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Wednesday, November 28, 2018

High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?

High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?


High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 03:16 AM PST

Does this mean that it is possible to create something like an interference pattern of sound waves that "focuses" the energy at a specific point, distant (on the level of centimeters in the above case) from the device that generates them?How does this work?

submitted by /u/EPIC_BOY_CHOLDE
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For the universe, if the Big Bang were 12:00:00 on Jan 1, and the theorized Heat Death were 11:59:59 on Dec 31, what day/time is it now?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 08:38 PM PST

I know comparing the time that has passed to the time that will pass is a very large number, but that's very hard for most people including myself to imagine. I'm hoping if we put it on a calendar scale it'll help.

I mean, has it even been one minute yet?

submitted by /u/hairy_butt_creek
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When battling a cold or flu, does taking drugs to ease symptoms impact recovery time?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:37 PM PST

It's my understanding that the symptoms of cold and/or flu virus infections (hot flushes, sweating, excess mucus production, inflammation, etc) are the body's attempts at trying to eliminate the virus, alongside the immune response. When we take drugs to try and help reduce those annoying symptoms (paracetamol, phenylephrine, etc), are we interfering with the healing process and ability to overcome the infection?

submitted by /u/NickEhlers
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Do other animal species experience the same right vs. left handed population differences as humans?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 03:43 PM PST

So the other day I was wondering if other animals exhibit hand dominance like humans and read that other primates, kangaroos, and a host of other animals show signs of handedness.

Then I started to think about human left handed trends, like how left-handed humans generally have shorter life spans and are GENERALLY more gifted in mathematics and music. In humans, there is a positive correlation between complications of birth and left handedness. Left handed humans are also more likely to break bones, get breast cancer, and suffer from heart disease.

Do other animal species see these same differences between their right and left handed populations?

I did a bit of digging and couldn't find anything myself, so I thought that you beautiful people maybe be able to help me out.

PS. This is more of a zoology question than biology but this is the closes tag I could find :/

submitted by /u/FunnyMemeName
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Would Fermat have understood Andrew Wiley's proof?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 06:25 AM PST

The math that Andrew Wiley used to prove Fermat's Last Theorem is more advanced than anything available in the 1600's.

Would Fermat have understood Wiley's proof? If not, doesn't a proof of the theorem have to use the "technology" available at the time in order to be considered valid?

submitted by /u/alt_romance_writer
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Has the slightly unethical part of the science community found a specific spot to hit on your head in order to increase your math/science ability yet? Asking for a friend

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 06:32 AM PST

Completely hypothetical I promise

submitted by /u/-Noracked-
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What is the History of Defining Water's Boiling Point?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 08:13 AM PST

I heard a story years ago that I am struggling to remember accurately and I can't find online. The gist was that some famous (perhaps Greek?) scientist estimated the boiling point of water to be 90°C (obviously they weren't actually using Celsius :) ). The next person to come along measured it at 100°C and said, "Oh, but so-and-so is a great scientist. I must be off. Maybe I'll just report that I think the boiling point of water is 92°C." The next guy measures 100°C and says, "Those other guys can't have missed by that much. Maybe I'll report that I think it's 93°C." And so on, until estimates converged to 100°C.

Does this ring a bell for anyone? I love the example as an illustration of systems learning slowly, for better or for worse, but I wish I knew both the details and the truth of the story. Any help is much appreciated.

submitted by /u/Doctor_Underdunk
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Why can we measure the diameter of a proton but not an electron? Do we have any proof that the electron has size rather than being a point particle?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:27 PM PST

I think for an isotope to be created, the neutron number has to change, but how? as in what causes an element to have different number of neutrons?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:59 PM PST

Why can’t we use food as energy?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:52 PM PST

We live off of food. All of our energy comes from food. All of our motion is fueled by the food we eat. And our body temperature is due to the burning energy we get from food. So why can't we use food to fuel other things like say a car. Why can our body tear food down to energy but we can't build a device that basically does what our body does, tear food down to energy.

submitted by /u/5dwolf20
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Why do we see hydrogen's spectral lines in absorption in the sun's spectrum?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:08 PM PST

