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Wednesday, November 7, 2018

How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?

How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?


How accurate is the amount of a medicine in a pill (is 20 milligrams of Aspirin really 20 milligrams)?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:40 PM PST

If something has no rest mass does that mean it must be travelling at the speed of light?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:02 AM PST

How does the ozone layer heal itself?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:23 PM PST

What determines which areas of the brain are damaged during hypoxia?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 04:53 AM PST

When the blood and oxygen supply is cut off to the brain what determines which regions of the brain are damaged? Does the motor cortex tend to be more susceptible to damage because in states of hypoxia the body is trying to move?

submitted by /u/aboughtcusto
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Why do wind farms use the horizontal axis blades that have to face the wind instead of vertical ones that capture wind in all directions? (Examples in comment)

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:21 AM PST

Traditional horizontal axis https://imgur.com/gallery/nIFOgee

Rarely used vertical axis https://imgur.com/gallery/Cny1Hys

I'm assuming it has to do with efficiency but does anyone know actual ratings? What's the most efficient vertical turbine and how does that efficiency compare to traditional ones? Is it half as efficient? Is it better than half?

When is a vertical a better option?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/MichaelApproved
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Has anyone tried to figure out where our solar system came from, and which other nearby solar systems originated from the same supernova?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 06:04 AM PST

So, in the scale of billions of years, is it even possible yet to figure out which larger star or stars our system came from, and who are our brothers and sisters on the cosmic scale?

submitted by /u/vxxed
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Does a light beam emitted from a laterally moving source have "sideways" movement, or only straight?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:02 AM PST

I understand that light emitted from a source traveling at n speed (toward the observer) will still move at only c speed (not c + n speed). But how will a light beam act when emitted from a source moving lateral to the [stationary] observer?

If I fire a gun from a moving platform, at a stationary target, I have to fire before my sight cross the target, because my lateral movement is imparted to the bullet that leaves the muzzle.

But how about a beam of light? Does a lateral moving source add lateral movement to the light? Or does a photon, once emitted, travel in a strictly straight line from its source?

submitted by /u/Bullgrit
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Why do electrical outlets sometimes send sparks or jolts when plugging or unplugging?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 11:36 PM PST

It doesn't seem consistent, so I'm wondering what factors make it more likely.

submitted by /u/TerrytheTickleFairy
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Do sharks really have to keep swimming to breath if so why?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:34 PM PST

Swim swim

submitted by /u/deathangel357
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Why do very tall/small people not live as long as the average height person?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:48 PM PST

What is the reason behind ozone layer depletion?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 02:31 AM PST

In terms of the standing-wave model of electrons, what are chemical bonds?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:27 AM PST

Title says it all really.

I don't really know anything about orbital shapes other than what I've read here, so if they have anything to do with it you may have to walk me through it lol. But I always wondered what caused atoms to bond, is it like constructive superpositions? Or is that a no-no for matter.

Edit: in the title I meant electron orbits, not just electrons themselves, though I guess it still kind of works

submitted by /u/Mitch_Pinder
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What happens if you integrate over the delta distribution and the arguments of it gets zero at one of the integration limits?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 05:05 AM PST

at my theoretical electrodynamics tutorial last week, the tutor just said that if thats the case, weird things happen but he didnt bother to elaborate further but now im curious

thanks in advance for the answers

submitted by /u/KippieDaoud
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Are atoms considered fluid or solid?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 04:01 AM PST

I understand that it depends on the attraction between the atoms to deter main solid and fluid but if you needed to classify a single atoms what would you do? 2bd question, are protons neutrons and electrons solid or fluid.

submitted by /u/EnoDevz
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How are extra-galactic gamma rays detected and imaged?

Posted: 07 Nov 2018 02:18 AM PST

I'm a bachelor student in astrophysics and in one of our classes about detecting and measuring intensities of EM-waves we saw that gammarays are not detectable with optical telescopes because the mirrors would simply absorb the gammafotons. What device or technique is used to form an image? And why can't a CCD-camera be used for such observations?

EDIT: I've done some more research and it seems like they use scintilationdetectors.

submitted by /u/aHaloGod
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What are the ways heavy elements get created?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 04:37 PM PST

I learned that heavy elements are created in stars and distributed through the universe by novas in grade school. Sometime after that I became aware that red giants dissipate with age, and it seems that some of that material must be heavy elements. In the last year or two, I've read about neutron star mergers scattering large amounts of heavy elements. What other ways exist? Do the jets from the galactic black holes also transform the material they eject into heavier elements?

submitted by /u/dbtng
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What to sea life happens when a lightning bolts hit the sea?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 08:20 AM PST

What is the role sugar plays in our bodies in relation to cancer?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:19 AM PST

Would a fusion reactor that utilizes only hydrogen, with no need for deuterium or helium3, be feasible?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:40 AM PST

I am aware that the sun uses this method, and that it takes millions of years for it to work, but are there any theories or proposals for an artificial process like this that is more expedient?

submitted by /u/awsomesawsome
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What is Gram Staining and why is it useful to distinguish between gram +ve and gram-ve bacteria?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 09:24 AM PST

How does lead get in water from pipes? Can lead be filtered out of water?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 10:44 AM PST

Can lead molecules be filtered out of drinking water?

