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Thursday, November 8, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: Let's talk about genetic counseling! We are experts from Johns Hopkins Medicine here to answer your questions about genetic counseling, DNA tests, and the importance of family history when talking to your doctor - AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: Let's talk about genetic counseling! We are experts from Johns Hopkins Medicine here to answer your questions about genetic counseling, DNA tests, and the importance of family history when talking to your doctor - AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: Let's talk about genetic counseling! We are experts from Johns Hopkins Medicine here to answer your questions about genetic counseling, DNA tests, and the importance of family history when talking to your doctor - AMA!

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 05:15 AM PST

Hi Reddit, we are Natalie Beck, Katie Forster, Karen Raraigh, and Katie Fiallos. We are certified genetic counselors at Johns Hopkins Medicine with expertise across numerous specialties including prenatal, pediatric and adult genetics, cancer genetics, lab and research genetics as well as expertise in additional specialty disease clinics.

We'll start answering questions at noon (ET, 17 UT). Ask us about what we do and how the genetic counseling process works!

AskScience Note: As per our rules, we request that users please do not ask for medical advice.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If Cacti are known for growing in the harshest of environments, Why don't we see them in non-harsh environments?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 02:50 PM PST

They protect themselves from predators, don't need a lot of water. So why don't they dominate vegetation in other places?

submitted by /u/jawhett3
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What are the consequences of missing a full night of sleep, if you make up for it by sleeping more the next night?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 08:34 AM PST

My scientific curiosity about this comes from the fact that I just traveled from the telescopes in the mountains of Chile all the way back to the US and I wasn't able to sleep a wink on any of the flights, perhaps maybe a 30-minute dose-off every now and then. I sit here, having to teach tomorrow, wondering if I should nap now, or just ride it out and get a healthy night's sleep tonight. I'm worried that sleeping now will screw me into not being able to fall asleep tonight.

I did some of my own research on it, but I couldn't find much consensus other than "you'll be worse at doing stuff." I don't care if I'm tired throughout today, I'll be fine---I just want to know if missing a single night is actually detrimental to your long-term health.

Edit: wow this blew up, thank you all for the great responses! Apologies if I can't respond to everyone, as I've been... well... sleeping. Ha.

submitted by /u/djsedna
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When a massive star crumbles into a neutron star, the protons and electrons of the atoms that make up the star combine to become neutrons. But since the electric charge of a proton and am electron is equally opposite, so is one proton fuse with one electron is enough to become a neutron?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 01:18 AM PST

How does the 30mm A-10 warthog gun penetrate tanks, when a 105/120 mm tank gun has trouble doing that?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 09:55 PM PST

How does marijuana farming impact soil health in comparison to a standard crop such as corn?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 06:13 AM PST

How do babies use/learn language?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 07:15 AM PST

I've always been fascinated by this: babies who can recognise their mother tongue and separate it from foreign languages they haven't heard often. How do babies start learning a language (and why is it so difficult for adults to learn one), what makes them prefer their mother tongue and how do they interpret what adults are telling them?

submitted by /u/YmiXZeno
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Do other mammals (or animals in general) "lose their voice" like we do?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 04:58 AM PST

Are radio waves affected by the dopler effect, Why don't I hear a distortion as I'm driving towards or away from a radio station?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 12:51 AM PST

Human fingertips wrinkle in water to aid with grip. Are there any other examples of similar evolutionary traits in land based animals when they go into water, or water based animals when they come up onto land?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 05:54 AM PST

Is there a known limit to the amount of horse power an internal combustion engine can produce given set units of air and gasoline?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 04:38 AM PST

Obviously if you increase the volume of air and fuel into the engine, the engine will produce more power via forced induction or through increasing the size or number of combustion chambers, but if given a set volume of air and fuel, is there an upper limit to the amount of horse power an engine can produce using real-world physics? I'm hoping there's an answer like "In a 2.5l engine, one gallon of 89 octane gasoline burned per minute cannot produce more than 400hp"

I'm specifically thinking about consumer-grade gasoline commonly found at gas stations, not special blends like E85 or racing fuels.

submitted by /u/___cats___
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How long does it take for supplements like calcium or vitamin B to be absorbed?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:03 PM PST

I want to know how long it takes for a supplement to be absorbed into your body and make a difference in someone's body. For example, if someone just discovered they were anemic and we're taking an iron supplement, how long would it take for their iron levels to go back to normal?

submitted by /u/mfldjoe
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Are and how are DNA repair mechanisms in plant cells different than those in animal cells?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 07:40 AM PST

Has there been any relevant work recently?

submitted by /u/Amoritas
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What is the C3 convertase made of?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 07:25 AM PST