Why are hydrogen's wavelengths missing from a star's spectra. Does it have something to do with the gas enveloping the sun?

submitted by /u/TheArmChairGen
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Why does food get crispy when you cook it longer?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:06 PM PST

For that matter what actually happens when you cook food? I hardly know anything about cooking, but I was making some food earlier and just had this thought. I really only think of it as heating food up, potentially combining ingredients and things along that nature. However I don't get why it would change just from heating it up. Can someone please explain.

submitted by /u/afediukov
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Out of my depth. My nephew is trying to figure out how a cell phone speaker works, what powers it, how does it connect so tiny? He's 14, how do I explain this?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:49 AM PST

He's interested in taking things apart. Right now he has an older phone I think it's an iPhone 6? He found the speaker assembly, and used ifixit to identify the other parts. But he wants to know how to make it work apart from the cell phone. How can he hook the speaker up so it plays from a bluetooth source? I have a soldering iron, but that's as useful as I can be.

Thanks for your help in advance!

submitted by /u/ProfessionalCranbery
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Why are higher energy levels clustered together?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:49 AM PST

When dealing with things like emission lines, you usually see something like this, with the higher n-values being spaced closer together. Why?

submitted by /u/StupidPHYS
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Is there any difference between the light that a flashlight makes to the light that the sun makes?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:04 AM PST

Is there any way to determine how high mountains used to be?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:32 AM PST

I'm watching a documentary about Himalayas right now and it got me wondering: could there be a point during Earth's lifetime where the mountains were higher than they are now? If so, how could we know that?

submitted by /u/SwipySwoopShowYoBoob
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Tuesday, November 27, 2018

The rate of universal expansion is accelerating to the point that light from other galaxies will someday never reach us. Is it possible that this has already happened to an extent? Are there things forever out of our view? Do we have any way of really knowing the size of the universe?

The rate of universal expansion is accelerating to the point that light from other galaxies will someday never reach us. Is it possible that this has already happened to an extent? Are there things forever out of our view? Do we have any way of really knowing the size of the universe?


The rate of universal expansion is accelerating to the point that light from other galaxies will someday never reach us. Is it possible that this has already happened to an extent? Are there things forever out of our view? Do we have any way of really knowing the size of the universe?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 02:17 PM PST

Is a spider's vision stitched together like ours?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 06:19 AM PST

Even though we have two eyes, we see one image. In every interpretation of a spider's vision I've seen, they see 8 images. Is theirs actually like that, or do they also see one image?

submitted by /u/abicepgirl
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Are humans getting taller?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 01:06 PM PST

I've read that Americans, on average, have stayed the same height for the past 50 years. Is this true even now with the amount of immigration from Latin America and Asia where people tend to be shorter on average? Are millennials taller than their parents? Has the age at which we stop growing decreased making young children of this generation taller than the previous generation?

submitted by /u/gay_ass_mf_website
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Could a substance get so hot that it behaves relativistically?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 06:49 AM PST

If temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in a substance and we can calculate the root-mean-square velocity of those particles, then hotter substances contain faster-moving particles. At sufficiently high speeds of constituent particles, could macroscopic objects show relativistic effects?

submitted by /u/DrProfJoe
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If current tests to date have shown that matter and anti-matter interact with light the same way (i.e. anti-hydrogen photon emission spectrum is the same as hydrogen), how can we assume that the universe is made up of an abundance of regular matter, and not isolated clusters of each type of matter?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 07:38 AM PST

Is it feasible to have the Curiosity rover driven to the insight lander and snap a pic of it?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 10:20 PM PST

Im not sure if its possible at all or if its not probable or if the two are on completely different sides of the planet, but i think it would be the coolest thing in the world for the rover to take a pic of insight

submitted by /u/MarionDamico
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What modulation and/or error correction techniques are used by the Mars rovers to send data to the earth?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 06:47 PM PST

Is there "air resistance" in space?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 11:48 PM PST

Yes, I understand that space is a vacuum and that there isn't actually air out there. That being said, I was reading about the interstellar medium and nebulae and was wondering if the density of space would affect the speed of an object going through it. For example, would there be any noticeable change in velocity of the voyager probe as it left our galaxy and entered interstellar space? Or what if it was on course for a particularly dense nebula?