A quick Google search revealed that, yes, it can be filtered out. If so, why haven't schools and public institutions (Flint, MI) installed filters as a temporary fix until the pipes can be replaced?

submitted by /u/sellwinerugs
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Tuesday, November 6, 2018

The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?

The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?


The Gunpowder Plot involved 36 barrels of gunpowder in an undercroft below the House of Lords. Just how big an explosion would 36 barrels of 1605 gunpowder have created, had they gone off?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 03:58 PM PST

I'm curious if such a blast would have successfully destroyed the House of Lords as planned, or been insufficient, or been gross overkill.

submitted by /u/Notmiefault
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What are the methods of determining the size of large populations (multiple millions) of animals?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 05:06 AM PST

How can the shape of an interstellar object be inferred from its light curve if it only constitutes one pixel ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:05 AM PST

ʻOumuamua light curve simulation.gif

EDIT:

Also is this modelling deterministic ? Is there a term for it ? What are the assumptions scientists make for this kind of modelling ?

submitted by /u/helixb
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Why can you see fog in the distance, but not right in front of you?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 12:01 AM PST

I always wondered, why 50m+ near me I can see the fog, but not closer to me.

submitted by /u/ThaSexyToast
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Retinoblastoma, dominant or recessive?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 03:49 AM PST

In all of my research, retinoblastoma has been written down as autosomal dominant. From my understanding, correct me if I'm wrong, this means that only one defective allele is required for the disease to be expressed.

However, other sources say that BOTH copies of the gene on the paternal and maternal chromosomes must be mutated in order to be expressed, which is how the existence of both hereditary and spontaneous cases are explained, as well as the differences in the time taken for symptoms to show.

So, how can something be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, yet require two defective copies of a gene?

submitted by /u/Heilin8
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How and who determines average vital signs for humans?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 03:33 AM PST

Why do some mushrooms end up with two stipes but one cap?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:52 AM PST

Hi I'm hoping any mycologists can answer this; I've seen various photos (and some in real life) of mushrooms with a single cap but two stems/stipes. How and why can this occur? I can understand multiple caps from one stem but i'm at a loss with this one. Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/OldVulture
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How is the brain of someone who is truly ambidextrous different from a lefty or righty?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:42 AM PST

Is there a chemical difference between scrambled eggs and over-hard eggs?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 06:27 AM PST

I've noticed scrambled eggs make me feel sick while over-hard does not.

submitted by /u/CheesecakeLegs
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Do we have any idea what DOES cause autism?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 07:40 PM PST

How does the body always know how to regenerate and doesn't grow another leg when you scrape your knee ? Is there a kind of blueprint of the body in the brain ?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:52 PM PST

What is the real definition of 'species'?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:07 AM PST

I'm not a scientist. I haven't taken any classes when it comes to biology or genetics, but I try to learn what science I can. I was always under the impression that speciation occurred when the gene pool of a population changed enough that those animals could no longer reproduce with animals of that species. For instance if a group of wolves were isolated on an island and evolved over time, and were no longer able to reproduce with other wolves, then they would be a new species. However, I've learned that this definition is oversimplified. What about the organisms that reproduce asexually? How do you define their species? Is it just the degree of physical or genetic similarity? And if so, why don't we use that definition across the board?

Does 'species' actually mean something objective? Or is it just our attempt to impose order on a very messy process in an effort to understand it? Is it even a term we should be thinking in when it comes to evolution? It seems to me that the process of evolution is fluid and gradual, and definitions like species are rigid. I mean, the change in each generation would be so slight that it doesn't make sense to say "aha, now with this generation we have a new species!". It's a bit difficult to wrap my head around. Please explain to me as if I knew next to nothing about evolution.

