yields in terms of tonnes of TNT, would detonating an equivalent amount of TNT actually produce a similar explosion in terms of size, temperature, blast wave etc?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 01:07 PM PST

Follow up question, how big would a Tzar Bomba size pile of TNT be? (50 megatons)

submitted by /u/OverRetaliation
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Why do images from scanning electron microscopes all have this grainy effect?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 05:14 AM PST

I was watching this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6B-HYsvkvo and noticed that the images produced by electron microscopes seem to have this grain or texture consistent amongst all of them, is there a specific reason for this?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/eekelmo_
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If you were to sky-dive in the rain, would water hit your stomach, back, or both?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 07:16 AM PST

How doesn't the large hadron collider get damaged by its tests?

Posted: 04 Dec 2018 03:43 AM PST

Colliding particles produces (transforms) a lot of energy, so how doesn't that damage all the very delicate sensors put in place?

submitted by /u/dablusniper
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Rotational speed and deformed of nuclei?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 11:44 PM PST

Does the rotational speed of a nucleus affect it's deformation? As in when an unstable superheavy element is noted to have a deformed to hyperdeformed nucleus, is that a reflection of it's rotational speed? And if not, why does the deformation only occur on a rotational plane, and not just result in an instantaneous decay or a more sparsely packed nucleus (deformation of 3 axes instead of elliptical deformation on 2 axes)? Can a stable nucleus become deformed without changing proton or neutron count, or adding a neutron to a nucleus to induce deformation? Can this impact stability? Sorry about the run-on questions, thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/aaronnium
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What is the Link Between the Primary Auditory Cortex and Motor Cortex?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 06:01 PM PST

It is kinda hard to ask this question in a single sentence, but you know how some animals' ears move when they detect particular/loud noises? From all the models I've encountered of human motor cortex (motor homonculus), there is no encoding for ear movements. Obviously some animals can perform isolated ear movement, presumably to hear "better". I was wondering if these animals have a special pathway between the primary auditory cortex and the ear-encoding motor cortex, a bit like how the language cortex in humans is closely connected to mouth/lips/pharynx motor and premotor cortex.

submitted by /u/merdouille44
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Can donated organs be re-donated?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 10:25 AM PST

Once the person receiving the transplant passes, can those same organs be donated again if that person signs up as an organ donor?

submitted by /u/Firch88
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If I make a cup of coffee in my Keurig, then make another cup using the same grounds, roughly how much caffeine is in the second cup?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 03:51 PM PST

Assuming two 8oz cups, for argument's sake, using 10-12g ground coffee. Not looking for exact numbers, but even just a percentage would be super helpful :) Just curious about how efficient the first extraction is.

submitted by /u/DrSwol
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What is happening in our brain when we can’t recall something, then we suddenly remember after a few seconds of trying?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 10:44 AM PST

How do we know what makes up the center of the world?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 05:49 PM PST

Why does mitochondrial DNA only come from the mother?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 12:14 PM PST

Why would there not be at least some mitochondrial DNA from the father, considering the fact that sperm cells have a good deal of mitochondria in them?

submitted by /u/Inkboy13
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What causes the values for nuclear spin for combinations of protons and neutrons?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 03:56 PM PST

So I've been reading about how the nuclear spin is zero if there are an even number of protons and neutrons, an integer if there are an odd number of protons and neutrons, a half integer for all other combinations. Is there a reason or some formula behind this? I'm assuming it has to do something with the interaction between the quarks and gluons, but I can't find any explanation of it.

submitted by /u/theajadk
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What was it like when cosmic background radiation passed the visual spectrum?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 07:36 AM PST

If cosmic background radiation has been 'cooling down' (or stretching out /slowing down) from gamma rays at the beginning of time to xrays/tv static now, roughly how long ago did it go through the visual range? What would that have been like? What about thermal infrared? Did everything get hotter for a while?

submitted by /u/sumner980
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Could a really long straw going into space drain the oceans?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 08:27 AM PST

My friend is convinced that if you put one end of a straw in the ocean, and the other into the vacuum of space, that it would drain the ocean. He thinks capillary action, space being a vacuum, and siphoning, would be able to drain the ocean into space. Am I wrong saying this wouldn't work, at least in any reasonable time frame (Quadrillions of years)?

submitted by /u/TheBupherNinja
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If an aircrafts cabin is pressurized, why can people feel a significant change in air pressure in the ear drum during lift off and landing?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 08:53 AM PST

Have new craters on the moon been observed?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 11:30 AM PST

Or all that we see are pre existing ones? Do we know how to date the existing craters ?

submitted by /u/pier4r
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When light is polarised where does the magnetic field of the EM wave go?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 11:45 AM PST

It's logical that light is simply no longer EM wave if there are no 2 components of electric and magnetic field, but books always illustrate polarised light as it is only one field after polariser. So where does it go then?

submitted by /u/bracaco
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How much power is needed to get signals to the mars rover, and/or further places in space?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 02:29 PM PST

At my basic understanding, the waves would get weaker the further they travel, so how do they get the signals out there, and does it require crazy amounts of power, or is it really not that hard (relatively speaking).

submitted by /u/andrewsmd87
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Why is the electromagnetic spectrum classified the way it is?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 02:05 PM PST

Is there any significance to the names we give to different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? Or are those classes based on something which distinguishes these classes?

submitted by /u/BaumDude
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How do they predict the expiration date on food such as milk, bread, etc?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 01:43 PM PST

Solids precipitate out of solution, but what do gasses do?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 09:50 AM PST

To be precise, what's the word for a gas going from an aqueous state to a gas state?

submitted by /u/dablusniper
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What is it about merged species (Mules, Ligers) that makes them sterile?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 05:47 AM PST

And are there examples of seperate species merging together?

submitted by /u/BadHairDayToday
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Monday, December 3, 2018

What actually determines the half-time of a radioactive isotope?