Is the C3 convertase in the classic complement pathway a mixture of C4bC2b or C4bC2a? Is 2a the previous name for 2b and that's why some refrences say it's 2a?

submitted by /u/AugustineD2
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Are fat cells lost when there is fat atrophy or do they just become smaller?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 08:43 PM PST

Why are there so many citrus fruit hybrids?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:43 PM PST

Many of the fruits belonging to the genus Citrus are hybrids... why is that so? What makes then so easy to hybridise than other genera? And how is it possible that their hybrids can reproduce?

submitted by /u/Stelliger
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What's the deal with beer bellies?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:31 PM PST

There's definitely a distinctly round belly that is often associated with drinking lots of beer, but why?

I know you can't work out certain parts of your body to target your weight loss, I assume you can't target your weight gain either.

Maybe I'm just not very observant, but I don't know if I've ever seen a woman with a beer belly. Is this an exclusively male thing?

submitted by /u/BiJa90
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When a photon hits a mirror and goes from v=c to v=-c is there a moment when v=0? Does the mass of the photon decrease during this time?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:24 PM PST

Is a solar system with breathable air within the interplanetary space possible?

Posted: 08 Nov 2018 12:29 AM PST

Okay, i watched some 80ies cartoons, and now I have strange questions.

Is it possible to have a solar system which has breathable air, not only on planets which can hold an atmosphere, but also in the interplanetary space between them?

Could something like that work without the air dispersing, or the whole system getting "too heavy" etc.

Any Ideas?

submitted by /u/Alexander556
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Why is there only one predominant variety of banana?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:42 PM PST

There are dozens of varieties of apples. What's different about banana cultivation?

submitted by /u/Son_of_Mythpunk
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Why is saline solution and not pure water used for storing contact lenses, washing eyes etc.?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:36 PM PST

Have there been any species once believed to be two distinct species but later proven that one is the juvenile form of another?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:17 PM PST

I was reading an article about the book "All Yesterdays" and the appendix includes an "All Todays" section where the authors consider how future paleontologists might interpret the fossil record of today. One thing that stood out was that tadpoles might be construed as some sort of fish. Have any species been classified as distinct until advances in science proved that they were different stages of the same animal's life?

submitted by /u/GodMonster
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Wednesday, November 7, 2018

How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?

How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?


How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:40 PM PST

If something has no rest mass does that mean it must be travelling at the speed of light?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:02 AM PST

How does the ozone layer heal itself?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:23 PM PST

What determines which areas of the brain are damaged during hypoxia?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 04:53 AM PST

When the blood and oxygen supply is cut off to the brain what determines which regions of the brain are damaged? Does the motor cortex tend to be more susceptible to damage because in states of hypoxia the body is trying to move?

submitted by /u/aboughtcusto
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Why do wind farms use the horizontal axis blades that have to face the wind instead of vertical ones that capture wind in all directions? (Examples in comment)

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:21 AM PST

Traditional horizontal axis https://imgur.com/gallery/nIFOgee

Rarely used vertical axis https://imgur.com/gallery/Cny1Hys

I'm assuming it has to do with efficiency but does anyone know actual ratings? What's the most efficient vertical turbine and how does that efficiency compare to traditional ones? Is it half as efficient? Is it better than half?

When is a vertical a better option?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/MichaelApproved
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Has anyone tried to figure out where our solar system came from, and which other nearby solar systems originated from the same supernova?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:04 AM PST

So, in the scale of billions of years, is it even possible yet to figure out which larger star or stars our system came from, and who are our brothers and sisters on the cosmic scale?

submitted by /u/vxxed
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Does a light beam emitted from a laterally moving source have "sideways" movement, or only straight?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:02 AM PST

I understand that light emitted from a source traveling at n speed (toward the observer) will still move at only c speed (not c + n speed). But how will a light beam act when emitted from a source moving lateral to the [stationary] observer?

If I fire a gun from a moving platform, at a stationary target, I have to fire before my sight cross the target, because my lateral movement is imparted to the bullet that leaves the muzzle.

But how about a beam of light? Does a lateral moving source add lateral movement to the light? Or does a photon, once emitted, travel in a strictly straight line from its source?

submitted by /u/Bullgrit
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Why do electrical outlets sometimes send sparks or jolts when plugging or unplugging?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 11:36 PM PST

It doesn't seem consistent, so I'm wondering what factors make it more likely.

submitted by /u/TerrytheTickleFairy
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Do sharks really have to keep swimming to breath if so why?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:34 PM PST

Swim swim

submitted by /u/deathangel357
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Why do very tall/small people not live as long as the average height person?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:48 PM PST

What is the reason behind ozone layer depletion?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 02:31 AM PST

In terms of the standing-wave model of electrons, what are chemical bonds?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:27 AM PST

Title says it all really.