Bonus Question: Has artificial selection/breeding ever led to the creation of a new species? (take dogs for example, there are lots of different kinds but I think they can all technically breed with each other)

submitted by /u/archon325
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How do DNA Mismatch Repair (MR) proteins recognize which base is the wrong one?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 10:13 PM PST

I know that mismatch repair proteins (e.g. MutS homolog 2) recognize changes in topology due to DNA mismatches and correct them within the mutS complex, but how does it know which is the correct base and which the wrong one so as to avoid a single base-pair mutations?

submitted by /u/ObsRV_iT
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Are derivatives of velocity always continuous, or is there a point when they can become discrete?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 07:16 PM PST

will plasma moving through a coil produce electricity?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:43 PM PST

pretty much the title, say i have a hot fast moving charged plasma and i pass it through a coil, will this produce electricity. my instincts say yes, but i'd like some confirmation from someone with a bit more of a background physics.

submitted by /u/tuseroni
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How big can a molecule be?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 09:53 AM PST

How big can a molecule be? Could you hypothetically create a large meter by meter super molecule or would it break into smaller molecules?

submitted by /u/Vanzini-
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Why can't we reverse engineer encryption algorithms to get the data?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:43 PM PST

Facebook claims it can't reverse engineer the algorithms to get our password or our whatsapp exchanges. How do you make an algorithm that can't be reverse engineered?

submitted by /u/madhavdhilip95
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Why is the flashpoint for a biodiesel 130 deg celcius when the flashpoint of its composition is higher ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 01:21 AM PST

So a major component of biodiesel is linoleic acid and oleic acid methyl ester. According to http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4516661.html and http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4447491.html under the properties section, the experimental flash point value is stated to be 200 and 230 deg. Why is this the case ?

submitted by /u/vincen9
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Why do some fireworks let off a screeching noise while some don’t ?

Posted: 06 Nov 2018 12:38 AM PST

Where are genes and chromosomes stored?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:01 PM PST

I have just been pondering this forever since it came to my mind. I dont know what else to say besides... where?

Do we even know? Where is CRISPR put in? oh no I'm spiraling.

submitted by /u/animuswonder
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Do males have hormonal cycles?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 11:26 AM PST

I remember hearing somewhere that males have 33 day hormonal cycles similar to a female's period(I'm using the terms male and female because this is something pertaining to biological sex and not gender identity). I can't really find anything from good sources on the matter when looking it up on google. So I thought I'd take it to this subreddit. So, do males have 33 day hormonal cycles?

submitted by /u/Lordkeravrium
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Is it possible to quantify an emotion?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 08:23 PM PST

neurology scares me, but i've always wondered about this. can i put a number next to my anger? or sadness?

submitted by /u/phenomenaz
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Will people tend to rate the same thing differently on a different scale; say a 5 star scale compared to a 1-10 scale?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 05:58 PM PST

Why do facial features play such a large role in determining attractiveness when it seems to have such a little evolutionary benefit?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 02:59 PM PST

Wider hips on females are typically found to be attractive as they're better for birthing children, but why do features such as face shape and eye/hair color effect our attraction to others so much?

submitted by /u/Natganistan
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Monday, November 5, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: We're professional fact-checkers and science editors at Undark magazine, here to answer questions about truth-telling in science journalism. AUA.

AskScience AMA Series: We're professional fact-checkers and science editors at Undark magazine, here to answer questions about truth-telling in science journalism. AUA.


AskScience AMA Series: We're professional fact-checkers and science editors at Undark magazine, here to answer questions about truth-telling in science journalism. AUA.

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hello!

Do you like your science journalism factually correct? So do we. I'm Jane Roberts, deputy editor and resident fact-checker at Undark, a non-profit digital science magazine published under the auspices of the Knight Science Journalism program at MIT. The thought of issuing corrections keeps me up at night.

And I'm Brooke Borel, a science journalist, a senior editor at Undark, and author of the Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Together with a small team of researchers, I recently spearheaded one of the first industry-wide reports on how science news publications go about ensuring the trustworthiness of their reporting. What we found might surprise you: Only about a third of the publications in the study employ independent fact checkers. Another third have no formal fact-checking procedures in place at all. This doesn't mean that a third of your science news is bunk - journalists can still get a story right even if they don't work with an independent fact-checker. But formal procedures can help stop mistakes from slipping through.

We're here from noon (17 UT) until 1:30 pm EST to take questions. AUA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What does a whitening toothpaste contain that is responsible for whitening teeth?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 04:47 AM PST

What happens after a needle is disposed of by a medical specialist?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 06:13 PM PST

What happens once a needle, for instance, has been used and disposed of by a nurse/doctor in those yellow containers? Do they get recycled or do they get destroyed?

submitted by /u/DecentMarkhor
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Would a astronaut in orbit around betelgeuse experience the same time dilation as he would with a blackhole the same mass of betelgeuse?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 10:41 PM PST

Do antidepressants cause any permanent changes in the brain that persist even after stopping them?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 09:38 AM PST

Just curious if we know if/what changes may be permanent. Obviously there are short term changes, or changes that take place while a person is actively taking antidepressants, but is there any evidence of changes beneficial, toxic, or otherwise from long term use that persist even after you stop? Examples could be personality changes, enlargement or shrinking of brain structures, neurogenesis or neurotoxicity, whatever.