The more of this that I'm typing out the more questions I have. I assume that light would also be refracted through a denser part of space as well- so is that also the case?

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Why are fast breaths cooler than slow breaths?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 08:30 AM PST

If temperature is average kinetic energy, why is it colder when I blow air out quickly and warmer when I blow air out slowly? Shouldn't the faster air have a higher overall kinetic energy and therefore a higher temperature?

submitted by /u/ApePac
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Are jackfruit related to corn?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 08:04 AM PST

http://imgur.com/gallery/ovxcYuY

When I see someone peeling jackfruit, it looks like a giant corn cob. Are they related?

submitted by /u/Rayne2031
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How Nasa gets live daya from mars?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 12:29 AM PST

I mean light travels from mars to earth in 8 minutes appox. Was that live stream telling us 8 minutes old news?

Edit: data*

submitted by /u/umansia
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What is the physiological mechanism that causes mesolimbic pathway resistance?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 06:46 AM PST

What is the black-body radiation of a negative-temperature body?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 06:48 PM PST

That is to say, an emitting medium in a population inversion? Are higher frequencies more common than low?

submitted by /u/FlipChicken
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How realistic fiction portrayal of extraterrestrial decoded humanity's digital radio communication?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:24 AM PST

After reading too much r/hfy stories, a question tugged on my mind.

Considering that in digital communication there are many different file standard and encryption methods, how realistic fiction's usual portrayal of extraterrestrial parked their ships in orbit and somehow able to decode our communication and then using it to communicate with us or at least able to read the files/watch the video?

Pardon my poor grasp of English language.

submitted by /u/YukkuriOniisan
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On Nov. 24th at 5:48 am PDT a 5.3 earthquake 6.2 mi deep happened near the antipode of Portland, OR south of Madagascar near where a fault separates the African Plate from the Antarctic Plate. At around 11:30pm that night I felt vibrations and am wondering if perhaps these waves were related?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 11:49 PM PST

If Earth had the form of giant cucumber, would the gravity be the same everywhere on it's surface?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 04:35 PM PST

Does thinner air at higher elevations affect a car's acceleration?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 06:29 PM PST

I was thinking about this driving down the highway today. Does the thinner air provide less wind resistance enough to make a difference in acceleration?

Additionally does the thinner air/less oxygen make the engine less efficient? Would these offset one another?

submitted by /u/flammablepez
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Why is this Benzene resonance not possible?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 06:47 PM PST

https://imgur.com/a/wrHcLEV

I was reading an example in my book that asked if the loss of the chlorine leaving group would be stabilized by resonance and couldn't understand why this resonance is not possible.

submitted by /u/Toepuka
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Can anyone explain the mechanism by which exercise boosts the immune system?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 09:34 PM PST

I've looked into it (slightly) but cannot find a definitive answer

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How do carcinogens cause cancer?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 10:41 AM PST

As I understand, cancer is caused by mutations in DNA. I can see how UV light or radiation can cause a mutation by directly damaging the DNA. But how does an exposure to certain chemical cause cancer?

Shouldn't most chemicals be stopped by cell membranes? Or when ingested, wouldn't they normally broken down in the digestive tract before getting into the bloodstream? Also, if a chemical can go all the way into cell nucleus to damage DNA, wouldn't it also cause other kinds of damage, causing cell death?

submitted by /u/IndependentGuy
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Monday, November 26, 2018

Why is there no 1-methyl pentane?

Why is there no 1-methyl pentane?