What actually determines the half-time of a radioactive isotope?


What actually determines the half-time of a radioactive isotope?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 03:45 AM PST

Do we actually know what determines the half-time of a radioactive isotope? I tried to ask my natural science teacher this question, but he could not answer it. Why is it that the half-time of for an example Radium-226 is 1600 years, while the half-time for Uranium-238 is 4.5 billion years? Do we actually know the factors that makes the half-time of a specific isotope? Or is this just a "known unknown" in natural science?

submitted by /u/skadabombom
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What was the Amazon like when the Sahara was still green?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 09:12 AM PST

The sandstorms from the Sahara are cited as a contributing factor to how big the Amazon is because of all the mineral nutrients that are carried in the sand to Amazon soil (and North American soil as well). Well what was the region like a few thousand years ago when those sandstorms weren't happening?

Was it it's own dessert? Or did the Amazon river support a river plain like the Mississippi River basin in the US and Canada?

submitted by /u/Rancerle
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Can bugs feel pain?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 10:43 AM PST

I once read in one of those CWF Wild magazines years ago that bugs cant feel pain because their nervous system is too small. Does anyone know if this is true, and if so what causes it?

submitted by /u/StormShadow921
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how does Van der Waals force play a part in adsorption of gas on solid surface?

Posted: 03 Dec 2018 05:28 AM PST

How do complex mutations happen through evolution?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 11:15 AM PST

How do extremely complex organs come to exist through mutations? I don't think that a single mutation could cause something as complex as eyes to exist but it's also hard to believe that a small mutation like the beginning of eyes would be valuable enough for natural selection to create a large enough population of it for it to mutate again.

submitted by /u/AtlasCommunity
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How does NH4+ interfere with Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 09:09 PM PST

Optics question: What are the lines of light in clear water called?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 12:58 PM PST

For instance, the lines of light that are reflected in this photograph.

[Imgur](https://i.imgur.com/KGeDZR5.jpg)

submitted by /u/Psidius
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Why do people get morning breath?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 05:23 PM PST

Also, why don't we get it throughout the day?

submitted by /u/Bren0829
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What would happen gravitationally if Earth where surrounded by a hollow sphere?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 02:42 PM PST

Based on Newtonian Gravity/Newton's Shell Theorem the gravity caused by they sphere would be zero inside, so would Earth just drift within the sphere?

submitted by /u/cilantno
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What does "thinness" or "thickness" of air imply and how does it happen and change?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 10:25 AM PST

Does the southern hemisphere see different stars to the northern hemisphere?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 01:19 PM PST

Why is quantum entanglement so important to quantum computing?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 10:05 AM PST

I understand that superposition allows for multiple operations to go on at once, and I understand quantum entanglement. I keep reading that entanglement is involved in quantum computing but I cant find a definitive answer as to how it actually helps.

Thanks in advance for your help :)

submitted by /u/prongs392
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What makes one particular material good at dampening sound versus another material?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 10:13 AM PST

I'm sure it's more than a function of material density. Is there a metric for a materials ability to convert acoustic waves to phonons which permit photonic emission?

submitted by /u/DrLetric
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How will the redefinition of a Kilogram affect the Atomic Masses/Moles of the periodic table?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 10:01 AM PST

Why do obstructions occur more frequently in the coronary arteries than other vessels throughout the body?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 09:41 AM PST

It is my understanding that a heart attack is caused by plaque build up in the coronary arteries. Correct? Why do we never hear about obstructions in other vessels? What is it about the vessels of the heart that make them more prone to obstruction?

submitted by /u/IsntItNeat
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How do heart rate measurement apps manage to do their job by just using your phone's camera and flash?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 05:35 AM PST

Why do increased insulin levels aid in the absorption of creatine monohydrate?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 12:29 PM PST

When you're ill why does the body keep trying to throw up even if our stomach is empty? Can it not tell?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 03:39 AM PST

Very recently I was ill and being sick every couple hours. But after a couple times I was just dry heaving as I had nothing left in my stomach. I'm wondering why my body couldn't tell my stomach was empty and kept trying in vain to throw something up.

submitted by /u/Im_a_human_man
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If a woman is born with all her eggs at birth, how can her age at conception influence Down’s syndrome?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 08:16 AM PST

Down's syndrome is trisomy, a chromosomal separation error in Meiosis. Because it is more common in older mothers I imagine the trisomy comes in the egg. But if eggs are ready at birth, how do the eggs with trisomy come later in life? Are the egg cells "set aside and ready" at birth but actually experience Meiosis close to ovulation?

submitted by /u/diogenes_shadow
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How does the brain store/retrieve language?

Posted: 02 Dec 2018 08:32 AM PST