I don't really know anything about orbital shapes other than what I've read here, so if they have anything to do with it you may have to walk me through it lol. But I always wondered what caused atoms to bond, is it like constructive superpositions? Or is that a no-no for matter.

Edit: in the title I meant electron orbits, not just electrons themselves, though I guess it still kind of works

submitted by /u/Mitch_Pinder
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What happens if you integrate over the delta distribution and the arguments of it gets zero at one of the integration limits?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:05 AM PST

at my theoretical electrodynamics tutorial last week, the tutor just said that if thats the case, weird things happen but he didnt bother to elaborate further but now im curious

thanks in advance for the answers

submitted by /u/KippieDaoud
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Are atoms considered fluid or solid?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 04:01 AM PST

I understand that it depends on the attraction between the atoms to deter main solid and fluid but if you needed to classify a single atoms what would you do? 2bd question, are protons neutrons and electrons solid or fluid.

submitted by /u/EnoDevz
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How are extra-galactic gamma rays detected and imaged?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 02:18 AM PST

I'm a bachelor student in astrophysics and in one of our classes about detecting and measuring intensities of EM-waves we saw that gammarays are not detectable with optical telescopes because the mirrors would simply absorb the gammafotons. What device or technique is used to form an image? And why can't a CCD-camera be used for such observations?

EDIT: I've done some more research and it seems like they use scintilationdetectors.

submitted by /u/aHaloGod
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What are the ways heavy elements get created?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 04:37 PM PST

I learned that heavy elements are created in stars and distributed through the universe by novas in grade school. Sometime after that I became aware that red giants dissipate with age, and it seems that some of that material must be heavy elements. In the last year or two, I've read about neutron star mergers scattering large amounts of heavy elements. What other ways exist? Do the jets from the galactic black holes also transform the material they eject into heavier elements?

submitted by /u/dbtng
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What to sea life happens when a lightning bolts hit the sea?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 08:20 AM PST

What is the role sugar plays in our bodies in relation to cancer?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:19 AM PST

Would a fusion reactor that utilizes only hydrogen, with no need for deuterium or helium3, be feasible?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:40 AM PST

I am aware that the sun uses this method, and that it takes millions of years for it to work, but are there any theories or proposals for an artificial process like this that is more expedient?

submitted by /u/awsomesawsome
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What is Gram Staining and why is it useful to distinguish between gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 09:24 AM PST

How does lead get in water from pipes? Can lead be filtered out of water?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:44 AM PST

Can lead molecules be filtered out of drinking water?

A quick Google search revealed that, yes, it can be filtered out. If so, why haven't schools and public institutions (Flint, MI) installed filters as a temporary fix until the pipes can be replaced?

submitted by /u/sellwinerugs
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Tuesday, November 6, 2018

The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?

The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?


The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 03:58 PM PST

I'm curious if such a blast would have successfully destroyed the House of Lords as planned, or been insufficient, or been gross overkill.

submitted by /u/Notmiefault
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What are the methods of determining the size of large populations (multiple millions) of animals?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:06 AM PST

How can the shape of an interstellar object be inferred from its light curve if it only constitutes one pixel ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:05 AM PST

ʻOumuamua light curve simulation.gif

EDIT:

Also is this modelling deterministic ? Is there a term for it ? What are the assumptions scientists make for this kind of modelling ?

submitted by /u/helixb
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Why can you see fog in the distance, but not right in front of you?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 12:01 AM PST

I always wondered, why 50m+ near me I can see the fog, but not closer to me.

submitted by /u/ThaSexyToast
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Retinoblastoma, dominant or recessive?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 03:49 AM PST

In all of my research, retinoblastoma has been written down as autosomal dominant. From my understanding, correct me if I'm wrong, this means that only one defective allele is required for the disease to be expressed.

However, other sources say that BOTH copies of the gene on the paternal and maternal chromosomes must be mutated in order to be expressed, which is how the existence of both hereditary and spontaneous cases are explained, as well as the differences in the time taken for symptoms to show.