My understanding is that there are probably beneficial changes that come from relieving the physical stress on the brain caused by depression - anything else?

submitted by /u/kuuzo
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Why are Neanderthals a Different Species?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 05:19 PM PST

I was just watching a youtube video that talked about how neanderthals and humans have mated on many occasions. As I understand it, the definition of what defines different species is if two individuals can mate and produce a fertile offspring they are the same species, whereas if they can't they are a different species. Given this, why are neanderthals a different species if they were able to mate with humans to produce fertile offspring?

submitted by /u/throwaway12345632345
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If the universe favors entropy and chaos, why does gravity exist?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 06:03 PM PST

I only have education up to 2 semesters of inorganic chemistry and my physics classes covered kinematics and thermodynamics so i've got no education in large scale stuff like this. this is just something i had on my mind.

that being said, how does gravity, which to me seems to lead to more ordered states since things are "sticking together" in a sense, exist and contradict the universe's preference for chaos and disorder?

submitted by /u/coffeealpha
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Why is Earth the most dense planet and Saturn the least dense?

Posted: 05 Nov 2018 07:24 AM PST

Is it possible to medically determine a person's age? and by what degree of accuracy?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 09:26 AM PST

People can falsify their age for any particular reason. Is it possible to medically determine a person's age? If so, how? Is this easier/harder as they become older?

Thanks in advance :-)

submitted by /u/amansaggu26
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Does the amount of gas you burn change depending on your elevation?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 08:52 PM PST

For example, would someone in Orlando, Florida burn more or less gas than someone in Denver, Colorado? Does a higher elevation affect fuel efficiency?

submitted by /u/Chocobo-kisses
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Why is Oil used as coolant and heater despite having poor thermal conductivity?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 07:11 PM PST

Oil has poor thermal conductivity. It has poor conduction property for being liquid and poor convection property for being viscous.
Then, why is oil used as coolant and heater?
I understand the advantages of oil in electrical insulation and erosion resistance. Still, do we not have alternative substances?

submitted by /u/mothwai
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Suppose we experienced a supernova from our sky brighter than the moon. Considering the time light takes to reach us, does it mean the event actually happened millions of years ago? If so, does it also mean, right now at this exact moment a star we usually see in the sky has already exploded?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 11:58 PM PST

Why are many instruments made of brass? What about the material makes it suitable for music?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 08:31 AM PST

How much adrenaline is released during an adrenaline rush?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 11:23 PM PST

And, is there a scenario where someone can die from generating too much adrenaline?

submitted by /u/Dummie1138
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Why aren’t solar powered phones a thing yet? Will it happen in the future?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 07:28 PM PST

When TIR occurs how does a transparent medium gain the property to reflect light on some internal sides when it normally doesn't?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 11:48 PM PST

How do polymer scientists know what new polymers to create and test?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 11:30 AM PST

There are general trends in polymer science (structure/property relationships), but I'm so curious about how scientists developing new plastics, cosmetics, textiles, consumer products, etc. know what polymers to test if they are designing completely new polymers? Is it like a guess and check iterative process? Are there tools you use? It seems like it would take years to get anything successful to market, and we may not even discover the best polymers!

Calling all scientists who work on plastics, cosmetics/beauty, textile materials, polymer materials in general, etc. Would love to hear any thoughts/your experience :)

submitted by /u/potentialvsSHE
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What makes people stick out their tongues when they are concentrating on something intricate with their hands?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 05:34 AM PST

Oumuamua was spinning end on end. It is possible the acceleration observed as it rounded the sun was due to some form of boomerang effect?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 06:41 PM PST

How do we know determine the half-life of an isotope?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 05:27 PM PST

My question is this: How have we determined the half-life of certain isotopes to be in the billions of years if we haven't been able to observe them long enough to ever seem them decay?

submitted by /u/dummkompf
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Do DNA base pair lengths differ?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 02:51 PM PST

My class is working with pymol, and people are measuring completely different lengths for different CG hydrogen bonds. Should all CG base pairs be the same length? Or can the length of the hydrogen bonds differ?

submitted by /u/Steakaholic
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How does hail get so big?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 04:55 PM PST

I've experienced hail and seen videos of large hails. How does actual hail get so big?

submitted by /u/microtopian
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How do sea slugs and sea snails not perish from ocean salt?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 05:23 AM PST

You know like snails and slugs if you put salt on them they die How Do sea snails and slugs work?

submitted by /u/dylanward101001
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can a wave be longitudinal and transverse at the same time?

Posted: 04 Nov 2018 04:19 PM PST

if so, why and how? and what would be an example of such wave?

submitted by /u/andylukkks
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