Why is there no 1-methyl pentane?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 02:46 AM PST

[ive got my answer now thanks guys:)]Can someone explain to me why 1-methyl pentane doesn't exist as a structural isomer of hexane? I've read a few explanations online but I don't understand them. Can you guys help? It's for a piece of work I'm doing on structural isomerism.(Im an a-level chemist who has just started work on isomers and biochemistry)

submitted by /u/commander_shortstop
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Would there be caves on other celestial bodies like there are on Earth?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 07:06 PM PST

It would make sense that Mars would have caves, but would bodies like Europa, Io, Titan or Mercury have them? If so, why?

submitted by /u/edcamv
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Are there any organisms/living things that use magnets in any way?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 04:11 AM PST

Apart from humans obviously

submitted by /u/fatoldarabguy
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How is the age of a star determined?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 04:56 PM PST

Why does alcohol not cause dopamine resistance in the mesolimbic pathway like other drugs?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 08:19 AM PST

I know with other drugs, you night end up feeling depressed because you can't achieve the same level of happiness, why does his not occur with alcohol?

submitted by /u/GforGENIUS
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If left alone, will all of the space debris eventually coalesce into a sort of artificial moon and how long would that take?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 08:04 AM PST

Why do hydrogen atoms want to bind with other hydrogen atoms?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 07:35 AM PST

If I am falling with an object (feet on it) and jump right before hitting the ground, could I survive a potentially fatal fall?

Posted: 26 Nov 2018 02:56 AM PST

How does the cabin in an airplane pressurize and maintain that pressure? Where does the oxygen come from as well?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 03:32 PM PST

Why is weightlifting good for mental health?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 03:22 PM PST

Why are people more likely to sing/talk to themselves while driving?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 03:43 PM PST

The mechanics of gravity?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 10:05 PM PST

Hi there, Science Reddit. I am curious as to how gravity works; is there a formula that links earth's volume and the constant of gravity? Could said formula standardize how strong an object's gravity is? And in the case of earth's gravitational force, what is the distance at which it begins to deteriorate and where it stops functioning altogether, and is there a formula for it as well?

submitted by /u/Dagdade
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What is assymetric magnetic coupling, and how will it affect our day to day lives if it proves practicable for use in consumer electronics?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 06:44 PM PST

Can lasers be focused to reach an arbitrarily large intensity? (Optics)

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 02:03 PM PST

I saw this video on YouTube ( https://youtu.be/jdjTYlReE-I ), where a guy tries to focus a flashlight but cannot focus it to a greater intensity than the source due to conservation of entendue.

In the same video, he then claims he can focus his laser to heat an object to any arbitrarily large temperature, because lasers have negative energy states and can transfer energy to any material with positive energy states.

He shows how he can focus his laser with a magnifying glass to increase the speed of burning on wood.

However, I believe he is wrong. My hypothesis is this: The laser source is actually small, but the beam is widened in a collimator to produce a parallel beam. His magnifying glass merely focuses it back to its original intensity, thus still fulfilling the conservation of entendue.

Anybody know if this is true? Or can you indeed reach positive infinite kelvin with any home laser and proper focusing.

submitted by /u/Wormsblink
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Will a micro or nano scale aerofoil create lift?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 08:38 PM PST

As long as there is some positive and negative pressure applied to an aerofoil shaped object, will lift always be generated?

submitted by /u/FineLite
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Is it possible to calculate how much force/ pressure is needed to make a solid material behave like a liquid/dough?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 01:23 PM PST

Will scientists is future will find new elements as we explore our solar system and outer space more? Or every element is already discovered and listed in periodic table?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 01:03 PM PST

Why are all the planets of the Solar System revolving on the same horizontal axis but not necessarily every objet of the Solar System. Why aren't all the celestial bodies of the universe on the same plane?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 08:08 AM PST

In pills that are designed to be split into halves or thirds: how is it guaranteed that each part contains the same dosage?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 02:51 PM PST

Say, a pill is designed to be split into thirds and contains 150mg of a specifig drug. How do pharma companies guarantee that each third contains 50mg?

submitted by /u/thscplgst
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What would the Sentinelese do with their dead?

Posted: 25 Nov 2018 11:50 AM PST

If the Sentinelese have lived on their island for approximately 55,000 years, what would they do with their dead over such a long time period?

I understand we know very little about them, but I'm curious what their after death rituals are such as burning the bodies, or possibly just burying them.

submitted by /u/inomark
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