So, how can something be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, yet require two defective copies of a gene?

submitted by /u/Heilin8
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How and who determines average vital signs for humans?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 03:33 AM PST

Why do some mushrooms end up with two stipes but one cap?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:52 AM PST

Hi I'm hoping any mycologists can answer this; I've seen various photos (and some in real life) of mushrooms with a single cap but two stems/stipes. How and why can this occur? I can understand multiple caps from one stem but i'm at a loss with this one. Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/OldVulture
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How is the brain of someone who is truly ambidextrous different from a lefty or righty?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:42 AM PST

Is there a chemical difference between scrambled eggs and over-hard eggs?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:27 AM PST

I've noticed scrambled eggs make me feel sick while over-hard does not.

submitted by /u/CheesecakeLegs
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Do we have any idea what DOES cause autism?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 07:40 PM PST

How does the body always know how to regenerate and doesn't grow another leg when you scrape your knee ? Is there a kind of blueprint of the body in the brain ?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:52 PM PST

What is the real definition of 'species'?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:07 AM PST

I'm not a scientist. I haven't taken any classes when it comes to biology or genetics, but I try to learn what science I can. I was always under the impression that speciation occurred when the gene pool of a population changed enough that those animals could no longer reproduce with animals of that species. For instance if a group of wolves were isolated on an island and evolved over time, and were no longer able to reproduce with other wolves, then they would be a new species. However, I've learned that this definition is oversimplified. What about the organisms that reproduce asexually? How do you define their species? Is it just the degree of physical or genetic similarity? And if so, why don't we use that definition across the board?

Does 'species' actually mean something objective? Or is it just our attempt to impose order on a very messy process in an effort to understand it? Is it even a term we should be thinking in when it comes to evolution? It seems to me that the process of evolution is fluid and gradual, and definitions like species are rigid. I mean, the change in each generation would be so slight that it doesn't make sense to say "aha, now with this generation we have a new species!". It's a bit difficult to wrap my head around. Please explain to me as if I knew next to nothing about evolution.

Bonus Question: Has artificial selection/breeding ever led to the creation of a new species? (take dogs for example, there are lots of different kinds but I think they can all technically breed with each other)

submitted by /u/archon325
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How do DNA Mismatch Repair (MR) proteins recognize which base is the wrong one?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 10:13 PM PST

I know that mismatch repair proteins (e.g. MutS homolog 2) recognize changes in topology due to DNA mismatches and correct them within the mutS complex, but how does it know which is the correct base and which the wrong one so as to avoid a single base-pair mutations?

submitted by /u/ObsRV_iT
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Are derivatives of velocity always continuous, or is there a point when they can become discrete?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 07:16 PM PST

will plasma moving through a coil produce electricity?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:43 PM PST

pretty much the title, say i have a hot fast moving charged plasma and i pass it through a coil, will this produce electricity. my instincts say yes, but i'd like some confirmation from someone with a bit more of a background physics.

submitted by /u/tuseroni
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How big can a molecule be?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:53 AM PST

How big can a molecule be? Could you hypothetically create a large meter by meter super molecule or would it break into smaller molecules?

submitted by /u/Vanzini-
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Why can't we reverse engineer encryption algorithms to get the data?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:43 PM PST

Facebook claims it can't reverse engineer the algorithms to get our password or our whatsapp exchanges. How do you make an algorithm that can't be reverse engineered?

submitted by /u/madhavdhilip95
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Why is the flashpoint for a biodiesel 130 deg celcius when the flashpoint of its composition is higher ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:21 AM PST

So a major component of biodiesel is linoleic acid and oleic acid methyl ester. According to http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4516661.html and http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447491.html under the properties section, the experimental flash point value is stated to be 200 and 230 deg. Why is this the case ?

submitted by /u/vincen9
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Why do some fireworks let off a screeching noise while some don’t ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 12:38 AM PST

Where are genes and chromosomes stored?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:01 PM PST

I have just been pondering this forever since it came to my mind. I dont know what else to say besides... where?

Do we even know? Where is CRISPR put in? oh no I'm spiraling.

submitted by /u/animuswonder
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Do males have hormonal cycles?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 11:26 AM PST

I remember hearing somewhere that males have 33 day hormonal cycles similar to a female's period(I'm using the terms male and female because this is something pertaining to biological sex and not gender identity). I can't really find anything from good sources on the matter when looking it up on google. So I thought I'd take it to this subreddit. So, do males have 33 day hormonal cycles?

submitted by /u/Lordkeravrium
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Is it possible to quantify an emotion?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 08:23 PM PST

neurology scares me, but i've always wondered about this. can i put a number next to my anger? or sadness?

submitted by /u/phenomenaz
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Will people tend to rate the same thing differently on a different scale; say a 5 star scale compared to a 1-10 scale?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:58 PM PST

Why do facial features play such a large role in determining attractiveness when it seems to have such a little evolutionary benefit?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 02:59 PM PST

Wider hips on females are typically found to be attractive as they're better for birthing children, but why do features such as face shape and eye/hair color effect our attraction to others so much?

submitted by /u/Natganistan
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